%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-49184-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 212 %X Coral reefs are critical to ocean and human life because they provide food, living area, storm protection, tourism income, and more. However, human-induced stressors, such as overfishing, sediment, pollution, and habitat destruction have threatened ocean ecosystems globally for decades. In the face of climate change, these ecosystems now face an array of unfamiliar challenges due to destructive rises in ocean temperature, acidity and sea level. These factors lead to an increased frequency of bleaching events, hindered growth, and a decreasing rate of calcification. Research on interventions to combat these relatively new stressors and a reevaluation of longstanding interventions is necessary to understand and protect coral reefs in this changing climate. Previous research on these methods prompts further questions regarding the decision making process for site-specific interventions. A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs builds upon a previous report that reviews the state of research on methods that have been used, tested, or proposed to increase the resilience of coral reefs. This new report aims to help coral managers evaluate the specific needs of their site and navigate the 23 different interventions described in the previous report. A case study of the Caribbean, a region with low coral population plagued by disease, serves as an example for coral intervention decision making. This report provides complex coral management decision making tools, identifies gaps in coral biology and conservation research, and provides examples to help individuals and communities tailor a decision strategy to a local area. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-48535-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 258 %X Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Edley, Christopher, Jr. %E Koenig, Judith %E Nielsen, Natalie %E Citro, Constance %T Monitoring Educational Equity %@ 978-0-309-49016-0 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25389/monitoring-educational-equity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25389/monitoring-educational-equity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Surveys and Statistics %P 268 %X Disparities in educational attainment among population groups have characterized the United States throughout its history. Education is sometimes characterized as the "great equalizer," but to date, the country has not found ways to successfully address the adverse effects of socioeconomic circumstances, prejudice, and discrimination that suppress performance for some groups. To ensure that the pursuit of equity encompasses both the goals to which the nation aspires for its children and the mechanisms to attain those goals, a revised set of equity indicators is needed. Measures of educational equity often fail to account for the impact of the circumstances in which students live on their academic engagement, academic progress, and educational attainment. Some of the contextual factors that bear on learning include food and housing insecurity, exposure to violence, unsafe neighborhoods, adverse childhood experiences, and exposure to environmental toxins. Consequently, it is difficult to identify when intervention is necessary and how it should function. A revised set of equity indicators should highlight disparities, provide a way to explore potential causes, and point toward possible improvements. Monitoring Educational Equity proposes a system of indicators of educational equity and presents recommendations for implementation. This report also serves as a framework to help policy makers better understand and combat inequity in the United States' education system. Disparities in educational opportunities reinforce, and often amplify, disparities in outcomes throughout people's lives. Thus, it is critical to ensure that all students receive comprehensive supports that level the playing field in order to improve the well-being of underrepresented individuals and the nation. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Eisenstadt, Anita %E Cohen, Gail %E Mazza, Anne-Marie %T Artificial Intelligence: An International Dialogue: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25551/artificial-intelligence-an-international-dialogue-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25551/artificial-intelligence-an-international-dialogue-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 7 %X On May 24, 2019 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, in partnership with the Royal Society, held a symposium entitled Artificial Intelligence: An International Dialogue in Washington, DC. The symposium addressed if and how artificial intelligence (AI) would benefit from further international cooperation. It primarily focused on the aspect of AI known as ‘machine learning’—or ‘deep learning’—as this is an area of increasing attention and rapid technological advancement. The event also addressed discussions at a day-and-a-half meeting on May 23-24, 2019* convened by the National Academies and Royal Society where 45 scientists, engineers, and other AI experts from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, the European Commission, Germany, and Japan discussed key areas of national and international policy on AI where international collaboration would be most beneficial. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the May 24 workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Vigilante, Mary %T Economic and Social Sustainability at Airports %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25408/economic-and-social-sustainability-at-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25408/economic-and-social-sustainability-at-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 29 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Conference Proceedings on the Web 23: Economic and Social Sustainability at Airports is a compilation of the presentations and a summary of the ensuing discussions at May 7-8, 2018, forum in Washington, D.C.The meeting brought together individuals from airports, airlines, academia, consulting, local and regional government, general sustainability professionals, and others. The forum included sessions on social sustainability, economic sustainability, keynotes on mitigating human trafficking and innovative development at airports, and interactive breakout discussions delving into myriad social and economic sustainability topics.ACRP organized the event as part of its series of convening activities titled “ACRP Insight Events.” ACRP Insight Events are forums that foster dialogue among professionals across sectors, institutions, and industries.ACRP Insight Events convene airport industry leaders and subject matter experts in various fields to encourage discussion and promote broader and deeper insight on topics of significance to airport operators. These in-depth, face-to-face gatherings are designed to promote communication and collaboration, foster innovation, and help identify areas of future interest and research, especially for topics of emerging importance.Copies of the slides of presentations made at the form are available online. The literature review prepared for the event is also available online. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Vigilante, Mary %T Economic and Social Sustainability at Airports %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25597/economic-and-social-sustainability-at-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25597/economic-and-social-sustainability-at-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 29 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Conference Proceedings on the Web 23: Economic and Social Sustainability at Airports is a compilation of the presentations and a summary of the ensuing discussions at May 7-8, 2018, forum in Washington, D.C.The meeting brought together individuals from airports, airlines, academia, consulting, local and regional government, general sustainability professionals, and others. The forum included sessions on social sustainability, economic sustainability, keynotes on mitigating human trafficking and innovative development at airports, and interactive breakout discussions delving into myriad social and economic sustainability topics.ACRP organized the event as part of its series of convening activities titled “ACRP Insight Events.” ACRP Insight Events are forums that foster dialogue among professionals across sectors, institutions, and industries.ACRP Insight Events convene airport industry leaders and subject matter experts in various fields to encourage discussion and promote broader and deeper insight on topics of significance to airport operators. These in-depth, face-to-face gatherings are designed to promote communication and collaboration, foster innovation, and help identify areas of future interest and research, especially for topics of emerging importance.Copies of the slides of presentations made at the form are available online. The literature review prepared for the event is also available online. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Majmundar, Malay K. %T Forced Migration Research: From Theory to Practice in Promoting Migrant Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49816-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25584/forced-migration-research-from-theory-to-practice-in-promoting-migrant %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25584/forced-migration-research-from-theory-to-practice-in-promoting-migrant %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 124 %X In 2018, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated 70.8 million people could be considered forced migrants, which is nearly double their estimation just one decade ago. This includes internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people. This drastic increase in forced migrants exacerbates the already urgent need for a systematic policy-related review of the available data and analyses on forced migration and refugee movements. To explore the causes and impacts of forced migration and population displacement, the National Academies convened a two-day workshop on May 21-22, 2019. The workshop discussed new approaches in social demographic theory, methodology, data collection and analysis, and practice as well as applications to the community of researchers and practitioners who are concerned with better understanding and assisting forced migrant populations. This workshop brought together stakeholders and experts in demography, public health, and policy analysis to review and address some of the domestic implications of international migration and refugee flows for the United States. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Wasson, Flannery %T Developments in Violent Extremism in the Middle East and Beyond: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 12 %X Twenty-five scientists and analysts from the United States, Russia, France, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) convened at a workshop at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) on April 1-3, 2019 to discuss recent developments and trends in violent extremism in a number of hot spots of the world. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies), in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the French National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), and NYUAD organized the workshop. This gathering was the fourth workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academies and RAS since 2015 that has addressed the challenge of coping with violent extremism. Held in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attack at the Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, the workshop sent a strong message to the international community that individuals and groups with extremist views and access to weapons continue to be both an immediate and a long-term threat in many countries, even as ISIS and al-Qaeda are losing control over large areas of land in the Middle East. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sepúlveda, Martín-José %E Hutton, Rebekah %T Shaping Summertime Experiences: Opportunities to Promote Healthy Development and Well-Being for Children and Youth %@ 978-0-309-49657-5 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25546/shaping-summertime-experiences-opportunities-to-promote-healthy-development-and-well %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 230 %X For children and youth, summertime presents a unique break from the traditional structure, resources, and support systems that exist during the school year. For some students, this time involves opportunities to engage in fun and enriching activities and programs, while others face additional challenges as they lose a variety of supports, including healthy meals, medical care, supervision, and structured programs that enhance development. Children that are limited by their social, economic, or physical environments during the summer months are at higher risk for worse academic, health, social and emotional, and safety outcomes. In contrast, structured summertime activities and programs support basic developmental needs and positive outcomes for children and youth who can access and afford these programs. These discrepancies in summertime experiences exacerbate pre-existing academic inequities. While further research is needed regarding the impact of summertime on developmental domains outside of the academic setting, extensive literature exists regarding the impact of summertime on academic development trajectories. However, this knowledge is not sufficiently applied to policy and practice, and it is important to address these inequalities. Shaping Summertime Experiences examines the impact of summertime experiences on the developmental trajectories of school-age children and youth across four areas of well-being, including academic learning, social and emotional development, physical and mental health, and health-promoting and safety behaviors. It also reviews the state of science and available literature regarding the impact of summertime experiences. In addition, this report provides recommendations to improve the experiences of children over the summertime regarding planning, access and equity, and opportunities for further research and data collection. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Moulding, Brett %E Songer, Nancy %E Brenner, Kerry %T Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12: Investigation and Design at the Center %@ 978-0-309-48260-8 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25216/science-and-engineering-for-grades-6-12-investigation-and-design %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25216/science-and-engineering-for-grades-6-12-investigation-and-design %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 328 %X It is essential for today's students to learn about science and engineering in order to make sense of the world around them and participate as informed members of a democratic society. The skills and ways of thinking that are developed and honed through engaging in scientific and engineering endeavors can be used to engage with evidence in making personal decisions, to participate responsibly in civic life, and to improve and maintain the health of the environment, as well as to prepare for careers that use science and technology. The majority of Americans learn most of what they know about science and engineering as middle and high school students. During these years of rapid change for students' knowledge, attitudes, and interests, they can be engaged in learning science and engineering through schoolwork that piques their curiosity about the phenomena around them in ways that are relevant to their local surroundings and to their culture. Many decades of education research provide strong evidence for effective practices in teaching and learning of science and engineering. One of the effective practices that helps students learn is to engage in science investigation and engineering design. Broad implementation of science investigation and engineering design and other evidence-based practices in middle and high schools can help address present-day and future national challenges, including broadening access to science and engineering for communities who have traditionally been underrepresented and improving students' educational and life experiences. Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12: Investigation and Design at the Center revisits America's Lab Report: Investigations in High School Science in order to consider its discussion of laboratory experiences and teacher and school readiness in an updated context. It considers how to engage today's middle and high school students in doing science and engineering through an analysis of evidence and examples. This report provides guidance for teachers, administrators, creators of instructional resources, and leaders in teacher professional learning on how to support students as they make sense of phenomena, gather and analyze data/information, construct explanations and design solutions, and communicate reasoning to self and others during science investigation and engineering design. It also provides guidance to help educators get started with designing, implementing, and assessing investigation and design. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Zalewski, Andrew %E Sonenklar, Daniel %E Cohen, Alexandra %E Kressner, Josie %E Macfarlane, Gregory %T Public Transit Rider Origin–Destination Survey Methods and Technologies %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25428/public-transit-rider-origin-destination-survey-methods-and-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25428/public-transit-rider-origin-destination-survey-methods-and-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 170 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 138: Public Transit Rider Origin–Destination Survey Methods and Technologies captures the state of the practice among agencies of different sizes, geographic locations, and modes and evaluates the opportunities for and challenges of conducting surveys in an era of emerging technologies.The report presents the reality and complexity of conducting origin–destination surveys and will allow agencies to compare what they are currently doing with what others are doing, get ideas about what other strategies are possible, and make better decisions about surveying in the future.The report includes case examples of five transit systems that present an in-depth analysis of various survey strategies and include two agencies that have leveraged passive data to complement or eliminate origin–destination surveys. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Volberding, Paul A. %E Spicer, Carol Mason %E Flaubert, Jennifer Lalitha %T Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities %@ 978-0-309-48938-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25376/functional-assessment-for-adults-with-disabilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25376/functional-assessment-for-adults-with-disabilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 444 %X The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides disability benefits through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. To receive SSDI or SSI disability benefits, an individual must meet the statutory definition of disability, which is "the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity [SGA] by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months." SSA uses a five-step sequential process to determine whether an adult applicant meets this definition. Functional Assessment for Adults with Disabilities examines ways to collect information about an individual's physical and mental (cognitive and noncognitive) functional abilities relevant to work requirements. This report discusses the types of information that support findings of limitations in functional abilities relevant to work requirements, and provides findings and conclusions regarding the collection of information and assessment of functional abilities relevant to work requirements. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ward, Stephanie %E Beard, Courtney %E Retzlaff, Sondra %E Muia, Maria %E Snyder, Paul %E Martin, Leslie %E Kenville, Kim %E Gordon, Dave %T Developing Innovative Strategies for Aviation Education and Participation %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25528/developing-innovative-strategies-for-aviation-education-and-participation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25528/developing-innovative-strategies-for-aviation-education-and-participation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 108 %X Resources to help promote interest in aviation among younger populations ranging from 10 years old to 25 years old are detailed in TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 202.The report is designed to help educators and aviation enthusiasts understand the need for encouraging interest in aviation. It offers guidance on developing a program of activities to fit particular needs and provides activities for developing a program that can be scaled and tailored for various age groups and resource availability.The report is designed to help develop intentional pathways for promoting interest in aviation. These pathways are seen as the process for engaging students at an early age to pursue aviation at some level and then have them, in turn, continue the cycle by promoting aviation to others.The report addresses the challenges to establishing and maintaining these pathways—such as resource limitations, lack of programming or curriculum, competing interests for kids, and administrative or organizational issues—and identifies opportunities to overcome them.The report also provides support for developing and executing single events and activities when they are the most practical means for exposing young people to the aviation industry. Finally, the report includes three summary listings of the landing pages. The landing pages are a collection of activities that can engage young people in aviation and be adapted to any particular group or organization. They are sorted by activity type, target age group, and cost per person. A searchable list, by keyword, of these landing pages can be found in the Presorted Tables PDF.There is also an individual activity landing pages PDF, which is an alphabetical listing of organizations and the types of activities they offer. The PDF User Guide explains how to use and search the PDFs. A microsite with the Presorted Tables PDF, the Individual Activity Landing Pages PDF, and the PDF User Guide may be found at http://www.trb.org/acrp/acrpreport202.aspx. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Airport Emergency Communications for People with Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25507/airport-emergency-communications-for-people-with-disabilities-and-others-with-access-and-functional-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25507/airport-emergency-communications-for-people-with-disabilities-and-others-with-access-and-functional-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 140 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 201 provides guidance and tools for airports to aid in effective communication with passengers and persons with disabilities, including those with cultural and language differences.The report includes a primer that discusses issues, techniques, and the unique requirements and challenges of communicating with people with disabilities and others who have access or functional needs.The report explores uses of technology and other methods that incorporate ADA considerations and communication challenges with airport stakeholders, and training programs for airport personnel, including templates for development of curricula.There are case study examples of methods of emergency communication at airports and in other industries, and for universal