TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christopher A. Scott A2 - Jordyn White A2 - Heather Kreidler TI - Avances de las alianzas binacionales para la sostenibilidad entre Estados Unidos y México SN - DO - 10.17226/26419 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26419/avances-de-las-alianzas-binacionales-para-la-sostenibilidad-entre-estados-unidos-y-mxico PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Barbara O. Schneeman A2 - Ann L. Yaktine A2 - Alice Vorosmarti TI - Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review SN - DO - 10.17226/26188 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26188/scanning-for-new-evidence-on-riboflavin-to-support-a-dietary-reference-intake-review PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of evidence-based nutrient reference values for intakes that include the full range of age, gender, and life stage groups in the US and Canada. At the request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to carry out a literature search and evidence scan of the peer-reviewed published literature on indicators of nutritional requirements, toxicity, and chronic disease risk reduction for riboflavin. Scanning for New Evidence on Riboflavin to Support a Dietary Reference Intake Review builds on the methodology for evidence scanning nutrients (which have existing DRIs) to determine whether there is new and relevant knowledge available that may merit a formal reexamination of DRIs for riboflavin. This report offers comments on the methodological approach to the evidence scan and discusses its findings and interpretation of the process to provide the study sponsors with a greater context to support their interpretation and application of the reported results. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carla Alvarado A2 - Lauren Savaglio TI - A Population Health Perspective on Middle School Success: Activities, Programs, and Policies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25807 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25807/a-population-health-perspective-on-middle-school-success-activities-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On December 5, 2019, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the factors that affect the health and well-being of middle-school-aged adolescents. The workshop included presentations on the risk factors of poor physical, social, and emotional outcomes and their prevalence; the identification of resilience factors; current policies and programs designed to support middle school success and address issues of equity and financing as they apply to these; and how the health and human services sectors can support and align with the education sector to promote health and well-being in middle school. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - COVID-19 and the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Seizing the Moment to Reimagine Education: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26356 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26356/covid-19-and-the-k-12-teacher-workforce-seizing-the-moment-to-reimagine-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - On June 1 and 2, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop, Teaching and the Teaching Workforce Amid the Struggles of COVID-19 and for Racial Justice. The workshop was designed to revisit findings from the 2020 National Academies' report Changing Expectations for the K-12 Teacher Workforce: Policies, Preservice Education, Professional Development, and the Workplace, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Experts from the original study committee, as well other leading scholars on the teacher workforce, explored how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed (or not changed), what teachers need, and where the teacher workforce is vulnerable. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Emergency Evacuation and Sheltering During the COVID-19 Pandemic DO - 10.17226/26084 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26084/emergency-evacuation-and-sheltering-during-the-covid-19-pandemic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Fundamental shifts in preparedness planning are needed to ensure health, safety, and smooth operations during emergencies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To prepare for emergency events requiring evacuation, it is necessary to revise shelter planning and mass care operations, shelter staffing, and shelter design and operations with a focus on reducing virus transmission and ensuring safety. Developing effective public messaging is also critical during the pandemic and requires advance planning and familiarity with the needs and characteristics of the communities being served. This rapid expert consultation details what is known from research on evacuation behavior, social responses to disaster, and risk communication, as well as lessons learned from emergency managers, public health departments, local officials, and human service providers, as the second year of the pandemic unfolds. It includes strategies for (1) evacuation plans, (2) sheltering operations, and (3) risk communication best practices for public officials confronting hazards and disasters. The Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN) is an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This project is affiliated with the National Academies' Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kerry Brenner A2 - Maria Lund Dahlberg A2 - Joe Alper TI - Undergraduate and Graduate STEM Students’ Experiences During COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26024 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26024/undergraduate-and-graduate-stem-students-experiences-during-covid-19-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. From that moment, leaders of institutions of higher education have had to make quick decisions about how to provide high-quality educational experiences for their students while protecting the health of their students, faculty, and staff and maintaining the fiscal stability of their institutions. Institutions of higher learning took various approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic, which raised two questions: what factors informed decisions at these institutions, and what new initiatives or practices seem to be effective for students during the COVID-19 pandemic? To explore these questions and others