%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) %@ 978-0-309-08775-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Chou, Ellen Y. %T Advanced Battle Management System: Needs, Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities Facing the Department of the Air Force %@ 978-0-309-68621-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26525/advanced-battle-management-system-needs-progress-challenges-and-opportunities-facing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26525/advanced-battle-management-system-needs-progress-challenges-and-opportunities-facing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 148 %X The U.S. Department of Defense is pursuing an improved ability to more closely integrate and operate jointly against agile adversaries through Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2). This framework will seamlessly integrate sensors, networks, platforms, commanders, operators, and weapon systems for rapid information collection, decision-making, and projection of joint and multinational forces. The Department of the Air Force's contribution to JADC2 is the Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS). As an evolving system in the early stages of definition, ABMS architecture and its supporting elements remain dynamic. Advanced Battle Management System assesses the technical approach being employed by ABMS and its ability to effectively support the range of system integration desired, while also supporting operational and development agility; and the governance being applied by ABMS and if it is appropriate and sufficient to enable quick development and evolution of capabilities while maintaining appropriate government control over the output. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kendall, Steven %E Lobuglio, Dominic %T Location Data in the Context of Public Health, Research, and Law Enforcement: An Exploration of Governance Frameworks: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26645/location-data-in-the-context-of-public-health-research-and-law-enforcement-an-exploration-of-governance-frameworks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26645/location-data-in-the-context-of-public-health-research-and-law-enforcement-an-exploration-of-governance-frameworks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 12 %X On June 8-9, 2022, an ad hoc planning committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Science, Technology, and Law hosted a workshop, Location Data in the Context of Public Health, Research, and Law Enforcement: An Exploration of Governance Frameworks. The workshop examined the collection, interpretation, and use of location data by government, academia, and industry. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Karaskiewicz, Timothy R. %E Swanson, Chloe L. %T Examples of Facility Space Provided for Community Use at Airports %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26520/examples-of-facility-space-provided-for-community-use-at-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26520/examples-of-facility-space-provided-for-community-use-at-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 68 %X Airports make facilities available for non-commercial purposes, such as for community use by community or nonprofit groups.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 116: Examples of Facility Space Provided for Community Use at Airports provides the first body of literature to focus on the use of facilities that airports may provide in order to support local economic and social sustainability. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Clay-Young, Pam %E Kreis, Doug %E Agent, Kenneth %E Gibson, James Bryan %E Stamatiadis, Nikiforos %T Public Liabilities Relating to Driveway Permits %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26533/public-liabilities-relating-to-driveway-permits %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26533/public-liabilities-relating-to-driveway-permits %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 128 %X Transportation agencies across the country may face legal challenges from property owners when design or permit changes cause safety concerns or obstruct access to private driveways in the public right-of-way.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Legal Research Digest 85: Public Liabilities Relating to Driveway Permits evaluates the circumstances under which transportation agencies are held liable by property owners for the regulatory function of permitted and unpermitted driveways. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Digital Strategy for the Department of the Air Force: Proceedings of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-68646-4 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26531/digital-strategy-for-the-department-of-the-air-force-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26531/digital-strategy-for-the-department-of-the-air-force-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Computers and Information Technology %P 142 %X The Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a three-part workshop series to examine the risks associated with the technical, programmatic, organizational, and governance challenges facing the Department of the Air Force (DAF) in its pursuit of enterprise-wide digital transformation strategies. Senior representatives from government, military, industry, and academia considered the DAF's strategic-level decision-making process as well as how it could achieve unity of effort across all of its digital agencies. Workshop participants discussed organizational and management gaps and weaknesses, as well as technical shortfalls associated with the DAF's digital transformation strategies - for example, the issue of cybersecurity within the context of the DAF's proposed digital strategies. Organizational and management practices from both the public and private sectors were also discussed in light of their potential for adaptation and adoption within the DAF. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, the three 2-day workshops of the series were held virtually on September 1-2, 2021, September 8-9, 2021, and September 23-24. Panelists at the first workshop explained and discussed the DAF's digital transformation strategy - in particular, the proposed digital architectures and the systems, programs, organizations, and missions to be supported. The second workshop featured panels of information systems experts and managers from industry and other government agencies who discussed their experiences with digital transformations and shared their views of best practices. The third workshop focused on the potential applicability of these lessons learned to the DAF's digital transformation strategy and architecture. This proceedings is a factual summary of what occurred during the workshop series. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Berwick, Donald %E Bowman, Katherine %E Matney, Chanel %T Traumatic Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress %@ 978-0-309-49043-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25394/traumatic-brain-injury-a-roadmap-for-accelerating-progress %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25394/traumatic-brain-injury-a-roadmap-for-accelerating-progress %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 244 %X Every community is affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Causes as diverse as falls, sports injuries, vehicle collisions, domestic violence, and military incidents can result in injuries across a spectrum of severity and age groups. Just as the many causes of TBI and the people who experience it are diverse, so too are the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that can occur following injury. The overall TBI ecosystem is not limited to healthcare and research, but includes the related systems that administer and finance healthcare, accredit care facilities, and provide regulatory approval and oversight of products and therapies. TBI also intersects with the wide range of community organizations and institutions in which people return to learning, work, and play, including the education system, work environments, professional and amateur sports associations, the criminal justice system, and others. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress examines the current landscape of basic, translational, and clinical TBI research and identifies gaps and opportunities to accelerate research progress and improve care with a focus on the biological, psychological, sociological, and ecological impacts. This report calls not merely for improvement, but for a transformation of attitudes, understanding, investments, and care systems for TBI. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Pool, Robert %T Aviation After a Year of Pandemic: Economics, People, and Technology: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09358-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26375/aviation-after-a-year-of-pandemic-economics-people-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26375/aviation-after-a-year-of-pandemic-economics-people-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 76 %X Among the various segments of society affected by the COVID-19 pandemic over the past year and a half, few were hit as hard as the aviation industry. At its worst point, in March 2020, passenger volumes for U.S. airlines had dropped more than 95 percent. Airlines, airports, aircraft manufacturers, and other components of the air travel system faced an unprecedented challenge, with threats to the health of passengers and crews combined with threats to the financial health of the entire system. To address the many COVID-related issues facing the aviation industry, on June 28-30, 2021, the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a three-day workshop, Aviation After a Year of Pandemic - Economics, People, and Technology. Funded by the National Aeronautical and Space Administration and held remotely via Zoom, the workshop focused on four specific areas regarding the effects of COVID on the aviation industry: economics, personnel, technology, and next steps. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Rental Eviction and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Averting a Looming Crisis %@ 978-0-309-44034-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26106/rental-eviction-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-averting-a-looming %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26106/rental-eviction-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-averting-a-looming %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 106 %X As the federal moratorium on rental eviction is set to expire on July 31st, 2021, actionable guidance is urgently needed on how to ensure that renters can stay in their homes and housing aid reaches the communities that need it most. This report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that the Executive Office of the President of the United States should consider establishing a task force to prevent rental evictions and mitigate housing instability caused by the pandemic. Rental Eviction and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Averting a Looming Crisis recommends actions to be taken both urgently and over the next three years aimed at addressing the immediate crisis as well as long-standing needs related to housing choice, affordability, and security across the United States. These include: building on existing social programs that support those struggling with poverty and housing instability; efficiently channeling emergency relief to renters and landlords; increasing the availability of housing choice vouchers; reforming unemployment insurance; and reducing discriminatory practices and systemic inequities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Pool, Robert %T Flying in the COVID-19 Era: Science-based Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies on the Ground and in the Air: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-27524-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26426/flying-in-the-covid-19-era-science-based-risk-assessments-and-mitigation-strategies-on-the-ground-and-in-the-air %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26426/flying-in-the-covid-19-era-science-based-risk-assessments-and-mitigation-strategies-on-the-ground-and-in-the-air %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 86 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on February 4th and 5th, 2021 to review the issues related to safety of