TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kenneth W. Kizer A2 - Suzanne Le Menestrel TI - Strengthening the Military Family Readiness System for a Changing American Society SN - DO - 10.17226/25380 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25380/strengthening-the-military-family-readiness-system-for-a-changing-american-society PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The U.S. military has been continuously engaged in foreign conflicts for over two decades. The strains that these deployments, the associated increases in operational tempo, and the general challenges of military life affect not only service members but also the people who depend on them and who support them as they support the nation – their families. Family members provide support to service members while they serve or when they have difficulties; family problems can interfere with the ability of service members to deploy or remain in theater; and family members are central influences on whether members continue to serve. In addition, rising family diversity and complexity will likely increase the difficulty of creating military policies, programs and practices that adequately support families in the performance of military duties. Strengthening the Military Family Readiness System for a Changing American Society examines the challenges and opportunities facing military families and what is known about effective strategies for supporting and protecting military children and families, as well as lessons to be learned from these experiences. This report offers recommendations regarding what is needed to strengthen the support system for military families. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences A2 - David Berreby TI - From Research to Reward: Weather Warning: How Physics, Data, and Computers Combine to Make Better Prediction Possible DO - 10.17226/25515 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25515/from-research-to-reward-weather-warning-how-physics-data-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Irene Ngun TI - Together We Can Do Better: A Gathering of Leaders in Academia to Prevent Sexual Harassment: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25413 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25413/together-we-can-do-better-a-gathering-of-leaders-in-academia-to-prevent-sexual-harassment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In recent decades, important gains have been made with respect to the participation of women in science, technology, engineering, and medical (STEM) disciplines at the undergraduate and graduate levels in the United States. More women than ever are joining faculty ranks in these fields and moving into leadership positions in higher education. While the “gender gap” is narrowing, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine argues that more rapid and sustained progress in closing the gap in science, engineering, and medicine is jeopardized by the persistence of sexual harassment and its adverse impact on women’s careers at colleges and universities. In an effort to advance the discussion on implementing the report’s recommendations, the National Academies held a convocation on November 9, 2018 in Washington, DC. The event brought together academic leaders, Title IX and diversity officers, ombudsmen, researchers in sexual harassment, and leaders from professional societies, foundations, and federal agencies, to discuss strategies and share promising practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the convocation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laurene Graig A2 - Sylara Marie Cruz A2 - Joe Alper TI - Improving Access to and Equity of Care for People with Serious Illness: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25530 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25530/improving-access-to-and-equity-of-care-for-people-with-serious-illness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 40 million people in the United States suffer from a serious illness that limits their daily activities. These illnesses include heart and lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. However, significant disparities exist across different communities in the quality and access to care for these illnesses. Factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, geography, socioeconomic status, or insurance status exacerbate these complex disparities. It is critical to reevaluate the current models of care delivery across diverse communities and vulnerable populations. On April 4, 2019, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to investigate barriers, policy initiatives, and opportunities for improving access to and equity of care for people living with a serious illness. Discussions explored the current climate of health care and opportunities to improve access to care using organizational, community, patient and family, and clinician perspectives. This publication summarizes the discussions and presentations from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michael D. Meyer A2 - Shannon McLeod A2 - Tracy Fidell A2 - Hardik Gajjar A2 - Divit Sood A2 - Mohammedreza Kamali A2 - Rebecca Wingate A2 - David O. Willauer A2 - Frank Southworth TI - Freight Transportation Resilience in Response to Supply Chain Disruptions DO - 10.17226/25463 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25463/freight-transportation-resilience-in-response-to-supply-chain-disruptions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Guidance to public and private stakeholders on mitigating and adapting to logistical disruptions to supply chains resulting from regional, multi-regional, and national adverse events, both unanticipated and anticipated, is provided in NCFRP (National Cooperative Freight Research Program) Research Report 39: Freight Transportation Resilience in Response to Supply Chain Disruptions.The report makes a significant contribution to the body of knowledge on freight transportation and system resiliency and also includes a self-assessment tool that allows users to identify the current capability of their organization and institutional collaboration in preparing for and responding to supply chain