regarding the effect of higher education’s current COVID-19 response on students in undergraduate and graduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop consisting of four online sessions that took place between September 22 and October 6, 2020. Organized by the Board on Science Education and the Board on Higher Education and Workforce, the virtual workshops provided an opportunity for participants from a range of institutions to share strategies and lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lida Beninson A2 - Joe Alper TI - Meeting Regional STEMM Workforce Needs in the Wake of COVID-19: Proceedings of a Virtual Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26049 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26049/meeting-regional-stemm-workforce-needs-in-the-wake-of-covid-19 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The COVID-19 pandemic is transforming the global economy and significantly shifting workforce demand, requiring quick, adaptive responses. The pandemic has revealed the vulnerabilities of many organizations and regional economies, and it has accelerated trends that could lead to significant improvements in productivity, performance, and resilience, which will enable organizations and regions to thrive in the "next normal." To explore how communities around the United States are addressing workforce issues laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and how they are taking advantage of local opportunities to expand their science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) workforces to position them for success going forward, the Board of Higher Education and Workforce of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of workshops to identify immediate and near-term regional STEMM workforce needs in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop planning committee identified five U.S. cities and their associated metropolitan areas - Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Richmond, Virginia; Riverside, California; and Wichita, Kansas - to host workshops highlighting promising practices that communities can use to respond urgently and appropriately to their STEMM workforce needs. A sixth workshop discussed how the lessons learned during the five region-focused workshops could be applied in other communities to meet STEMM workforce needs. This proceedings of a virtual workshop series summarizes the presentations and discussions from the six public workshops that made up the virtual workshop series and highlights the key points raised during the presentations, moderated panel discussions and deliberations, and open discussions among the workshop participants. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Kelly McHugh TI - Exploring the Role of Critical Health Literacy in Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26214 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26214/exploring-the-role-of-critical-health-literacy-in-addressing-the-social-determinants-of-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop on January 27, 2021 on the role of critical health literacy in addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH), particularly among vulnerable populations. The SDOH are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. The workshop examined the evolving concept of critical health literacy, which refers to health literacy skills that lead to empowerment of individuals, communities, and organizations to take action around the conditions that create or detract from health. Participants also explored how the concept of critical health literacy differs from the general concept of health literacy; how individuals and organizations use critical health literacy strategies to address the SDOH; and what research and implementation opportunities exist for critical health literacy as a tool to address the SDOH. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Keen A2 - Janine Kyritsis A2 - Ellen Meiser A2 - Mara Rosales TI - Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry DO - 10.17226/26230 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26230/resource-guide-for-improving-diversity-and-inclusion-programs-for-the-public-transportation-industry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Many transit agencies are striving to improve diversity and inclusion. They continue to initiate and sustain programs and develop more innovative strategies.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 228: Resource Guide for Improving Diversity and Inclusion Programs for the Public Transportation Industry builds on the snapshot of transit agency diversity initiatives provided nearly 20 years ago in TCRP Synthesis 46: Diversity Training Initiatives to understand how diversity programs at transit agencies have evolved, how inclusion has been incorporated, and what policies, plans, and practices have been successfully implemented within the industry. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Colin Murphy A2 - Terra Curtis A2 - Evan Costagliola A2 - Regina Clewlow A2 - Stephanie Seki A2 - Ruoying Xu TI - Transit and Micromobility DO - 10.17226/26386 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26386/transit-and-micromobility PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Micromobility refers to small, low-speed vehicles intended for personal use and includes station-based bikeshare systems, dockless bikeshare systems, electric-assist bikeshare, and electric scooters. Micromobility has the potential to increase the number of transit trips by expanding the reach of multimodal transportation, but it also could replace transit trips.