passengers and employees in commercial air transportation, for domestic and international travel, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop explored best practices to assess and mitigate COVID-19 transmission risks experienced during the travel chain, from the departure airport entrance to the destination airport exit. The workshop also identified areas where more research is needed to address gaps in understanding. This publication documents the presentations and discussions held during the workshop, and is presented as a synthesis of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Modernizing the Consumer Price Index for the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-28698-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26485/modernizing-the-consumer-price-index-for-the-21st-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26485/modernizing-the-consumer-price-index-for-the-21st-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 194 %X The Consumer Price Index (CPI), produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is the most widely used measure of inflation in the U.S. It is used to determine cost-of-living allowances and, among many other important private- and public-sector applications, influences monetary policy. The CPI has traditionally relied on field-generated data, such as prices observed in person at grocery stores or retailers. However, as these data have become more challenging and expensive to collect in a way that reflects an increasingly dynamic marketplace, statistical agencies and researchers have begun turning to opportunities created by the vast digital sources of consumer price data that have emerged. The enormous economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, including major shifts in consumers' shopping patterns, presents a perfect case study for the need to rapidly employ new data sources for the CPI. Modernizing the Consumer Price Index presents guidance to BLS as the agency embarks on a strategy of accelerating and enhancing the use of scanner, web-scraped, and digital data directly from retailers in compiling the CPI. The report also recommends strategies for BLS to more accurately estimate the composition of households' expenditures - or market basket shares - by updating this information more frequently and using innovative survey techniques and alternative data sources where possible. The report provides targeted guidance for integrating new data sources to improve the CPI's estimation of changes in the prices of housing and medical care, two consumer expenditure categories that are traditionally difficult to measure. Because of the urgency of issues related to income and wealth inequality, the report also recommends that BLS identify data sources that would allow it to estimate price indexes defined by income quintile or decile. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Davis, Elizabeth A. %E Stephens, Amy %T Science and Engineering in Preschool Through Elementary Grades: The Brilliance of Children and the Strengths of Educators %@ 978-0-309-68417-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26215/science-and-engineering-in-preschool-through-elementary-grades-the-brilliance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 285 %X Starting in early childhood, children are capable of learning sophisticated science and engineering concepts and engage in disciplinary practices. They are deeply curious about the world around them and eager to investigate the many questions they have about their environment. Educators can develop learning environments that support the development and demonstration of proficiencies in science and engineering, including making connections across the contexts of learning, which can help children see their ideas, interests, and practices as meaningful not just for school, but also in their lives. Unfortunately, in many preschool and elementary schools science gets relatively little attention compared to English language arts and mathematics. In addition, many early childhood and elementary teachers do not have extensive grounding in science and engineering content. Science and Engineering in Preschool through Elementary Grades provides evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction that supports the success of all students. This report evaluates the state of the evidence on learning experiences prior to school; promising instructional approaches and what is needed for implementation to include teacher professional development, curriculum, and instructional materials; and the policies and practices at all levels that constrain or facilitate efforts to enhance preschool through elementary science and engineering. Building a solid foundation in science and engineering in the elementary grades sets the stage for later success, both by sustaining and enhancing students' natural enthusiasm for science and engineering and by establishing the knowledge and skills they need to approach the more challenging topics introduced in later grades. Through evidence-based guidance on effective approaches to preschool through elementary science and engineering instruction, this report will help teachers to support the success of all students. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Reassessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry %@ 978-0-309-69423-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26729/reassessment-of-the-department-of-veterans-affairs-airborne-hazards-and-open-burn-pit-registry %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26729/reassessment-of-the-department-of-veterans-affairs-airborne-hazards-and-open-burn-pit-registry %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 292 %X Beginning with the 1990–1991 Gulf War, more than 3.7 million U.S. service members have been deployed to Southwest Asia, where they have been exposed to a number of airborne hazards, including oil-well fire smoke, emissions from open burn pits, dust and sand, diesel exhaust, and poor-quality ambient air. Many service members, particularly those who served in Iraq and Afghanistan, have reported health problems they attribute to their exposure to emissions from open-air burn pits on military installations. In 2013, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish and maintain the Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit (AH&OBP) Registry to "ascertain and monitor" the health effects of such exposures. This report serves as a follow-up to an initial assessment of the AH&OBP Registry completed by an independent committee of the National Academies in 2017. This reassessment does not include any strength-of-the-evidence assessments of potential relationships between exposures to burn pits or airborne hazards and health effects. Rather, this report assesses the ability of the registry to fulfill the intended purposes that Congress and VA have specified for it. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessing the Feasibility of the Strategic Long Range Cannon: Unclassified Summary %@ 978-0-309-45480-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26129/assessing-the-feasibility-of-the-strategic-long-range-cannon-unclassified %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26129/assessing-the-feasibility-of-the-strategic-long-range-cannon-unclassified %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 62 %X The U.S. Army is working on a major science and technology development program to build the Strategic Long Range Cannon to fire a hypersonic projectile 1,000 miles. At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, the Committee on Assessing the Feasibility of the Strategic Long Range Cannon made recommendations for the U.S. Army in the following categories: organizational, operational, and technical demonstration development areas. This publication is the unclassified summary of the full, classified report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Why Indoor Chemistry Matters %@ 978-0-309-08399-7 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26228/why-indoor-chemistry-matters %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26228/why-indoor-chemistry-matters %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 190 %X People spend the vast majority of their time inside their homes and other indoor environments where they are exposed to a wide range of chemicals from building materials, furnishings, occupants, cooking, consumer products, and other sources. Despite research to date, very little is known about how exposures to indoor chemicals across complex chemical phases and pathways affect human health. The COVID-19 pandemic has only increased public awareness of indoor environments and shed light on the many outstanding questions about how best to manage chemicals indoors. This report identifies gaps in current research and understanding of indoor chemistry and new approaches that can be applied to measure, manage, and limit chemical exposures. Why Indoor Chemistry Matters calls for further research about the chemical transformations that can occur indoors, pathways and timing of indoor chemical exposure, and the cumulative and long-term impacts of exposure on human health. Research priorities should consider factors that contribute to measurable environmental health disparities that affect vulnerable populations, such as the age, location, and condition of buildings that can alter exposures to indoor chemicals. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Memorial Tributes: Volume 24 %@ 978-0-309-28717-3 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26492/memorial-tributes-volume-24 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26492/memorial-tributes-volume-24 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 420 %X This is the twenty-fourth volume in the Memorial Tributes series compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and international members. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who have personal knowledge of the interests and engineering accomplishments of the deceased. %0 Book %A National Academy of Medicine %E Hammonds, Evelynn %E Markel, Howard %E Rosner, David %E Stevens, Rosemary %E DeStefano, Laura Harbold %E Schultz, Andrea %E Berkowitz, Edward %T A History of the National Academy of Medicine: 50 Years of Transformational Leadership %@ 978-0-309-69353-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 258 %X Commissioned to mark the 50th anniversary of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine [IOM]), this volume describes the circumstances that led to the IOM's founding in 1970, the members and leaders who built and sustained the organization, and the process by which the IOM became the NAM in 2015. The volume also details a selection of the IOM/NAM's most influential contributions to biomedical science, U.S. health care, and population health and concludes with the story of how the organization navigated unprecedented national and global crises between 2015 and 2021. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Chemistry of Fires at the Wildland-Urban Interface %@ 978-0-309-27705-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26460/the-chemistry-of-fires-at-the-wildland-urban-interface %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26460/the-chemistry-of-fires-at-the-wildland-urban-interface %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 214 %X Wildfires in America are becoming larger, more frequent, and more destructive, driven by climate change and existing land management practices. Many of these fires occur at the wildland-urban interface (WUI), areas where development and wildland areas overlap and which are increasingly at risk of devastating fires as communities continue to expand into previously undeveloped areas. Unlike conventional wildfires, WUI fires are driven in part by burning of homes, cars, and other human-made structures, and in part by burning vegetation. The interaction of these two types of fires can lead to public health effects that are unique to WUI fires. This report evaluates existing and needed chemistry information that decision-makers can use to mitigate WUI fires and their potential health impacts. It describes key fuels of concern in WUI fires, especially household components like siding, insulation, and plastic, examines key pathways for exposure, including inhalation and ingestion, and identifies communities vulnerable to exposures. The report recommends a research agenda to inform response to and prevention of WUI fires, outlining needs in characterizing fuels, and predicting emissions and toxicants.