TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Frances Johnson TI - Materials Science and Engineering in a Post-Pandemic World: A DoD Perspective: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26226 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26226/materials-science-and-engineering-in-a-post-pandemic-world-a-dod-perspective PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Advances in materials science and engineering play a crucial role in supporting the U.S. economy and national security. To maintain its leading edge in the field, the United States relies on a rich and diverse innovation ecosystem encompassing industry, academic institutions, and government laboratories. While this ecosystem has generated numerous gains for defense agencies, the technology sector, consumers, and the country as a whole over many decades, recent years have brought new challenges and a shifting global dynamic in the field. The United States, long a global magnet for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and expertise, has seen its competitive edge slip as other countries in Europe and Asia have increased their investments in cultivating science and engineering talent and innovation. In 2020, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused far-reaching disruptions for both education and supply chains across the world, compounding many of the dynamics that were already affecting materials science and engineering in the United States. To explore these issues, the Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering in a Post-Pandemic World was organized as part of a workshop series on Defense Materials Manufacturing and Its Infrastructure. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the virtual event brought together approximately 30 speakers and attendees representing materials science, engineering, and manufacturing experts from industry, academia, and government agencies. The 3-day workshop explored education and workforce trends across the nation and the globe, with particular focus on the U.S. Department of Defense and university-government collaborations. Participants discussed how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected science and engineering education, opportunities to reimagine traditional education for the field, and the imperative to develop a more diverse workforce. Several speakers presented their views on what the post-pandemic future may hold, and many offered perspectives on key concerns and priorities for the field moving forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily A. Callahan TI - Approaches to Assessing Intake of Food and Dietary Supplements in Pregnant Women and Children 2 to 11 Years of Age: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26374 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26374/approaches-to-assessing-intake-of-food-and-dietary-supplements-in-pregnant-women-and-children-2-to-11-years-of-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - A virtual workshop series titled Approaches to Assessing Intake of Food and Dietary Supplements in Pregnant Women and Children 2 to 11 Years of Age was convened in May, 2021 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The four-day workshop series explored the evidence on methodological approaches to assessing intake of food and dietary supplements in pregnant women and children 2 to 11 years of age. Obtaining reliable and valid dietary intake information for these population groups is particularly difficult - in pregnancy, rapid changes in nutrient needs and dietary intakes occur, and in young children, much of dietary intake is consumed outside the home and is often misreported by the children or their proxy reporters. To advance the quality of the science in these areas, the workshop had four goals: identify the suite of current methods used in dietary assessments, including food and dietary supplements, in pregnant women and children 2 to 11 years of age; identify the methodological challenges and opportunities in improving current methods; explore methodologies in other disciplines and their application in dietary assessments in those populations; and discuss factors to consider when implementing dietary assessment tools in those populations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Wolfgram A2 - Cyndy Pollan A2 - Kirstie Hostetter A2 - Amy Martin A2 - Tina Spencer A2 - Scott Rodda A2 - Andrew Amey TI - Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion DO - 10.17226/26514 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26514/measuring-and-managing-fare-evasion PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Fare evasion is generally defined as a passenger using public transit without paying the required fare or possessing the required fare media or valid proof of fare payment. Fare evasion has significant implications for the financial sustainability of transit systems and must be replaced by another stable source of funding.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program TCRP Research Report 234: Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion explores in detail the recent past and emerging future of fare enforcement on transit systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Glenn E. Schweitzer TI - Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) SN - DO - 10.17226/26281 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Kelly McHugh TI - Optimizing Care Systems for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26624 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26624/optimizing-care-systems-for-people-with-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Approximately 7.4 million people in the United States live with an intellectual or developmental disability (IDD), defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as "a group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas. These conditions begin during the developmental period, may impact day-to-day functioning, and usually last throughout a person’s lifetime." Individuals with IDD and their caretakers face exceptional barriers to staying healthy and accessing appropriate health services. Among these barriers are difficulty finding care providers that are adequately trained in meeting their specialized needs, unwieldy payment structures, and a lack of coordination between the various systems of care with which patients with IDD may interact (e.g., education, social work, various segments of the health care system). The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop to discuss promising innovations in (1) workforce development, (2) financing and payment, and (3) care coordination; and to share visions for improved systems of care. Participants noted that while many existing approaches could serve as models for improving care, large changes will need to be made in these 3 facets of the care system in order to make them accessible to all IDD patients. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Aiuppa Denning A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Long COVID: Examining Long-Term Health Effects of COVID-19 and Implications for the Social Security Administration: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26619 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26619/long-covid-examining-long-term-health-effects-of-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - 'Long COVID' refers to the wide range of long-lasting symptoms experienced by some patients after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms include fatigue, headache, brain fog, shortness of breath, hair loss, and pain. At this time, there are many knowledge gaps related to Long COVID, including the prevalence of the condition, the impact of the symptoms on survivors' ability to function, and the long-term course of the condition. While many individuals with Long COVID recover within one year, others experience little or no decrease in symptom severity over time. Long COVID symptoms can affect a person's ability to work and otherwise function in daily life, so people with the condition may need to utilize programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and the Supplemental Security Income Program (SSI). The Social Security Administration (SSA), which administers both of these programs, requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine host a public workshop to discuss research into the long-term health effects of COVID-19, their impacts on individuals and populations, and how the SSDI and SSI programs can support individuals who suffer disability as a result of Long COVID. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jonathan Samet A2 - Autumn Downey A2 - Olivia C. Yost TI - Frameworks for Protecting Workers and the Public from Inhalation Hazards SN - DO - 10.17226/26372 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26372/frameworks-for-protecting-workers-and-the-public-from-inhalation-hazards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Individuals in the United States and Americans abroad are exposed to inhalation hazards from a variety of sources, and these hazards can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on health. For example, exposure to wildfire smoke, which contains particulate matter and toxic chemicals, can lead to respiratory problems, increased risk for heart attacks, and other adverse health outcomes. Individuals also may be exposed to airborne infectious agents through aerosol or droplet transmission, and as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the individual and public health consequences of these exposures can be severe. Storms, floods, and hurricanes can increase exposure to moisture-driven hazards, such as mold, and to accidental releases from production facilities or transport vehicles that may result in chemical exposures. The current regulatory system is focused primarily on ensuring access to respiratory protection in occupational settings characterized by well-defined hazards and employer-employee relationships. With this narrow regulatory focus, the respiratory protection needs of the public and many workers are not being met. As climate change increases the incidence and severity of wildfires, hurricanes, floods, infectious disease outbreaks, and other phenomena that impact air quality and human health, it is imperative that the United States ensure that the respiratory protection needs of the public and all workers are met. Recognizing the urgent need to address the gaps in the nation's ability to meet the respiratory protection needs of the public and workers without workplace respiratory protection programs, this report makes recommendations for a framework of responsibilities and authorities that would provide a unified and authoritative source of information and effective oversight for the development, approval, and use of respiratory protection. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The National Imperative to Improve Nursing Home Quality: Honoring Our Commitment to Residents, Families, and Staff SN - DO - 10.17226/26526 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26526/the-national-imperative-to-improve-nursing-home-quality-honoring-our PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nursing homes play a unique dual role in the long-term care continuum, serving as a place where people receive needed health care and a place they call home. Ineffective responses to the complex challenges of nursing home care have resulted in a system that often fails to ensure the well-being and safety of nursing home residents. The devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing home residents and staff has renewed attention to the long-standing weaknesses that impede the provision of high-quality nursing home care. With support from a coalition of sponsors, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formed the Committee on the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes to examine how the United States delivers, finances, regulates, and measures the quality of nursing home care. The National Imperative to Improve Nursing Home Quality: Honoring Our Commitment to Residents, Families, and Staff identifies seven broad goals and supporting recommendations which provide the overarching framework for a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of care in nursing homes. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Robert M. Kaplan A2 - Alexandra S. Beatty TI - Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge SN - DO - 10.17226/26464 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26464/ontologies-in-the-behavioral-sciences-accelerating-research-and-the-spread PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - New research in psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and other fields is published every day, but the gap between what is known and the capacity to act on that knowledge has never been larger. Scholars and nonscholars alike face the problem of how to organize knowledge and to integrate new observations with what is already known. Ontologies - formal, explicit specifications of the meaning of the concepts and entities that scientists study - provide a way to address these and other challenges, and thus to accelerate progress in behavioral research and its application. Ontologies help researchers precisely define behavioral phenomena and how they relate to each other and reliably classify them. They help researchers identify the inconsistent use of definitions, labels, and measures and provide the basis for sharing knowledge across diverse approaches and methodologies. Although ontologies are an ancient idea, modern researchers rely on them to codify research terms and findings in computer-readable formats and work with large datasets and computer-based analytic techniques. Ontologies in the Behavioral Sciences: Accelerating Research and the Spread of Knowledge describes how ontologies support science and its application to real-world problems. This report details how ontologies function, how they can be engineered to better support the behavioral sciences, and the resources needed to sustain their development and use to help ensure the maximum benefit from investment in behavioral science research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Cryptography and the Intelligence Community: The Future of Encryption SN - DO - 10.17226/26168 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26168/cryptography-and-the-intelligence-community-the-future-of-encryption PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Encryption is a process for making information unreadable by an adversary who does not possess a specific key that is required to make the encrypted information readable. The inverse process, making information that has been encrypted readable, is referred to as decryption. Cryptography has become widespread and is used by private as well as governmental actors. It also enables authentication and underlies the safe use of the Internet and computer systems by individuals and organizations worldwide. Emerging cryptographic technologies offer capabilities such as the ability to process encrypted information without first decrypting it. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, this report identifies potential scenarios that would describe the balance between encryption and decryption over the next 10 to 20 years and assesses the national security and intelligence implications of each scenario. For each of these scenarios, Cryptography and the Intelligence Community identifies risks, opportunities, and actions. Attention to the findings should enable the Intelligence Community to prepare for the future and to recognize emerging trends and developments and respond appropriately. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo A2 - Alex Helman TI - Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups SN - DO - 10.17226/26479 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paul A. Volberding A2 - Carol Mason Spicer A2 - Tom Cartaxo A2 - Roberta A. Wedge TI - Selected Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue and Disability SN - DO - 10.17226/26431 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26431/selected-heritable-disorders-of-connective-tissue-and-disability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Heritable disorders of connective tissue (HDCTs) are a diverse group of inherited genetic disorders and subtypes. Because connective tissue is found throughout the body, the impairments associated with HDCTs manifest in multiple body systems and may change or vary in severity throughout an affected individual's lifetime. In some cases, these impairments may be severe enough to qualify an eligible child or adult for monetary benefits through the U.S. Social Security Administration's (SSA's) Social Security Disability Insurance or Supplemental Security Income program. SSA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee that would provide current information regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of selected HDCTs, including Marfan syndrome and the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, and the effect of the disorders and their treatment on functioning. The resulting report, Selected Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue and Disability, presents the committee's findings and conclusions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Ester Sztein TI - International Perspectives in U.S. Psychological Science Journals: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26742 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26742/international-perspectives-in-us-psychological-science-journals-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Most empirical research in psychology historically has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, despite the importance placed on culture in theoretical models. The consequence of conducting basic science only in high-income, Western countries is that psychological science is defined by the experiences of individuals in those countries. Collecting data in a wide range of countries, establishing international collaborations, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to the effort to expand cultural context. Publishing the research in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals is also critical. To discuss the challenges of publishing high quality international work in U.S. journals and suggest solutions to incorporate international perspectives into U.S. psychological journals, the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine invited journal editors, society representatives, and publishers to a virtual workshop on June 28 and 29, 2021. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up SN - DO - 10.17226/26156 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26156/guidance-on-pfas-exposure-testing-and-clinical-follow-up PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - In thousands of communities across the United States, drinking water is contaminated with chemicals known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS are used in a wide range of products, such as non-stick cookware, water and stain repellent fabrics, and fire-fighting foam, because they have properties that repel oil and water, reduce friction, and resist temperature changes. PFAS can leak into the environment where they are made, used, disposed of, or spilled. PFAS exposure has been linked to a number of adverse health effects including certain cancers, thyroid dysfunction, changes in cholesterol, and small reductions in birth weight. This report recommends that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update its clinical guidance to advise clinicians to offer PFAS blood testing to patients who are likely to have a history of elevated exposure, such as those with occupational exposures or those who live in areas known to be contaminated. If testing reveals PFAS levels associated with an increased risk of adverse effects, patients should receive regular screenings and monitoring for these and other health impacts. Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up recommends that the CDC, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and public health departments support clinicians by creating educational materials on PFAS exposure, potential health effects, the limitations of testing, and the benefits and harms of testing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Adam Gamoran A2 - Kenne Dibner TI - The Future of Education Research at IES: Advancing an Equity-Oriented Science SN - DO - 10.17226/26428 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26428/the-future-of-education-research-at-ies-advancing-an-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In 2002 Congress passed the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA), authorizing the creation of the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) as the research, evaluation, statistics, and assessment arm of the Department of Education, and crystallizing the federal government's commitment to providing national leadership in expanding fundamental knowledge and understanding of education from early childhood through postsecondary study. IES shares information on the condition and progress of education in the United States, including early childhood education and special education; educational practices that support learning and improve academic achievement and access to educational opportunities for all students; and the effectiveness of federal and other education programs. In response to a request from the Institute of Education Sciences, this report provides guidance on the future of education research at the National Center for Education Research and the National Center for Special Education Research, two centers directed by IES. This report identifies critical problems and issues, new methods and approaches, and new and different kinds of research training investments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Nancy Bates A2 - Marshall Chin A2 - Tara Becker TI - Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation SN - DO - 10.17226/26424 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26424/measuring-sex-gender-identity-and-sexual-orientation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are key indicators of the demographic diversity in the United States. Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. This is turn affects sexual orientation, because it is defined on the basis of the relationship between a person's own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. Sex, gender, and sexual orientation are core aspects of identity that shape opportunities, experiences with discrimination, and outcomes through the life course; therefore, it is crucial that measures of these concepts accurately capture their complexity. Recognition of the diversity within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender minorities - the LGBTQI+ population - has also led to a reexamination of how the concepts of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation are measured. Better measurement will improve the ability to identify sexual and gender minority populations and understand the challenges they face. LGBTQI+ people continue to experience disparate and inequitable treatment, including harassment, discrimination, and violence, which in turn affects outcomes in many areas of everyday life, including health and access to health care services, economic and educational attainment, and family and social support. Though knowledge of these disparities has increased significantly over the past decade, glaring gaps remain, often driven by a lack of reliable data. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation recommends that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) adopt new practices for collecting data on sex, gender, and sexual orientation - including collecting gender data by default, and not conflating gender with sex as a biological variable. The report recommends standardized language to be used in survey questions that ask about a respondent's sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Better measurements will improve data quality, as well as the NIH's ability to identify LGBTQI+ populations and understand the challenges they face. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Structural Racism and Rigorous Models of Social Inequity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26690 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26690/structural-racism-and-rigorous-models-of-social-inequity-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Structural racism refers to the public and private policies, institutional practices, norms, and cultural representations that inherently create unequal freedom, opportunity, value, resources, advantage, restrictions, constraints, or disadvantage for individuals and populations according to their race and ethnicity both across the life course and between generations. Developing a research agenda on structural racism includes consideration of the historical and contemporary policies and other structural factors that explicitly or implicitly affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities, as well as strategies to measure those factors. The Committee on Population of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day public workshop on May 16-17, 2022, to identify and discuss the mechanisms through which structural racism operates, with a particular emphasis on health and well-being; to develop an agenda for future research and data collection on structural racism; and to strengthen the evidence base for policy making. Speaker presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into known sources of structural racism and rigorous models of health inequity, revealed novel sources and approaches informed by other disciplines and related fields, and highlighted key research and data priorities for future work on structural racism and health inequity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kenneth P. Neubauer A2 - Edward Shea A2 - Stephen Rice A2 - Nathan Polsgrove A2 - Dave Fleet TI - Airside Operations Safety: Understanding the Effects of Human Factors DO - 10.17226/26779 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26779/airside-operations-safety-understanding-the-effects-of-human-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Despite dedicated efforts involving changes in technologies and procedures, the number of annual runway incursions in the United States has shown little to no improvement. The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 246: Airside Operations Safety: Understanding the Effects of Human Factors provides a review of the current state of human factors research and the related resources that are available to U.S. airport operations personnel. Supplemental to the report are an Executive Summary (to be released soon) and a White Paper. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lauren Savaglio A2 - Alina Baciu TI - Harnessing the Value of Co-Creating and Stewarding Places for Health, Equity, and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26212 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26212/harnessing-the-value-of-co-creating-and-stewarding-places-for-health-equity-and-well-being PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop at Hunter College in New York City, New York on February 6, 2020, to explore the value of co-creating and keeping inclusive healthy spaces. The workshop was designed to understand and highlight the economics of inclusive placemaking and to explore its value in improving health, equity, and well-being. Placemaking (the work of creating livable, vibrant, or quality places, especially public places) draws on various traditions of community development, arts and culture, regional planning, and civic engagement, combining different disciplinary perspectives into a creative way of shaping public spaces, land use, commerce, transportation, housing, and social fabric. The workshop (1) examined the economics of this work, (2) described how inclusive placemakers gather resources to do their work, and (3) explored the social and economic value they are able to generate when places are designed with health, equity, and well-being in mind. This publication is a summary of the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Larry Hedges A2 - Melissa Chiu A2 - Celeste Stone A2 - Bradford Chaney A2 - Nancy Kirkendall TI - A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics SN - DO - 10.17226/26392 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26392/a-vision-and-roadmap-for-education-statistics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - The education landscape in the United States has been changing rapidly in recent decades: student populations have become more diverse; there has been an explosion of data sources; there is an intensified focus on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility; educators and policy makers at all levels want more and better data for evidence-based decision making; and the role of technology in education has increased dramatically. With awareness of this changed landscape the Institute of Education Sciences at the U.S. Department of Education asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide a vision for the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)—the nation's premier statistical agency for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics at all levels of education. A Vision and Roadmap for Education Statistics (2022) reviews developments in using alternative data sources, considers recent trends and future priorities, and suggests changes to NCES's programs and operations, with a focus on NCES's statistical programs. The report reimagines NCES as a leader in the 21st century education data ecosystem, where it can meet the growing demands for policy-relevant statistical analyses and data to more effectively and efficiently achieve its mission, especially in light of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 and the 2021 Presidential Executive Order on advancing racial equity. The report provides strategic advice for NCES in all aspects of the agency's work including modernization, stakeholder engagement, and the resources necessary to complete its mission and meet the current and future challenges in education. ER -