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 230: Transit and Micromobility provides an analysis of the full benefits and impacts of micromobility on public transportation systems in transit-rich markets as well as in medium-sized and smaller urban areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Barbara M. Means A2 - Amy Stephens TI - Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing: Authentic Experiences and Design Factors SN - DO - 10.17226/25912 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25912/cultivating-interest-and-competencies-in-computing-authentic-experiences-and-design PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Computing in some form touches nearly every aspect of day to day life and is reflected in the ubiquitous use of cell phones, the expansion of automation into many industries, and the vast amounts of data that are routinely gathered about people's health, education, and buying habits. Computing is now a part of nearly every occupation, not only those in the technology industry. Given the ubiquity of computing in both personal and professional life, there are increasing calls for all learners to participate in learning experiences related to computing including more formal experiences offered in schools, opportunities in youth development programs and after-school clubs, or self-initiated hands-on experiences at home. At the same time, the lack of diversity in the computing workforce and in programs that engage learners in computing is well-documented. It is important to consider how to increase access and design experiences for a wide range of learners. Authentic experiences in STEM - that is, experiences that reflect professional practice and also connect learners to real-world problems that they care about - are one possible approach for reaching a broader range of learners. These experiences can be designed for learners of all ages and implemented in a wide range of settings. However, the role they play in developing youths' interests, capacities, and productive learning identities for computing is unclear. There is a need to better understand the role of authentic STEM experiences in supporting the development of interests, competencies, and skills related to computing. Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing examines the evidence on learning and teaching using authentic, open-ended pedagogical approaches and learning experiences for children and youth in grades K-12 in both formal and informal settings. This report gives particular attention to approaches and experiences that promote the success of children and youth from groups that are typically underrepresented in computing fields. Cultivating Interest and Competencies in Computing provides guidance for educators and facilitators, program designers, and other key stakeholders on how to support learners as they engage in authentic learning experiences. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laura Aiuppa Denning A2 - Megan Snair A2 - Ruth Cooper TI - Exploring the State of the Science of Solid Organ Transplantation and Disability: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26213 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26213/exploring-the-state-of-the-science-of-solid-organ-transplantation-and-disability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Transplantation of a solid organ, such as a kidney, heart, or liver, is a lifesaving procedure and is sometimes the only viable treatment for patients experiencing end-stage organ failure as a result of illness or injury. A growing prevalence of solid organ diseases in the United States is contributing to more people needing a transplant and longer wait times on the national transplant waiting list. While transplantation can lengthen a person's life, the road to recovery is difficult and complex. Transplant recipients commonly experience considerable impairments related to health factors, medication side effects, organ rejection, or other setbacks that can cause functional limitations. A spectrum of services and supports can be beneficial to patient functioning and quality of life, but patient access is variable due to individual, system, and social factors. To gain an understanding of current scientific findings in the field of solid organ transplantation, the U.S. Social Security Administration asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Health Care Services to organize a virtual public workshop to examine disability associated with organ transplantation. The workshop, held March 22-23, 2021, focused on kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplantation, and to a lesser extent intestine transplantation. Subject-matter experts presented on clinical aspects of post-transplantation recovery and described the implications for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning in adults and children. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Eric B. Larson A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Meeting the Challenge of Caring for Persons Living with Dementia and Their Care Partners and Caregivers: A Way Forward SN - DO - 10.17226/26026 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26026/meeting-the-challenge-of-caring-for-persons-living-with-dementia-and-their-care-partners-and-caregivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Millions of people are living with dementia in the United States and globally. To live well with dementia, people need care, services, and supports that reflect their values and preferences, build on their strengths and abilities, promote well-being, and address needs that evolve as cognitive impairment deepens. Persons living with dementia co-manage their care with or rely on the support of a wide range of care partners and caregivers, including spouses, other family members and friends, and direct care workers in homes or residential care settings. While dementia care has improved since the 1970s, many individuals still lack access to high-quality care and are not living as well as they might. Disadvantaged groups, especially racial and ethnic minorities, still face challenges in access to care, services, and supports, due to deep and persistent inequities. Meeting the Challenge of Caring for Persons Living with Dementia and Their Care Partners and Caregivers: A Way Forward examines the complex body of evidence on dementia care and informs decision making about which interventions are ready to be broadly disseminated and implemented. It also offers a blueprint to guide future research using rigorous, cutting-edge methods that are inclusive, equitable, and yield critical information for real-world implementation, toward the ultimate goal of better supporting persons living with dementia and their care partners and caregivers in living as well as possible. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda McCauley A2 - Robert L. Phillips, Jr. A2 - Marc Meisnere A2 - Sarah K. Robinson TI - Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care SN - DO - 10.17226/25983 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25983/implementing-high-quality-primary-care-rebuilding-the-foundation-of-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - High-quality primary care is the foundation of the health care system. It provides continuous, person-centered, relationship-based care that considers the needs and preferences of individuals, families, and communities. Without access to high-quality primary care, minor health problems can spiral into chronic disease, chronic disease management becomes difficult and uncoordinated, visits to emergency departments increase, preventive care lags, and health care spending soars to unsustainable levels. Unequal access to primary care remains a concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic amplified pervasive economic, mental health, and social health disparities that ubiquitous, high-quality primary care might have reduced. Primary care is the only health care component where an increased supply is associated with better population health and more equitable outcomes. For this reason, primary care is a common good, which makes the strength and quality of the country's primary care services a public concern. Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care puts forth an evidence-based plan with actionable objectives and recommendations for implementing high-quality primary care in the United States. The implementation plan of this report balances national needs for scalable solutions while allowing for adaptations to meet local needs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia Ryan, Komal Sood, IOS Partners, Inc. A2 - Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Bijan Vasigh A2 - Jessica L. Wildman, Institute for Cross Cultural Management, Florida Institute of Technology A2 - Lise D’Andrea, Customer Experience Experts TI - Evaluating the Traveler's Perspective to Improve the Airport Customer Experience DO - 10.17226/26222 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26222/evaluating-the-travelers-perspective-to-improve-the-airport-customer-experience PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Today’s airports have become much more than transportation hubs. They are increasingly becoming places where people dine, shop, relax, work, and interact. This expanded role comes with challenges as airports try to understand and address the needs of their diverse customer base.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 231: Evaluating the Traveler's Perspective to Improve the Airport Customer Experience presents information and tools to better understand the traveler’s perspective of the airport journey and how airports might respond to the evolving needs of their travelers.Supplemental materials to the report include an executive summary, a multimedia tool that provides visuals to support the findings, and Appendices C through F (which include a social media and media analysis toolkit, a review of creative benchmarking, a sample data summary table for creative benchmarking, and a listing of social media and media analysis resources and guides).In July 2021, an errata was issued for ACRP Research Report 231. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeffrey Newman A2 - Kevin Johns A2 - Thomas Murphy A2 - Maria Lopez A2 - Zolan Prucz A2 - Lance Borden A2 - Jim Phillips A2 - Alec Noble A2 - Paul Skelton A2 - Andrzej Nowak A2 - Ian Buckle TI - Updating the AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications DO - 10.17226/26395 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26395/updating-the-aashto-lrfd-movable-highway-bridge-design-specifications PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - There are approximately 1,000 movable highway bridges in the U.S. inventory.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 314: Updating the AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications allows bridge owners the option of employing site-specific conditions to develop the design wind speed and provides other general updates to previous research from 2000 that reflects changes in design practice and other standards. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants SN - DO - 10.17226/26057 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26057/evaluating-hearing-loss-for-individuals-with-cochlear-implants PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) administers programs that provide disability benefits. Once SSA establishes the presence of a severe impairment, it determines whether the impairment meets the criteria in the Listing of Impairments (Listings) that qualify a candidate for disability benefits. The current Listings that address hearing loss treated with cochlear implantation contain criteria that evaluate hearing ability through a speech recognition test called the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT). Since its development in 1994, the HINT has been widely used to measure cochlear implant candidacy and postoperative outcomes. However, the test characteristics, the state of cochlear implant technology, and the environment that made the HINT a common choice of assessment in 1994 are different in 2021. The HINT has several limitations in its characteristics and deviation from its intended use. At the request of SSA, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a consensus study committee to identify and recommend generalized testing procedures and criteria for evaluating the level of functional hearing ability needed to make a disability determination in adults and children after cochlear implantation. The committee's report, Evaluating Hearing Loss for Individuals with Cochlear Implants, details and supports its findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on published evidence and professional judgment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Theresa M. Wizemann TI - Faith–Health Collaboration to Improve Community and Population Health: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25375 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25375/faith-health-collaboration-to-improve-community-and-population-health-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On March 22, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the collaboration between the faith and health sectors, and to highlight the unique opportunities these collaborations offer to help improve population health outcomes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Expert Consultation on Allocating COVID-19 Monoclonal Antibody Therapies and Other Novel Therapeutics (January 29, 2021) DO - 10.17226/26063 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26063/rapid-expert-consultation-on-allocating-covid-19-monoclonal-antibody-therapies-and-other-novel-therapeutics-january-29-2021 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This rapid expert consultation focuses on monoclonal antibody (mAbs) therapies authorized for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This consultation describes the approaches taken in different jurisdictions at the federal, state, and local/institutional levels to ensure an effective, equitable, and fair allocation of mAbs and points to challenges in reaching underserved patients. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform the Office of Science and Technology Policy on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other public health threats. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Edward H. Shortliffe A2 - Francis K. Amankwah A2 - Tracy A. Lustig A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Medications in Single-Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs SN - DO - 10.17226/25911 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25911/medications-in-single-dose-vials-implications-of-discarded-drugs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Every year, significant amounts of expensive drugs are discarded. This is due in part to the growing number of prescription drugs that are administered in variable doses (rather than fixed or flat doses) based on a patient's weight or body size. Strict regulations and guidance generally prohibit or severely restrict the acceptable time frame for sharing medication from single-dose vials among patients, and so the unused amount will typically be discarded. Due to the current system for producing, administering, and paying for drugs in the United States, significant - but indeterminate - amounts of expensive prescription drugs are discarded each year. At the request of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medications in Single Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs explores the federal health care costs, safety, and quality concerns associated with discarded drugs that result from the weight-based dosing of medicines contained in single-dose vials. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Todd Hansen A2 - Kelly Blume A2 - Ipek Sener A2 - Jinuk Hwang TI - Transit Agency Relationships and Initiatives to Improve Bus Stops and Pedestrian Access DO - 10.17226/26166 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26166/transit-agency-relationships-and-initiatives-to-improve-bus-stops-and-pedestrian-access PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - In the United States, many transit stops are not adequate: bus stops that are just a signpost on a busy road, bus stops with broken sidewalks and/or pathway obstructions, bus stops with a lack of seating, and bus stops clearly not accessible to people with disabilities. For many bus riders, the journey to access and the wait at the bus stop are experiences that may inhibit their ability or desire to take the bus.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 152 Transit Agency Relationships and Initiatives to Improve Bus Stops and Pedestrian Access summarizes the current state of practice for bus stop and pedestrian infrastructure improvement programs and processes in place at transit agencies and other public organizations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Critical Findings on COVID-19: Select Publications from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine DO - 10.17226/26100 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26100/critical-findings-on-covid-19-select-publications-from-the-national PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - For more than 150 years, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine have issued reports detailing leading research on public health and infectious disease. In response to the global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the National Academies has continued this work by issuing publications related to disease transmission, preventative measures, vaccinations, and more that can inform the public response to the pandemic. Critical Findings on COVID-19 includes summaries and highlights of many of our key publications on COVID-19, including consensus study reports, workshop and webinar proceedings, and rapid expert consultations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Margaret Honey A2 - Heidi Schweingruber A2 - Kerry Brenner A2 - Phil Gonring TI - Call to Action for Science Education: Building Opportunity for the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/26152 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26152/call-to-action-for-science-education-building-opportunity-for-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Scientific thinking and understanding are essential for all people navigating the world, not just for scientists and other science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals. Knowledge of science and the practice of scientific thinking are essential components of a fully functioning democracy. Science is also crucial for the future STEM workforce and the pursuit of living wage jobs. Yet, science education is not the national priority it needs to be, and states and local communities are not yet delivering high quality, rigorous learning experiences in equal measure to all students from elementary school through higher education. Call to Action for Science Education: Building Opportunity for the Future articulates a vision for high quality science education, describes the gaps in opportunity that currently exist for many students, and outlines key priorities that need to be addressed in order to advance better, more equitable science education across grades K-16. This report makes recommendations for state and federal policy makers on ways to support equitable, productive pathways for all students to thrive and have opportunities to pursue careers that build on scientific skills and concepts. Call to Action for Science Education challenges the policy-making community at state and federal levels to acknowledge the importance of science, make science education a core national priority, and empower and give local communities the resources they must have to deliver a better, more equitable science education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Lessons Learned in Health Professions Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Part 