disruptions.Disruptions to the supply chain and their aftermath can have serious implications for both public agencies and companies. When significant cargo delays or diversions occur, the issues facing the public sector can be profound. Agencies must gauge the potential impact of adverse events on their transportation system, economy, community, and the resources necessary for preventive and remedial actions, even though the emergency could be thousands of miles away.Increasing temporary or short-term cargo-handling capacity may involve a combination of regulatory, informational, and physical infrastructure actions, as well as coordination across jurisdictional boundaries and between transportation providers and their customers. For companies, concerns can include such issues as ensuring employee safety, supporting local community health, maintaining customer relationships when products and goods are delayed, and ultimately preserving the financial standing of the company. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily Zevon A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Improving Cancer Diagnosis and Care: Clinical Application of Computational Methods in Precision Oncology: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25404 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25404/improving-cancer-diagnosis-and-care-clinical-application-of-computational-methods PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A hallmark of high-quality cancer care is the delivery of the right treatment to the right patient at the right time. Precision oncology therapies, which target specific genetic changes in a patient’s cancer, are changing the nature of cancer treatment by allowing clinicians to select therapies that are most likely to benefit individual patients. In current clinical practice, oncologists are increasingly formulating cancer treatment plans using results from complex laboratory and imaging tests that characterize the molecular underpinnings of an individual patient’s cancer. These molecular fingerprints can be quite complex and heterogeneous, even within a single patient. To enable these molecular tumor characterizations to effectively and safely inform cancer care, the cancer community is working to develop and validate multiparameter omics tests and imaging tests as well as software and computational methods for interpretation of the resulting datasets. To examine opportunities to improve cancer diagnosis and care in the new precision oncology era, the National Cancer Policy Forum developed a two-workshop series. The first workshop focused on patient access to expertise and technologies in oncologic imaging and pathology and was held in February 2018. The second workshop, conducted in collaboration with the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, was held in October 2018 to examine the use of multidimensional data derived from patients with cancer, and the computational methods that analyze these data to inform cancer treatment decisions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the second workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag A2 - Benjamin Kahn A2 - Amanda Wagner Gee A2 - Carolyn Shore TI - Examining the Impact of Real-World Evidence on Medical Product Development: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/25352 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25352/examining-the-impact-of-real-world-evidence-on-medical-product-development PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have traditionally served as the gold standard for generating evidence about medical interventions. However, RCTs have inherent limitations and may not reflect the use of medical products in the real world. Additionally, RCTs are expensive, time consuming, and cannot answer all questions about a product or intervention. Evidence generated from real-world use, such as real-world evidence (RWE) may provide valuable information, alongside RCTs, to inform medical product decision making. To explore the potential for using RWE in medical product decision making, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a three-part workshop series. The series was designed to examine the current system of evidence generation and its limitations, to identify when and why RWE may be an appropriate type of evidence on which to base decisions, to learn from successful initiatives that have incorporated RWE, and to describe barriers that prevent RWE from being used to its full potential. This publication summarizes the discussions from the entire workshop series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Martín-José Sepúlveda A2 - Rebekah Hutton TI - Shaping Summertime Experiences: Opportunities to Promote Healthy Development and Well-Being for Children and Youth SN - DO - 10.17226/25546 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola A2 - Tiffany E. Taylor TI - Increasing Student Success in Developmental Mathematics: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25547 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25547/increasing-student-success-in-developmental-mathematics-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The Board on Science Education and the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened the Workshop on Increasing Student Success in Developmental Mathematics on March 18-19, 2019. The Workshop explored how to best support all students in postsecondary mathematics, with particular attention to students who are unsuccessful in developmental mathematics and with an eye toward issues of access to promising reforms and equitable learning environments. The two-day workshop was designed to bring together a variety of stakeholders, including experts who have developed and/or implemented new initiatives to improve the mathematics education experience for students. The overarching goal of the workshop was to take stock of the mathematics education community's progress in this domain. Participants examined the data on students who are well-served by new reform structures in developmental mathematics and discussed various cohorts of students who are not currently well served - those who even with access to reforms do not succeed and those who do not have access to a reform due to differential access constraints. Throughout the workshop, participants also explored promising approaches to bolstering student outcomes in mathematics, focusing especially on research and data that demonstrate the success of these approaches; deliberated and discussed barriers and opportunities for effectively serving all students; and outlined some key directions of inquiry intended to address the prevailing research and data needs in the field. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Catherine L. Kling A2 - Christopher Mackie TI - Improving Data Collection and Measurement of Complex Farms SN - DO - 10.17226/25260 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25260/improving-data-collection-and-measurement-of-complex-farms PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - America’s farms and farmers are integral to the U.S. economy and, more broadly, to the nation’s social and cultural fabric. A healthy agricultural sector helps ensure a safe and reliable food supply, improves energy security, and contributes to employment and economic development, traditionally in small towns and rural areas where farming serves as a nexus for related sectors from farm machinery manufacturing to food processing. The agricultural sector also plays a role in the nation’s overall economic growth by providing crucial raw inputs for the production of a wide range of goods and services, including many that generate substantial export value. If the agricultural sector is to be accurately understood and the policies that affect its functioning are to remain well informed, the statistical system’s data collection programs must be periodically revisited to ensure they are keeping up with current realities. This report reviews current information and makes recommendations to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Economic Research Service (ERS) to help identify effective methods for collecting data and reporting information about American agriculture, given increased complexity and other changes in farm business structure in recent decades. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - 2017-2018 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory SN - DO - 10.17226/25419 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25419/2017-2018-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is the corporate laboratory for the U.S. army, which bridges scientific and military communities. The ARL is critical in maintaining the United States’ dominant military power through its advanced research and analysis capabilities. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board (ARLTAB) conducts biennial assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the facilities. These assessments are necessary to ensure that the ARL’s resources and quality of programs are maximized. 2017-2018 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory includes findings and recommendations regarding the quality of the ARL’s research, development, and analysis programs. The report of the assessment is subdivided by the ARL’s Science and Technology campaigns, including Materials Research, Sciences for Lethality and Protection, Information Sciences, Computational Sciences, Sciences for Maneuver, Human Sciences, and Analysis and Assessment. This biennial report summarizes the findings for the 2017-2018 period. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joel Volinski TI - Microtransit or General Public Demand–Response Transit Services: State of the Practice DO - 10.17226/25414 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25414/microtransit-or-general-public-demand-response-transit-services-state-of-the-practice PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 141: Microtransit or General Public Demand–Response Transit Services: State of the Practice provides an overview of the current state of the practice of transit systems that are directly providing general public demand–response or microtransit with their own vehicles and personnel or using a traditional contractor.The report presents a literature review and results from a survey of 22 transit agencies that have had current experiences with microtransit. Case examples of five transit systems are provided. These case examples present in-depth analyses of the processes and considerations, challenges, lessons learned, and keys to success.General public demand–response transit service is the chameleon of the public transportation world. The service can take many forms in different environments and can even change its form in the middle of its duty cycle. The service can be delivered through point deviation or route deviation methods, as a feeder to fixed route transit, or as a circulator within a community providing a many-to-many or many-to-few service, and can provide circulator and feeder services with the same vehicle. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 22 SN - DO - 10.17226/25543 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25543/memorial-tributes-volume-22 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the 22nd Volume in the series Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Through its members and foreign associates, the Academy carries out the responsibilities for which it was established in 1964. Under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering was formed as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Members are elected on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory and practice and to the literature of engineering or on the basis of demonstrated unusual accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. The National Academies share a responsibility to advise the federal government on matters of science and technology. The expertise and credibility that the National Academy of Engineering brings to that task stem directly from the abilities, interests, and achievements of our members and foreign associates, our colleagues and friends, whose special gifts we remember in this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs SN - DO - 10.17226/25424 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Coral reefs are critical to ocean and human life because they provide