%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bain, Lisa %E Norris, Sheena M. Posey %E Stroud, Clare %T Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26176/evolving-the-culture-of-science-and-training-in-neuroscience-to-meet-a-changing-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26176/evolving-the-culture-of-science-and-training-in-neuroscience-to-meet-a-changing-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 9 %X Recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the collective awakening around issues related to racial justice, diversity, and inclusion, have underscored the challenges facing neuroscience and neuroscience training. To address these challenges, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of virtual workshops on neuroscience training with the goal of reconsidering how we think about neuroscience training in a rapidly changing world. On February 22, 2021, the fifth and final workshop in this series, titled Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World, brought together stakeholders from across the neuroscience ecosystem to discuss how the culture of science and scientific training can become more inclusive, balanced, and adaptive to changing times. This final workshop expanded on many issues raised in previous workshops, including the importance of mental health and well-being in academic research; how to resist the legacy of white supremacy and support diversity in academia; and how to redefine what success means for neuroscientists in both academic and non-academic settings. This publication summarizes the discussions that occurred at the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Looking Ahead at the Cybersecurity Workforce at the Federal Aviation Administration %@ 978-0-309-39150-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26105/looking-ahead-at-the-cybersecurity-workforce-at-the-federal-aviation-administration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26105/looking-ahead-at-the-cybersecurity-workforce-at-the-federal-aviation-administration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Computers and Information Technology %P 112 %X The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has overseen significant upgrades to the technology used to manage aviation operations to increase the safety and efficiency of the National Airspace System (NAS). Though necessary to regular operations, these modern computing and communications systems provide a greater attack surface for criminals, terrorists, or nation-states to exploit and thereby increase the potential for cybersecurity threats to the NAS and its constituents. The future safety and security of air travel will rely in part on the ability of the FAA to build a workforce capable of addressing the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape. Securing the computers, networks, and data that underpin modern aviation depends in part on the FAA having enough cybersecurity professionals (capacity) with the right knowledge, skills, and abilities (capability)). It also depends on the FAA's workforce having sufficient diversity of backgrounds and experience. Such diversity is critical in analyzing cybersecurity problems and widely understood to be a "functional imperative" for effective cybersecurity programs. At the request of Congress, the publication examines the FAA's cybersecurity workforce challenges, reviews the current strategy for meeting those challenges, and recommends ways to strengthen the FAA's cybersecurity workforce. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Baker, Arielle L. %E Thomas, Jeena M. %E Saunders, Jennifer E. %T Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Address Sexual Harassment: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08769-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26279/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-interventions-to-prevent-and-address-sexual-harassment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26279/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-interventions-to-prevent-and-address-sexual-harassment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 134 %X Rising awareness of and increased attention to sexual harassment has resulted in momentum to implement sexual harassment prevention efforts in higher education institutions. Work on preventing sexual harassment is an area that has recently garnered a lot of attention, especially around education and programs that go beyond the standard anti-sexual harassment trainings often used to comply with legal requirements. On April 20-21, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the workshop Developing Evaluation Metrics for Sexual Harassment Prevention Efforts. The workshop explored approaches and strategies for evaluating and measuring the effectiveness of sexual harassment interventions being implemented at higher education institutions and research and training sites, in order to assist institutions in transforming promising ideas into evidence-based best practices. Workshop participants also addressed methods, metrics, and measures that could be used to evaluate sexual harassment prevention efforts that lead to change in the organizational climate and culture and/or a change in behavior among community members. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Means, Barbara M. %E Stephens, Amy %T Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing: Authentic Experiences and Design Factors %@ 978-0-309-68215-2 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25912/cultivating-interest-and-competencies-in-computing-authentic-experiences-and-design %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25912/cultivating-interest-and-competencies-in-computing-authentic-experiences-and-design %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Computers and Information Technology %P 214 %X Computing in some form touches nearly every aspect of day to day life and is reflected in the ubiquitous use of cell phones, the expansion of automation into many industries, and the vast amounts of data that are routinely gathered about people's health, education, and buying habits. Computing is now a part of nearly every occupation, not only those in the technology industry. Given the ubiquity of computing in both personal and professional life, there are increasing calls for all learners to participate in learning experiences related to computing including more formal experiences offered in schools, opportunities in youth development programs and after-school clubs, or self-initiated hands-on experiences at home. At the same time, the lack of diversity in the computing workforce and in programs that engage learners in computing is well-documented. It is important to consider how to increase access and design experiences for a wide range of learners. Authentic experiences in STEM - that is, experiences that reflect professional practice and also connect learners to real-world problems that they care about - are one possible approach for reaching a broader range of learners. These experiences can be designed for learners of all ages and implemented in a wide range of settings. However, the role they play in developing youths' interests, capacities, and productive learning identities for computing is unclear. There is a need to better understand the role of authentic STEM experiences in supporting the development of interests, competencies, and skills related to computing. Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing examines the evidence on learning and teaching using authentic, open-ended pedagogical approaches and learning experiences for children and youth in grades K-12 in both formal and informal settings. This report gives particular attention to approaches and experiences that promote the success of children and youth from groups that are typically underrepresented in computing fields. Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing provides guidance for educators and facilitators, program designers, and other key stakeholders on how to support learners as they engage in authentic learning experiences. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks %@ 978-0-309-47966-0 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26155/space-radiation-and-astronaut-health-managing-and-communicating-cancer-risks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26155/space-radiation-and-astronaut-health-managing-and-communicating-cancer-risks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X Astronauts face unique health-related risks during crewed space missions, and longer-duration missions that extend to greater distances in our solar system (including to the Moon and Mars) will likely increase those risks. Cancer risks due to ionizing radiation exposure are one of these health-related risks. Assessing, managing, and communicating radiation-induced cancer risks associated with spaceflight are challenging because of incomplete knowledge of the radiation environment in space, limited data on radiation-induced cellular damage mechanisms, lack of direct observations from epidemiological studies, and the complexities of understanding radiation risk. At the request of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), an ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened to provide advice on NASA's proposed updates to their space radiation health standard, which sets the allowable limit of space radiation exposure throughout the course of an astronaut's career. Space Radiation and Astronaut Health: Managing and Communicating Cancer Risks provides the committee's recommendations and conclusions regarding the updated space radiation health standard, NASA's radiation risk communication strategies, and a process for developing an ethics-informed waiver protocol for long-duration spaceflight missions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T 2019-2020 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %@ 978-0-309-09405-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26325/2019-2020-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26325/2019-2020-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 141 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board (ARLTAB) provides biennial assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). These assessments include the development of findings and recommendations related to the quality of ARL's research, development, and analysis programs. 2019-2020 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory reviews the following research core competencies of ARL: human sciences, network and information sciences, computational sciences, materials and manufacturing sciences, and propulsion sciences. This biennial report summarizes the findings of the ARLTAB from reviews conducted in 2019 and 2020. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Harris-Kojetin, Brian A. %E Citro, Constance F. %T Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Seventh Edition %@ 978-0-309-68114-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25885/principles-and-practices-for-a-federal-statistical-agency-seventh-edition %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25885/principles-and-practices-for-a-federal-statistical-agency-seventh-edition %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Surveys and Statistics %P 138 %X Government statistics are widely used to inform decisions by policymakers, program administrators, businesses and other organizations as well as households and the general public. Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency, Seventh Edition will assist statistical agencies and units, as well as other agencies engaged in statistical activities, to carry out their responsibilities to provide accurate, timely, relevant, and objective information for public and policy use. This report will also inform legislative and executive branch decision makers, data users, and others about the characteristics of statistical agencies that enable them to serve the public good. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Haller, Norm %T Army Medical Research and Development Infrastructure Planning: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68250-3 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25921/army-medical-research-and-development-infrastructure-planning-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25921/army-medical-research-and-development-infrastructure-planning-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 84 %X At the request of the U.S. Army, the Board on Army Research and Development of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a 3-day workshop to explore how the Army can improve its strategic medical infrastructure planning with a view to 2035. The workshop, held July 14-16, 2020, brought together experts and key stakeholders from academia, industry, and government. The Army requires fidelity, consistency, and predictability in planning and managing research, development, test, and evaluation resources for medical infrastructure across all appropriation sources to effectively develop, deliver, and respond to military medical capability needs. In response to the Army's requirement, the workshop was designed to address the components of a sustainable, reinforcing enterprise framework (organizational and fiscal). Presentations and discussions examined roles, responsibilities, and coordinating mechanisms among major stakeholders of battlefield medicine; case studies of comparably complex non-government enterprise solutions; and opportunities to link ends, ways, and means for improvements. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Critical Findings on COVID-19: Select Publications from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26100/critical-findings-on-covid-19-select-publications-from-the-national %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26100/critical-findings-on-covid-19-select-publications-from-the-national %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 286 %X For more than 150 years, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine have issued reports detailing leading research on public health and infectious disease. In response to the global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the National Academies has continued this work by issuing publications related to disease transmission, preventative measures, vaccinations, and more that can inform the public response to the pandemic. Critical Findings on COVID-19 includes summaries and highlights of many of our key publications on COVID-19, including consensus study reports, workshop and webinar proceedings, and rapid expert consultations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Liao, Julie %E Minicucci, Charles %E Nicholson, Anna %T The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46156-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26134/the-critical-public-health-value-of-vaccines-tackling-issues-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26134/the-critical-public-health-value-of-vaccines-tackling-issues-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 230 %X Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Health Professions Faculty for the Future: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-16011-7 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26041/health-professions-faculty-for-the-future-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26041/health-professions-faculty-for-the-future-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 86 %X To explore various aspects of faculty development, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop in August 2020 titled Health Professions Faculty for the Future. At the workshop, presenters provided examples of how educators are using effective teaching strategies and of practices in health professional education. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Adapting to Shorter Time Cycles in the United States Air Force: Proceedings of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-47421-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26148/adapting-to-shorter-time-cycles-in-the-united-states-air-force %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26148/adapting-to-shorter-time-cycles-in-the-united-states-air-force %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 136 %X The Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a three-part workshop series to investigate the changing paradigm of time and knowledge in modern-day warfare. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, three 2-day workshops were held virtually on September 16-17, 2020, September 23-24, 2020, and October 1-2, 2020. The objective of the first workshop was to explore the ways in which the U.S. Air Force (USAF) has adjusted its capabilities in response to past shifts in operational timing. In consideration of these past shifts, the second workshop aimed to consider when there could be an advantage to synchronize or desynchronize rates of change with adversaries. Participants had the opportunity to discuss lessons learned and possible changes for USAF Doctrine and future operations. The goal of the third workshop was to examine the implications to doctrine, concepts of operations, and command and control from the recent acceleration of battlespace operations, arising from wide-scale digitization, large-scale sensing, and faster technologies. In all three workshops, speakers explored the broader issues surrounding changing environments, and participants discussed ways to adapt to fundamental changes in the time constants of conflict. This proceedings is a factual summary of what occurred during the workshop series. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Reducing the Impact of Dementia in America: A Decadal Survey of the Behavioral and Social Sciences %@ 978-0-309-49503-5 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26175/reducing-the-impact-of-dementia-in-america-a-decadal-survey %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26175/reducing-the-impact-of-dementia-in-america-a-decadal-survey %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 360 %X As the largest generation in U.S. history - the population born in the two decades immediately following World War II - enters the age of risk for cognitive impairment, growing numbers of people will experience dementia (including Alzheimer's disease and related dementias). By one estimate, nearly 14 million people in the United States will be living with dementia by 2060. Like other hardships, the experience of living with dementia can bring unexpected moments of intimacy, growth, and compassion, but these diseases also affect people's capacity to work and carry out other activities and alter their relationships with loved ones, friends, and coworkers. Those who live with and care for individuals experiencing these diseases face challenges that include physical and emotional stress, difficult changes and losses in their relationships with life partners, loss of income, and interrupted connections to other activities and friends. From a societal perspective, these diseases place substantial demands on communities and on the institutions and government entities that support people living with dementia and their families, including the health care system, the providers of direct care, and others. Nevertheless, research in the social and behavioral sciences points to possibilities for preventing or slowing the development of dementia and for substantially reducing its social and economic impacts. At the request of the National Institute on Aging of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Reducing the Impact of Dementia in America assesses the contributions of research in the social and behavioral sciences and identifies a research agenda for the coming decade. This report offers a blueprint for the next decade of behavioral and social science research to reduce the negative impact of dementia for America's diverse population. Reducing the Impact of Dementia in America calls for research that addresses the causes and solutions for disparities in both developing dementia and receiving adequate treatment and support. It calls for research that sets goals meaningful not just for scientists but for people living with dementia and those who support them as well. By 2030, an estimated 8.5 million Americans will have Alzheimer's disease and many more will have other forms of dementia. Through identifying priorities social and behavioral science research and recommending ways in which they can be pursued in a coordinated fashion, Reducing the Impact of Dementia in America will help produce research that improves the lives of all those affected by dementia. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arrison, Thomas %E Saunders, Jennifer %E Kameyama, Emi %T Developing a Toolkit for Fostering Open Science Practices: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09361-3 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 120 %X The National Academies Roundtable on Aligning Incentives for Open Science, established in 2019, has taken on an important role in addressing issues with open science. The roundtable convenes critical stakeholders to discuss the effectiveness of current incentives for adopting open science practices, current barriers of all types, and ways to move forward in order to align reward structures and institutional values. The Roundtable convened a virtual public workshop on fostering open science practices on November 5, 2020. The broad goal of the workshop was to identify paths to growing the nascent coalition of stakeholders committed to reenvisioning credit/reward systems (e.g., academic hiring, tenure and promotion, and grants)to fully incentivize open science practices. The workshop explored the information and resource needs of researchers, research institutions, government agencies, philanthropies, professional societies, and other stakeholders interested in further supporting and implementing open science practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strengthening U.S. Air Force Human Capital Management: A Flight Plan for 2020-2030 %@ 978-0-309-67868-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25828/strengthening-us-air-force-human-capital-management-a-flight-plan %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25828/strengthening-us-air-force-human-capital-management-a-flight-plan %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 288 %X The USAir Force human capital management (HCM) system is not easily defined or mapped. It affects virtually every part of the Air Force because workforce policies, procedures, and processes impact all offices and organizations that include Airmen and responsibilities and relationships change regularly. To ensure the readiness of Airmen to fulfill the mission of the Air Force, strategic approaches are developed and issued through guidance and actions of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower, Personnel and Services and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. Strengthening US Air Force Human Capital Management assesses and strengthens the various U.S. Air Force initiatives and programs working to improve person-job match and human capital management in coordinated support of optimal mission capability. This report considers the opportunities and challenges associated with related interests and needs across the USAF HCM system as a whole, and makes recommendations to inform improvements to USAF personnel selection and classification and other critical system components across career trajectories. Strengthening US Air Force Human Capital Management offers the Air Force a strategic approach, across a connected HCM system, to develop 21st century human capital capabilities essential for the success of 21st century Airmen. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Future of Electric Power in the United States %@ 978-0-309-68444-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25968/the-future-of-electric-power-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25968/the-future-of-electric-power-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 330 %X Electric power is essential for the lives and livelihoods of all Americans, and the need for electricity that is safe, clean, affordable, and reliable will only grow in the decades to come. At the request of Congress and the Department of Energy, the National Academies convened a committee of experts to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the U.S. grid and how it might evolve in response to advances in new energy technologies, changes in demand, and future innovation. The Future of Electric Power in the United States presents an extensive set of policy and funding recommendations aimed at modernizing the U.S. electric system. The report addresses technology development, operations, grid architectures, and business practices, as well as ways to make the electricity system safe, secure, sustainable, equitable, and resilient. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Vermund, Sten H. %E Geller, Amy B. %E Crowley, Jeffrey S. %T Sexually Transmitted Infections: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm %@ 978-0-309-68395-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25955/sexually-transmitted-infections-adopting-a-sexual-health-paradigm %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25955/sexually-transmitted-infections-adopting-a-sexual-health-paradigm %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 750 %X One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T DoD Engagement with Its Manufacturing Innovation Institutes: Phase 2 Study Final Report %@ 978-0-309-26319-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26329/dod-engagement-with-its-manufacturing-innovation-institutes-phase-2-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26329/dod-engagement-with-its-manufacturing-innovation-institutes-phase-2-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 222 %X To better support the need for timely, effective manufacturing technology development and transition, the Department of Defense (DoD) has established nine Manufacturing Innovation Institutes (MIIs) through its Defense-wide Manufacturing Science and Technology program element within the DoD Manufacturing Technology program. The institutes are considered by DoD to be important facilitators that bring together innovative ecosystems in key technology and market sectors in the United States. DoD MIIs are industry-led public private partnerships, with dual, public and private benefit, providing large commercial market potential while also meeting key U.S. defense industrial needs. The mission of the nine DoD-established institutes addresses both defense and commercial manufacturing needs within specific, defense-relevant technology areas. DoD Engagement with Its Manufacturing Innovation Institutes Phase 2 Study provides strategic guidance on protocols for conducting long term engagement assessments of the MIIs including evaluation metrics; best practices for MII education and workforce development programs; and development of strategies for better connecting MIIs to the broader DoD community and to other federal agencies. An interim report focused on the MII assessment protocol topic was published in April 2021 and is also included in this report, in appendixes C and D. This final report provides findings and recommendations relevant to education and workforce development best practices and DoD and other federal agency engagement strategies.