1: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26210 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26210/lessons-learned-in-health-professions-education-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-part-1 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals adapted, innovated, and accelerated in order to meet the needs of students, patients, and the community. To examine and learn from these experiences, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education convened a series of workshops, the first of which was a one-day virtual workshop on December 3, 2020. The first workshop explored lessons learned in the grand challenges facing health professions education (HPE) stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic and how those positive and negative experiences might inform development of sustainable improvements in the value, effectiveness, and impact of HPE. Educators, students, administrators, and health professionals shared ideas, stories, and data in an effort to discuss the future of HPE by learning from past experiences. Topics included: evaluation of online education; innovations in interprofessional education and learning opportunities within the social determinants of health and mental health; effects on preclinical and clinical education; regulatory and accreditation changes affecting HPE; and stress and workload on students and faculty. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christopher A. Scott A2 - Jordyn White A2 - Heather Kreidler TI - Advancing United States-Mexico Binational Sustainability Partnerships SN - DO - 10.17226/26070 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26070/advancing-united-states-mexico-binational-sustainability-partnerships PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The border region shared by the United States and Mexico is currently experiencing multiple crises on both sides that present challenges to safeguarding the region's sustainable natural resources and to ensuring the livelihoods of its residents. These challenges are exacerbated by stressors including global climate change, increasing urbanization and industrialization and attendant air and water-quality degradation, and rapid population growth. Navigating these challenges and preserving the area’s cultural richness, economy, and ecology will require building strategic partnerships that engage a broad range of stakeholders from both countries. To navigate these challenges, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, together with the Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias), Mexican Academy of Engineering (Academia de Ingeniería de México), and Mexican National Academy of Medicine (Academia Nacional de Medicina de México), appointed a committee of experts from the United States and Mexico to conduct a consensus study. Advancing United States-Mexico Binational Sustainability Partnerships incorporates features of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17. SDG 17 calls for revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable development. It is specifically focused on the advancement of multi-stakeholder partnerships that require coordination and collaboration among diverse stakeholders in pursuit of a common and mutually beneficial vision. With attention to SDG 17, this report draws on social science theory and applied research on partnerships to explore potential strategies and mechanisms to increase coordination between relevant government agencies, the private sector, and civil society in the United States and Mexico. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jennifer D. Franz A2 - Heather Taylor Holbert A2 - Laurie A. Garrow A2 - Geoffrey D. Gosling A2 - Mark Vande Kamp A2 - Lisa Harmon A2 - Stephanie Ward TI - Guidebook on Conducting Airport User Surveys and Other Customer Research DO - 10.17226/26444 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26444/guidebook-on-conducting-airport-user-surveys-and-other-customer-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Airport user surveys have traditionally been used to obtain information for facility planning. More recently, however, surveys are being used to measure satisfaction as a way to identify actions that could improve the customer experience and increase non-aeronautical revenues, particularly those from passenger terminal concessions.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 235: Guidebook for Conducting Airport User Surveys and Other Customer Research provides airport managers and staff involved in customer research, as well as airport consultants and other stakeholders, with guidance on the effective use of airport user surveys and other customer research techniques.Supplementary to the report is Appendices A through L. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Kathy Chappell A2 - Eric Holmboe A2 - Lauren Poulin A2 - Steve Singer A2 - Elizabeth Finkelman A2 - Aisha Salman TI - Educating Together, Improving Together: Harmonizing Interprofessional Approaches to Address the Opioid Epidemic SN - DO - 10.17226/27108 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27108/educating-together-improving-together-harmonizing-interprofessional-approaches-to-address-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The United States is in the midst of an urgent and complex opioid crisis. To address how education and training can more effectively respond to this crisis, we must have a better understanding of problems in practice—or professional practice gaps—for health professionals and teams in practice. A coordinated response requires identifying and addressing professional practice gaps (PPGs) related to pain management, opioid use disorder, and other substance use disorder (SUD) care, as well as integrating evidence-based best practices into health professional education and training curricula across the continuum from undergraduate training into post-graduate continuing education This Special Publication presents two information-gathering efforts to assess persisting PPGs pertaining to pain management and SUD care and to better understand the current health professional education environment: the first is a comprehensive literature review, and the second is a survey of the regulatory landscape.The results underscore the need to collaboratively develop a harmonized interprofessional, person- and family-centered approach for the continuum of health professions education to more