food, living area, storm protection, tourism income, and more. However, human-induced stressors, such as overfishing, sediment, pollution, and habitat destruction have threatened ocean ecosystems globally for decades. In the face of climate change, these ecosystems now face an array of unfamiliar challenges due to destructive rises in ocean temperature, acidity and sea level. These factors lead to an increased frequency of bleaching events, hindered growth, and a decreasing rate of calcification. Research on interventions to combat these relatively new stressors and a reevaluation of longstanding interventions is necessary to understand and protect coral reefs in this changing climate. Previous research on these methods prompts further questions regarding the decision making process for site-specific interventions. A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs builds upon a previous report that reviews the state of research on methods that have been used, tested, or proposed to increase the resilience of coral reefs. This new report aims to help coral managers evaluate the specific needs of their site and navigate the 23 different interventions described in the previous report. A case study of the Caribbean, a region with low coral population plagued by disease, serves as an example for coral intervention decision making. This report provides complex coral management decision making tools, identifies gaps in coral biology and conservation research, and provides examples to help individuals and communities tailor a decision strategy to a local area. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray A2 - Benjamin Kahn A2 - Scott Wollek TI - Exploring Medical and Public Health Preparedness for a Nuclear Incident: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25372 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25372/exploring-medical-and-public-health-preparedness-for-a-nuclear-incident PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on August 22–23, 2018, in Washington, DC, to explore medical and public health preparedness for a nuclear incident. The event brought together experts from government, nongovernmental organizations, academia, and the private sector to explore current assumptions behind the status of medical and public health preparedness for a nuclear incident, examine potential changes in these assumptions in light of increasing concerns about the use of nuclear warfare, and discuss challenges and opportunities for capacity building in the current threat environment. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Maranda V. Thompson A2 - Kenneth A. Brody A2 - Lisa Harmon A2 - Stephanie A.D. Ward A2 - Diana E. Fainberg A2 - Mihir Shah TI - Guidebook on Effective Land Use Compatibility Planning Strategies for General Aviation Airports DO - 10.17226/25633 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25633/guidebook-on-effective-land-use-compatibility-planning-strategies-for-general-aviation-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Incompatible land uses can threaten the safe utility of airports and expose people living and working nearby to potentially unacceptable levels of noise or safety risk.At the state level, all 50 states have enacted some form of airport zoning legislation since the 1950s. The majority of states (90 percent) have enacted laws mandating or enabling local governments to adopt, administer, and enforce airport zoning regulations.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 206: Guidebook on Effective Land Use Compatibility Planning Strategies for General Aviation Airports identifies that local adoption and implementation of airport land use compatibility regulations varies widely among local government agencies. While there is no one strategy that is effective for all airports, all airports need to be proactive about land use compatibility.This guidebook will help airport operators understand the various tools for ensuring compatible land use and how best to communicate land use compatibility needs to government decision makers and land use professionals (among other stakeholders). It includes Self Assessment Checklists, an accompanying Power Point Presentation, and a quick-reference Planning Brochure. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs SN - DO - 10.17226/25279 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth: A National Agenda SN - DO - 10.17226/25201 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25201/fostering-healthy-mental-emotional-and-behavioral-development-in-children-and-youth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Healthy mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) development is a critical foundation for a productive adulthood. Much is known about strategies to support families and communities in strengthening the MEB development of children and youth, by promoting healthy development and also by preventing and mitigating disorder, so that young people reach adulthood ready to thrive and contribute to society. Over the last decade, a growing body of research has significantly strengthened understanding of healthy MEB development and the factors that influence it, as well as how it can be fostered. Yet, the United States has not taken full advantage of this growing knowledge base. Ten years later, the nation still is not effectively mitigating risks for poor MEB health outcomes; these risks remain prevalent, and available data show no significant reductions in their prevalence. Fostering Healthy Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Development in Children and Youth: A National Agenda examines the gap between current research and achievable national goals for the next ten years. This report identifies the complexities of childhood influences and highlights the need for a tailored approach when implementing new policies and practices. This report provides a framework for a cohesive, multidisciplinary national approach to improving MEB health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Reproducibility and Replicability in Science SN - DO - 10.17226/25303 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Surveys and Statistics KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. ER -