%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sciara, Gian Claudia %E Loftus-Otway, Lisa %E McCarthy, Timothy %T Tax Increment Financing for Transit Projects %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25985/tax-increment-financing-for-transit-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25985/tax-increment-financing-for-transit-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a public financing method that some local governments and transportation agencies may use to capture a portion of additional property (or sales) tax revenues that result when public investments cause property values (or total sales revenues) to increase. TIF is an increasingly important source of funds for transportation projects, and it has the potential to be a key part of project financing.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program'sTCRP Legal Research Digest 55: Tax Increment Financing for Transit Projects examines whether and under what circumstances TIF might be used to fund transit operations and maintenance, as well as the challenges that such arrangements might face.The digest includes case studies of Miami-Dade County, Chicago, Prince Georges County in Maryland, and more. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Estimating Market Value and Establishing Market Rent at Small Airports %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25719/estimating-market-value-and-establishing-market-rent-at-small-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25719/estimating-market-value-and-establishing-market-rent-at-small-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 84 %X Staff from smaller airports typically lack specialized expertise in the negotiation and development of airport property or the resources to hire consultants.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 213: Estimating Market Value and Establishing Market Rent at Small Airports provides airport management, policymakers, and staff a resource for developing and leasing airport land and improvements, methodologies for determining market value and appropriate rents, and best practices for negotiating and re-evaluating current lease agreements.There are many factors that can go into the analysis, and this report reviews best practices in property development. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Facilities Staffing Requirements for the Veterans Health Administration–Resource Planning and Methodology for the Future %@ 978-0-309-49291-1 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25454/facilities-staffing-requirements-for-the-veterans-health-administration-resource-planning-and-methodology-for-the-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25454/facilities-staffing-requirements-for-the-veterans-health-administration-resource-planning-and-methodology-for-the-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 136 %X The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is America's largest integrated health care system, providing care at 1,243 health care facilities, including 172 medical centers and 1,063 outpatient sites of care of varying complexity, serving 9 million enrolled Veterans each year. In addition, VHA has opened outpatient clinics and established telemedicine and other services to accommodate a diverse veteran population and continues to cultivate ongoing medical research and innovation. Facilities specific to VHA fulfill clinical, operational, research laboratory, and administrative functions. Each site is designed to serve a geographical location with specific health care needs. VHA's building inventory has sites of different ages, and often there is a mix of building size and age at each site or campus. At the request of the VHA, this study presents a comprehensive resource planning and staffing methodology guidebook for VHA Facility Management Programs by reviewing the tasks of VHA building facilities staff and recommending actions for the VHA to meet the mission goals of delivering patient care, research, and effective operations. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hand, Adam J. T. %E Nimeri, Mohamed A. %E Hajj, Elie Y. %E Sebaaly, Peter E. %E West, Randy C. %E Heitzman, Michael A. %E Yin, Fan %E Hughes, Charles S. %E Tayabji, Shiraz %T Procedures and Guidelines for Validating Contractor Test Data %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25823/procedures-and-guidelines-for-validating-contractor-test-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25823/procedures-and-guidelines-for-validating-contractor-test-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 102 %X In the development of a quality assurance program, a state highway agency (SHA) incorporates policies and procedures for assessing how well the materials and construction used by a contractor on a construction project satisfy the agency's specifications.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 946: Procedures and Guidelines for Validating Contractor Test Data reviews and evaluates the procedures and practices used in the acceptance of construction materials. The report also proposes a related practice for incorporation into AASHTO Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing.Supplemental files to the report include Appendices A through E, available as a single PDF file, a State Highway Agency Survey (Appendix A), Survey Responses (Appendix B), Numerical Simulations (Appendix C), State Highway Agency Date Analysis (Appendix D), and Statistical Tables (Appendix E). %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Willkie, William %E Full, David %E Barrow, Julie %E Alberts, David %E Gale, Joseph %E Kozlik, Nick %E Jenkins, John %E Wayson, Roger %E Wilmer, Clifton B. %E Vigilante, Mary L. %T Guidance for Using the Interactive Tool for Understanding NEPA at General Aviation Airports %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25735/guidance-for-using-the-interactive-tool-for-understanding-nepa-at-general-aviation-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25735/guidance-for-using-the-interactive-tool-for-understanding-nepa-at-general-aviation-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 114 %X Most general aviation (GA) airports are minimally staffed and rarely employ environmental specialists, and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) can be overwhelming to work through for those not familiar with the requirements.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 211: Guidance for Using the Interactive Tool for Understanding NEPA at General Aviation Airports, and the accompanying interactive tool that was developed, will help airport staff from GA airports understand the NEPA process. The report provides an overview of NEPA, when it is applied, and the three levels of NEPA review. The tool will be helpful in better understanding the level of effort that may be required to comply with NEPA.An annotated bibliography, which was Appendix A to the Contractor’s Final Report, is also available. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Graham, WSP USA Paul %E Klein, SRI Foundation Terry %T Potential Section 106 Exempted Categories or Program Comments for Federal Highway Administration Projects: National Streamlining Opportunities %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25722/potential-section-106-exempted-categories-or-program-comments-for-federal-highway-administration-projects-national-streamlining-opportunities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25722/potential-section-106-exempted-categories-or-program-comments-for-federal-highway-administration-projects-national-streamlining-opportunities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 42 %X Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires transportation agencies to consider the effects of their undertakings on historic resources when those undertakings are federally funded. Section 106 of the NHPA also allows for the use of Program Alternatives to tailor compliance, potentially streamlining Section 106 evaluations for commonly encountered categories of historic resources.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 275: Potential Section 106 Exempted Categories or Program Comments for Federal Highway Administration Projects: National Streamlining Opportunities examines the use of Program Alternatives by state departments of transportation and explores potential opportunities for additional Program Alternatives.There is also a presentation accompanying the report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program %@ 978-0-309-67967-1 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25851/review-of-the-new-york-city-watershed-protection-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25851/review-of-the-new-york-city-watershed-protection-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 422 %X New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T An Assessment of the Need for Native Seeds and the Capacity for Their Supply: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-68015-8 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25859/an-assessment-of-the-need-for-native-seeds-and-the-capacity-for-their-supply %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25859/an-assessment-of-the-need-for-native-seeds-and-the-capacity-for-their-supply %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Surveys and Statistics %P 72 %X Across the United States, millions of acres of land have been so disturbed by human activities or severe climate events that significant portions of their native plant communities have been lost and their ecosystems have been seriously compromised. Restoring impaired ecosystems requires a supply of diverse native plant seeds that are well suited to the climates, soils, and other living species of the system. Native seeds are also in demand for applications in urban land management, roadside maintenance, conservation agriculture, and other restorative activities that take into account the connection between native plant communities and the increasingly urgent need for resilient landscapes. Given the varied climatic and environmental niches of the more than 17,000 native plant species of the United States, supplying the desired seed types and species mixes for this wide range of activities is a challenge. As the first phase of a nationwide analysis of the full scope of needs for native plant seeds, this interim report describes the participants in the native plant seed supply chain, makes preliminary observations, and proposes an information-gathering plan for the second phase of the assessment. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E LLC, Stephen Barrett, Barrett Energy Resources Group %T Airport Renewable Energy Projects Inventory and Case Examples %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25942/airport-renewable-energy-projects-inventory-and-case-examples %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25942/airport-renewable-energy-projects-inventory-and-case-examples %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 120 %X Airports have implemented a variety of renewable energy technologies since 1999—with the largest growth occurring over the past decade—in parallel with the evolution and maturation of renewable energy markets. Of the renewable energy options available to airports today, the prevailing technology is solar photovoltaic (PV), which accounts for 72% of all projects cataloged in the Renewable Energy Projects Inventory.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 110: Airport Renewable Energy Projects Inventory and Case Examples draws on existing literature and data to present the state of practice for airport renewable energy. It presents the integration of renewable energy projects—including solar PV, geothermal, bioenergy, solar thermal, and small wind projects—into airport development and operations and the drivers behind those efforts.The Renewable Energy Projects Inventory in the report is also available online as a searchable database. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Checksfield, Molly %T Challenging Questions about Epidemiology, Care, and Caregiving for People with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias and Their Families: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25706/challenging-questions-about-epidemiology-care-and-caregiving-for-people-with-alzheimers-disease-and-related-dementias-and-their-families %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25706/challenging-questions-about-epidemiology-care-and-caregiving-for-people-with-alzheimers-disease-and-related-dementias-and-their-families %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 12 %X On October 17, 2019, the Committee on Developing a Behavioral and Social Science Research Agenda on Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias hosted a public workshop in Washington, D.C., as part of the study "Developing a Behavioral and Social Science Research Agenda on Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias." The workshop included six presentations by six authors of papers commissioned by the committee; these presentations were followed by a panel on measuring the effects of caregiving, including discussants who serve on the advisory panel to the committee. This Proceedings of a Workshop - in Brief summarizes the key points made by the workshop participants during the presentations and discussions. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Hamilton, Inc. Booz Allen %T Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure— Planning Guidebook %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25606/airports-and-unmanned-aircraft-systems-volume-2-incorporating-uas-into-airport-infrastructure-planning-guidebook %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25606/airports-and-unmanned-aircraft-systems-volume-2-incorporating-uas-into-airport-infrastructure-planning-guidebook %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 132 %X The introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) has presented a wide range of new safety, economic, operational, regulatory, community, environmental, and infrastructure challenges to airports and the National Airspace System. These risks are further complicated by the dynamic and shifting nature of UAS technologies.The Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 212: Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems provides guidance for airports on UAS in the areas of managing UAS operations in the vicinity of an airport and engaging stakeholders (Volume 1), incorporating UAS into airport infrastructure and planning (Volume 2), and potential use of UAS by airport operators (Volume 3).Volume 2: Incorporating UAS into Airport Infrastructure— Planning Guidebook provides suggested planning, operational, and infrastructure guidance to safely integrate existing and anticipated UAS operations into an airport environment. This guidebook is particularly applicable to smaller airports (non-hub and general aviation) without capacity issues. The planning approach could help these airports prepare for and attract UAS operations for additional revenue in the near term.Volume 1: Managing and Engaging Stakeholders on UAS in the Vicinity of Airports provides guidance for airport operators and managers to interact with UAS operations in the vicinity of airports.Volume 3: Potential Use of UAS by Airport Operators provides airports with resources to appropriately integrate UAS missions as part of their standard operations.Supplemental resources to ACRP Research Report 212 are provided inACRP Web-Only Document 42: Toolkits and Resource Library for Airports and Unmanned Aircraft Systems. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Van Horn, Laurel %E Lipp, Eric %E O'Reilly, Katherine %E Pound, Pat %E Vange, Jens %E Wirth, Shane %E Shevrin, Jason %E Cole, Shu %T Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25728/innovative-solutions-to-facilitate-accessibility-for-airport-travelers-with-disabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25728/innovative-solutions-to-facilitate-accessibility-for-airport-travelers-with-disabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 206 %X The airport industry has adopted specific design codes in response to state and federal regulatory requirements—including the Americans with Disabilities Act—to accommodate employees and travelers with disabilities. These design codes include general architectural guidelines and technology adapted for transportation facilities.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 210: Innovative Solutions to Facilitate Accessibility for Airport Travelers with Disabilities outlines innovative solutions to facilitate accessibility for passengers with a variety of physical, sensory, and/or cognitive challenges.The report includes additional materials, including case-study highlights in Appendix A, a user-needs survey in Appendix B, and a Wayfinding Accessibility Audit Checklist, which also includes a separate introduction. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %T Implications of the California Wildfires for Health, Communities, and Preparedness: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49987-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25622/implications-of-the-california-wildfires-for-health-communities-and-preparedness %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25622/implications-of-the-california-wildfires-for-health-communities-and-preparedness %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 160 %X California and other wildfire-prone western states have experienced a substantial increase in the number and intensity of wildfires in recent years. Wildlands and climate experts expect these trends to continue and quite likely to worsen in coming years. Wildfires and other disasters can be particularly devastating for vulnerable communities. Members of these communities tend to experience worse health outcomes from disasters, have fewer resources for responding and rebuilding, and receive less assistance from state, local, and federal agencies. Because burning wood releases particulate matter and other toxicants, the health effects of wildfires extend well beyond burns. In addition, deposition of toxicants in soil and water can result in chronic as well as acute exposures. On June 4-5, 2019, four different entities within the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop titled Implications of the California Wildfires for Health, Communities, and Preparedness at the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing at the University of California, Davis. The workshop explored the population health, environmental health, emergency preparedness, and health equity consequences of increasingly strong and numerous wildfires, particularly in California. This publication is a summary of the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E HMMH, Mary Ellen Eagan, Katherine Preston, Jessica Spencer %E LLC, Damon Fordham, Mia Stephens, The Cadmus Group %T Airport Environmental Research Roadmap Narrative Report %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25732/airport-environmental-research-roadmap-narrative-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25732/airport-environmental-research-roadmap-narrative-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 43 %X Airports must maintain a safe and efficient facility while considering environmental impacts. Though traditional environmental challenges such as noise and water quality remain, several new themes are emerging, including energy management, sustainability, resiliency, and wildlife management. Airports will need guidelines and practices to help them address these pressing issues, and the first step in the process is to identify knowledge gaps and research needs. The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program’s ACRP Web-Only Document 45: Airport Environmental Research Roadmap Narrative Report presents a five-year prioritized listing of research needs in the area of airport environmental management. The description of these needs can be used to develop research problem statements for funding consideration. Additional resources included with the report include a research-idea dataset and a Visual Research Roadmap. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Pool, Robert %E Moss, Steven M. %E Sharples, Frances %T Next Steps for Functional Genomics: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-67673-1 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25780/next-steps-for-functional-genomics-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25780/next-steps-for-functional-genomics-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 200 %X One of the holy grails in biology is the ability to predict functional characteristics from an organism's genetic sequence. Despite decades of research since the first sequencing of an organism in 1995, scientists still do not understand exactly how the information in genes is converted into an organism's phenotype, its physical characteristics. Functional genomics attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data from "-omics" screens and projects to describe gene and protein functions and interactions. A February 2020 workshop was held to determine research needs to advance the field of functional genomics over the next 10-20 years. Speakers and participants discussed goals, strategies, and technical needs to allow functional genomics to contribute to the advancement of basic knowledge and its applications that would benefit society. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Wang, Kelvin C. P. %E Li, Joshua Qiang %E Yang, Guangwei %T Standard Definitions for Common Types of Pavement Cracking %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25928/standard-definitions-for-common-types-of-pavement-cracking %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25928/standard-definitions-for-common-types-of-pavement-cracking %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 478 %X New definitions will help pavement cracking survey providers and pavement engineers at state highway administrations conduct objective cracking measurements and encourage continuing technological innovations by researchers and vendors.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 288: Standard Definitions for Common Types of Pavement Cracking helps develop standard, discrete definitions for common cracking types for asphalt and concrete pavements.The standard definitions would be used to facilitate comparable measurement and interpretation of pavement cracking. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Management of Legionella in Water Systems %@ 978-0-309-49947-7 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25474/management-of-legionella-in-water-systems %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25474/management-of-legionella-in-water-systems %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Earth Sciences %P 290 %X Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Anderson, Karen M. %T The Effects of Incarceration and Reentry on Community Health and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49366-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25471/the-effects-of-incarceration-and-reentry-on-community-health-and-well-being %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25471/the-effects-of-incarceration-and-reentry-on-community-health-and-well-being %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 88 %X The high rate of incarceration in the United States contributes significantly to the nation’s health inequities, extending beyond those who are imprisoned to families, communities, and the entire society. Since the 1970s, there has been a seven-fold increase in incarceration. This increase and the effects of the post-incarceration reentry disproportionately affect low-income families and communities of color. It is critical to examine the criminal justice system through a new lens and explore opportunities for meaningful improvements that will promote health equity in the United States. The National Academies convened a workshop on June 6, 2018 to investigate the connection between incarceration and health inequities to better understand the distributive impact of incarceration on low-income families and communities of color. Topics of discussion focused on the experience of incarceration and reentry, mass incarceration as a public health issue, women’s health in jails and prisons, the effects of reentry on the individual and the community, and promising practices and models for reentry. The programs and models that are described in this publication are all Philadelphia-based because Philadelphia has one of the highest rates of incarceration of any major American city. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E LLC, Patricia Bye, Ernest R. Frazier, Sr., Countermeasures Assessment & Security Experts %T Transit Security Preparedness %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25764/transit-security-preparedness %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25764/transit-security-preparedness %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 144 %X Sixty percent of the transit-industry practitioners surveyed rate their transit agency’s efforts to address their major security challenges as somewhat or very successful. However, only 25 percent say they have implemented any security-risk-reduction program that they consider to be exceptional or exemplary.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 146: Transit Security Preparedness identifies current practices transit systems can use to enhance their security measures and to identify opportunities to apply security technology applications used in other industries to the transit environment.One size does not fit all in the context of transit security. However, there are common themes in all effective security preparedness approaches. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Experts, LLC Countermeasures Assessment & Security %E Consulting, LLC Western Management and %T Update of Security 101: A Physical Security and Cybersecurity Primer for Transportation Agencies %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25554/update-of-security-101-a-physical-security-and-cybersecurity-primer-for-transportation-agencies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25554/update-of-security-101-a-physical-security-and-cybersecurity-primer-for-transportation-agencies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 212 %X Since 2009, when NCHRP's last Security 101 report was released, there have been significant advances in transportation security approaches, including new strategies, programs, and ways of doing business that have increased the security of transportation systems as well as ensured their resiliency.Hazards and threats to the system have also continued to evolve since 2009. While the incidence of large-scale terrorist attacks has remained small, transportation agencies are at increasingly greater risk from system-disrupting events due to natural causes, unintentional human intervention, and intentional criminal acts, such as active-shooter incidents. Cyber risks also are increasing and can impact not only data, but the control systems—like tunnel-ventilation systems—operated by transportation agencies.>The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 930: Update of Security 101: A Physical Security and Cybersecurity Primer for Transportation Agencies provides valuable information about current and accepted practices associated with both physical and cyber security and its applicability to surface transportation.The report is accompanied by a PowerPoint for the project and NCHRP Web-Only Document 266: Developing a Physical and Cyber Security Primer for Transportation Agencies.