effectively address the opioid crisis.In this Special Publication, the Health Professional Education and Training Workgroup of the National Academy of Medicine’s Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic identified five action-oriented priorities to support this goal:Establish minimum core competencies in pain management and substance use disorders for all health care professionals, and support tracking of health care professionals’ competenceAlign accreditors' expectations for interprofessional collaboration in education for pain management and substance use disordersFoster interprofessional collaboration among licensing and certifying bodies to optimize regulatory approaches and outcomesUnleash the capacity for continuing education to meet health professions learners where they are through investment and leadership, andCollaborate to harmonize practice improvement initiativesWith due effort and support, these approaches will amplify effective practices while harmonizing and improving the environment for health care professionals to best serve the needs of their patients and communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Sarah M. Greene A2 - Peter Embi A2 - Meg Gaines A2 - Beverley Johnson A2 - Neil Powe A2 - Jeffrey Schiff A2 - Bruce Siegel A2 - Emily Stewart A2 - Consuelo Wilkins TI - Priorities on the Health Horizon: Informing PCORI's Strategic Plan SN - DO - 10.17226/27109 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27109/priorities-on-the-health-horizon-informing-pcoris-strategic-plan PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In response to a growing national awareness that the development and use of new diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive interventions had been occurring at a quickening pace—one far outstripping the evidence necessary to make informed decisions about their comparative advantage—the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was established in 2010 as part of the Affordable Care Act legislation. PCORI is guided by the imperative to help patients, families, clinicians, and other health care stakeholders make better informed health care decisions and improve care and outcomes. To inform the next steps in its organizational strategy, PCORI enlisted the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) to leverage its deep experience in convening experts on matters of significant national importance, including its long-standing thought leadership role in the realization of a learning health system. The NAM formed a multi-stakeholder workgroup and held two virtual convenings with the objective of engaging with patients, clinicians, health system leaders, researchers, and other stakeholders from the broader health community to identify and discuss high-priority emerging issues in health, health care, and biomedical science and technology. The key messages from these meetings are outlined in the Special Publication Priorities on the Health Horizon: Informing PCORI's Strategic Plan.Given the breadth of the domains considered in the Priorities on the Health Horizon meetings—emerging technologies, social and environmental factors, optimizing value, and infrastructure—a formidable set of pressing health and health care research needs were reviewed and discussed. In addition, certain fundamental strategic priorities emerged as basic and critical to progress in the field: (1) the need to reorient research perspectives and activities to patient and family priorities and values, and in particular, those conditions that drive inequities; (2) the need to foster strategic learning partnerships across groups, organizations, and sectors; and (3) the need to build the continuous learning infrastructure to produce new insights at the pace and scale necessary for health and health care improvement.Moving forward, building the capacity to continuously improve learning and sharing throughout the system will entail stakeholders working together as seamlessly as possible. The NAM and PCORI worked together to facilitate an expansive dialogue with key stakeholders and engender trust through a focus on shared commitments to progress on improving health for all Americans in the decade ahead. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Mary K. Wakefield A2 - David R. Williams A2 - Suzanne Le Menestrel A2 - Jennifer Lalitha Flaubert TI - The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/25982 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25982/the-future-of-nursing-2020-2030-charting-a-path-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The decade ahead will test the nation's nearly 4 million nurses in new and complex ways. Nurses live and work at the intersection of health, education, and communities. Nurses work in a wide array of settings and practice at a range of professional levels. They are often the first and most frequent line of contact with people of all backgrounds and experiences seeking care and they represent the largest of the health care professions. A nation cannot fully thrive until everyone - no matter who they are, where they live, or how much money they make - can live their healthiest possible life, and helping people live their healthiest life is and has always been the essential role of nurses. Nurses have a critical role to play in achieving the goal of health equity, but they need robust education, supportive work environments, and autonomy. Accordingly, at the request of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, on behalf of the National Academy of Medicine, an ad hoc committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a study aimed at envisioning and charting a path forward for the nursing profession to help reduce inequities in people's ability to achieve their full health potential. The ultimate goal is the achievement of health equity in the United States built on strengthened nursing capacity and expertise. By leveraging these attributes, nursing will help to create and contribute comprehensively to equitable public health and health care systems that are designed to work for everyone. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity explores how nurses can work to reduce health disparities and promote equity, while keeping costs at bay, utilizing technology, and maintaining patient and family-focused care into 2030. This work builds on the foundation set out by The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2011) report. ER -