messaging for emergency communications.The project that produced the report also produced templates in support of airport emergency plans specifically addressing individuals with limited English proficiency, step-by-step tools that include a needs assessment tool that airports can use to determine what steps must to be taken to comply with ADA requirements concerning communications, and templates/worksheets/checklists for planning tabletop exercises that focus on communicating with people with disabilities and access or functional needs during emergency events. These resources are described and linked to below.The Inventory Checklists (from Appendix A) list plans, reports, documents, programs, and services that are helpful in emergency communications for DAFN. The checklists make it easy to review what the airport has in place, what needs to be developed or updated, etc.The Accessibility Walkthrough Worksheet (from Appendix B) is a tool to structure evaluations (ideally conducted by members of a DAFN Advisory Group, as discussed in the report) that identify and assign accessibility ratings to existing communications modes and resources from curbside through baggage claim, and identify modes or resources that can be added or improved.The FAA Airport Accessibility Checklist (from Appendix C) is reproduced online in PDF for convenience; a url is provided that directs users to the FAA source.The Accessibility Strategy Quick Reference Guide (from Appendix D) summarizes key aspects of core, enhanced, and emerging strategies described in the report.The CONOPS Template (from Appendix F) provides generic text for an Emergency Communications Concept of Operations document that airports can edit to meet their needs and those of the communities they serve.The Disability Equity Training document provides training content, including empathy exercises, from Appendix G in a format that can be adapted and customized for use by practitioners.The 1-Minute Read Poster (from Appendix H) provides a reproducible, one-page reference on how to offer and provide assistance respectfully to people with DAFN.The Outreach Brochure (also from Appendix H) is provided in a separate downloadable file for use and distribution by practitioners.The Exercise Toolkit (from Appendix I), with checklists and materials to support a discussion-based exercise and a full-scale, operational exercise, is reproduced in Word to facilitate adaptation and use by practitioners.The Prepared Scenario Vignettes (from Appendix J), which can be used to lay the foundation of a discussion-based or tabletop exercise. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %E Taylor, Tiffany E. %T Increasing Student Success in Developmental Mathematics: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49662-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25547/increasing-student-success-in-developmental-mathematics-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25547/increasing-student-success-in-developmental-mathematics-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 122 %X The Board on Science Education and the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened the Workshop on Increasing Student Success in Developmental Mathematics on March 18-19, 2019. The Workshop explored how to best support all students in postsecondary mathematics, with particular attention to students who are unsuccessful in developmental mathematics and with an eye toward issues of access to promising reforms and equitable learning environments. The two-day workshop was designed to bring together a variety of stakeholders, including experts who have developed and/or implemented new initiatives to improve the mathematics education experience for students. The overarching goal of the workshop was to take stock of the mathematics education community's progress in this domain. Participants examined the data on students who are well-served by new reform structures in developmental mathematics and discussed various cohorts of students who are not currently well served - those who even with access to reforms do not succeed and those who do not have access to a reform due to differential access constraints. Throughout the workshop, participants also explored promising approaches to bolstering student outcomes in mathematics, focusing especially on research and data that demonstrate the success of these approaches; deliberated and discussed barriers and opportunities for effectively serving all students; and outlined some key directions of inquiry intended to address the prevailing research and data needs in the field. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Class Approach to Hazard Assessment of Organohalogen Flame Retardants %@ 978-0-309-49118-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25412/a-class-approach-to-hazard-assessment-of-organohalogen-flame-retardants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25412/a-class-approach-to-hazard-assessment-of-organohalogen-flame-retardants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 102 %X In the 1970s, flame retardants began to be added to synthetic materials to meet strict flammability standards. Over the years, diverse flame retardants have been manufactured and used in various products. Some flame retardants have migrated out of the products, and this has led to widespread human exposure and environmental contamination. There also is mounting evidence that many flame retardants are associated with adverse human health effects. As a result, some flame retardants have been banned, restricted, or voluntarily phased out of production and use. This publication develops a scientifically based scoping plan to assess additive, nonpolymeric organohalogen flame retardants as a class for potential chronic health hazards under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, including cancer, birth defects, and gene mutations. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Walk, Michael J. %E Cardenas, James P. %E Miller, Kristi %E Alvarez, Jessica %E Davis, Sandy %E Hadley, Peter %T Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25457/managing-the-transit-scheduling-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25457/managing-the-transit-scheduling-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 212 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 143: Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce examines how transit agencies are recruiting, training, developing, and retaining schedulers. In the case where transit agencies use third parties to create schedules, the report also shows how transit systems manage those third parties.The report is designed to assist transit agencies in managing their transit scheduling human capital. The report presents an overview of the practices and procedures transit agencies use to manage their scheduling workforce and will allow agencies to compare what they are currently doing with what others are doing in this area. The report also analyzes how transit systems are evolving their practices to adapt to industry and technological changes. It provides transit systems with new ideas and strategies to retain good schedulers.The report also presents a literature review and results of a survey of transit agencies that use transit schedulers in their workforce. Case examples of five transit systems are provided; these present an in-depth analysis of various recruitment, selection, training, retention, and performance management strategies.Transit schedules provide the blueprint for fixed-route transit—they affect operating and capital costs, safety, customer satisfaction, and operator well-being and health. Although scheduling has moved from a largely paper-based practice to one that now uses purposebuilt scheduling software and utilizes data collected from automated systems, transit scheduling is still a human process that is merely assisted by software and data.Knowledgeable people are needed to perform most scheduling tasks, supply direction, and provide quality control. Moreover, the increasing availability and reliance on data and scheduling software are gradually changing the nature of a transit scheduler’s job—making computer and data analysis skills and acumen increasingly central to the transit scheduler role.The scheduling process is labor intensive, detail driven, and ripe with opportunities for errors; to be done well, scheduling requires qualified and talented transit schedulers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T A Design Thinking, Systems Approach to Well-Being Within Education and Practice: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47784-0 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25151/a-design-thinking-systems-approach-to-well-being-within-education-and-practice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25151/a-design-thinking-systems-approach-to-well-being-within-education-and-practice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Education %P 112 %X The mental health and well-being of health professionals is a topic that is broad, exceptionally relevant, and urgent to address. It is both a local and a global issue, and affects professionals in all stages of their careers. To explore this topic, the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education held a 1.5 day workshop. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Metz, Miriam Salerno, Trish Sanchez, Sarah Tomasello, and Ted %T Practices for Online Public Involvement %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25500/practices-for-online-public-involvement %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25500/practices-for-online-public-involvement %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 158 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 538: Practices for Online Public Involvement summarizes current practices regarding online public participation strategies being used by state departments of transportation (DOTs), as well as explores the effectiveness of using these strategies and tools.Online public participation methods offer agencies the potential for expanded participation and also present new challenges and demand new thinking about the appropriate mix of techniques in a public participation program, communication protocols, staffing and skill requirements, and how best to integrate emerging online engagement tools with traditional face-to-face methods such as public meetings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E DeVoe, Jennifer E. %E Geller, Amy %E Negussie, Yamrot %T Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity %@ 978-0-309-49338-3 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25466/vibrant-and-healthy-kids-aligning-science-practice-and-policy-to %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25466/vibrant-and-healthy-kids-aligning-science-practice-and-policy-to %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 620 %X Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johns, Michael M. E. %E Madhavan, Guru %E Amankwah, Francis K. %E Nass, Sharyl J. %T Guiding Cancer Control: A Path to Transformation %@ 978-0-309-49231-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25438/guiding-cancer-control-a-path-to-transformation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25438/guiding-cancer-control-a-path-to-transformation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 174 %X Throughout history, perhaps no other disease has generated the level of social, scientific, and political discourse or has had the degree of cultural significance as cancer. A collective in the truest sense of the word, "cancer" is a clustering of different diseases that afflict individuals in different ways. Its burdens are equally broad and diverse, from the physical, financial, and psychological tolls it imposes on individuals to the costs it inflicts upon the nation's clinical care and public health systems, and despite decades of concerted efforts often referred to as the "war on cancer", those costs have only continued to grow over time. The causes and effects of cancer are complex—in part preventable and treatable, but also in part unknown, and perhaps even unknowable. Guiding Cancer Control defines the key principles, attributes, methods, and tools needed to achieve the goal of implementing an effective national cancer control plan. This report describes the current structure of cancer control from a local to global scale, identifies necessary goals for the system, and formulates the path towards integrated disease control systems and a cancer-free future. This framework is a crucial step in establishing an effective, efficient, and accountable system for controlling cancer and other diseases. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Fostering Transformative Research in the Geographical Sciences %@ 978-0-309-38934-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21881/fostering-transformative-research-in-the-geographical-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21881/fostering-transformative-research-in-the-geographical-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 92 %X The central purpose of all research is to create new knowledge. In the geographical sciences this is driven by a desire to create new knowledge about the relations between space, place, and the anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic features and processes of the Earth. But some research goes beyond these modest aims and creates new opportunities for further research, or affects the process of knowledge acquisition more broadly, or changes the way other researchers in a domain think about the world and go about their business. Due to its positive impacts, transformative research can be regarded as inherently having greater value than more conventional research, and funding agencies clearly regard transformative research as something to be encouraged and funded through special programs. Assessments of transformative research funding initiatives are few and provide a mixed picture of their effectiveness. The challenge is whether transformative research can be identified at the time it is proposed rather than after it has been conducted, communicated, and its influence on the discipline has become clear. Fostering Transformative Research in the Geographical Sciences reviews how transformative research has emerged in the past, what its early markers were, and makes recommendations for how it can be nurtured in the future. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Strengthening the Connection Between Health Professions Education and Practice: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49096-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25407/strengthening-the-connection-between-health-professions-education-and-practice-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25407/strengthening-the-connection-between-health-professions-education-and-practice-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 108 %X On November 13 and 14, 2018, members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education participated in a joint workshop with affiliates of the National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education. The workshop participants explored the intersection of health professions education and practice. Both sectors are working toward the same goal of improving the health of patients and populations, without compromising the mental stability and wellbeing of the workforce or its learners. However, while education and practice have the same goal, there is a need for greater alignment between the sectors to more fully realize these desired outcomes. For example, educators, practitioners, and administrators must learn to adapt and respond to the growing role of technology within a wider context, in order to most effectively apply higher education within health systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being %@ 978-0-309-49547-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25521/taking-action-against-clinician-burnout-a-systems-approach-to-professional %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25521/taking-action-against-clinician-burnout-a-systems-approach-to-professional %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 334 %X Patient-centered, high-quality health care relies on the well-being, health, and safety of health care clinicians. However, alarmingly high rates of clinician burnout in the United States are detrimental to the quality of care being provided, harmful to individuals in the workforce, and costly. It is important to take a systemic approach to address burnout that focuses on the structure, organization, and culture of health care. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being builds upon two groundbreaking reports from the past twenty years, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System and Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, which both called attention to the issues around patient safety and quality of care. This report explores the extent, consequences, and contributing factors of clinician burnout and provides a framework for a systems approach to clinician burnout and professional well-being, a research agenda to advance clinician well-being, and recommendations for the field. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Callahan, Emily A. %T A Health Equity Approach to Obesity Efforts: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49106-8 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25409/a-health-equity-approach-to-obesity-efforts-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25409/a-health-equity-approach-to-obesity-efforts-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Food and Nutrition %P 122 %X The obesity crisis in the United States disproportionately affects some demographic groups more than others. Contextual influences on obesity are complex and include an individual's weight-related behaviors and outcomes, the intermediate variables that influence these behaviors and outcomes, and broader, upstream historical, social, economic, physical, and policy contexts. The National Academies convened a workshop on April 1, 2019 to explore the history of health equity issues in demographic groups that have above-average obesity risk and to consider principles and approaches to address these issues as part of obesity prevention and treatment efforts. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kizer, Kenneth W. %E Le Menestrel, Suzanne %T Strengthening the Military Family Readiness System for a Changing American Society %@ 978-0-309-48953-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25380/strengthening-the-military-family-readiness-system-for-a-changing-american-society %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25380/strengthening-the-military-family-readiness-system-for-a-changing-american-society %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 384 %X The U.S. military has been continuously engaged in foreign conflicts for over two decades. The strains that these deployments, the associated increases in operational tempo, and the general challenges of military life affect not only service members but also the people who depend on them and who support them as they support the nation – their families. Family members provide support to service members while they serve or when they have difficulties; family problems can interfere with the ability of service members to deploy or remain in theater; and family members are central influences on whether members continue to serve. In addition, rising family diversity and complexity will likely increase the difficulty of creating military policies, programs and practices that adequately support families in the performance of military duties. Strengthening the Military Family Readiness System for a Changing American Society examines the challenges and opportunities facing military families and what is known about effective strategies for supporting and protecting military children and families, as well as lessons to be learned from these experiences. This report offers recommendations regarding what is needed to strengthen the support system for military families. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E University, Shu Cole, Weixuan Wang, Haoai Zhao, Yan Zhang, Indiana %E Van Horn, Open Doors Organization Laurel %T Communication Strategies for Airport Passenger Access and Mobility %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25640/communication-strategies-for-airport-passenger-access-and-mobility %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25640/communication-strategies-for-airport-passenger-access-and-mobility %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 86 %X Access to relevant, precise, and timely information is crucial for a pleasant experience in air travel. Travelers with cognitive and sensory disabilities, aging travelers, and travelers with limited English proficiency need alternative approaches to those provided for general travelers for accessing and communicating air travel information.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 101: Communication Strategies for Airport Passenger Access and Mobility details how airports and airlines are leading the way in developing new and creative services to provide information and thus enhance passenger access and mobility.Among the report's findings are the following. Airports’ current efforts to improve passenger access and mobility follow three key trends: commitment to seamless customer experience, development of a sense of place at airports, and improvement of efficiency and personalized service using technology such as biometrics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kosti, Ourania %T Long-Term Health Monitoring of Populations Following a Nuclear or Radiological Incident in the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49263-8 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25443/long-term-health-monitoring-of-populations-following-a-nuclear-or-radiological-incident-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25443/long-term-health-monitoring-of-populations-following-a-nuclear-or-radiological-incident-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 88 %X Accidents and terrorist attacks that lead to the release of radioactive materials can cause deaths, injuries, and a range of psychosocial effects in the surrounding community and team of emergency responders. In the United States, federal, state, and local agencies respond with the necessary resources to address the consequences of nuclear and radiological incidents and monitor the affected population. Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and the 2017 Gotham Shield National Level Exercise, the CDC recognized an opportunity to improve their practices by establishing a more efficient and timely health effect surveillance system before another incident occurs. On March 12-13th, 2019, the National Academies convened a workshop to discuss the process for preparing a radiation registry for monitoring long-term health effects of populations affected by a nuclear or radiological incident. Participants assessed existing information, useful practices, and tools for planning a radiation registry that will enhance incident monitoring and response methods. This publication summarizes the discussions and presentations from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E LLC, C. Daniel Prather, DPrather Aviation Solutions %E University, California Baptist %T Promoting Aviation Career Education in High Schools and Community Colleges %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25643/promoting-aviation-career-education-in-high-schools-and-community-colleges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25643/promoting-aviation-career-education-in-high-schools-and-community-colleges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 166 %X More airport operations/management academic programs at both the high school and community college levels would help the airport industry. With baby boomers currently reaching retirement age at the rate of 10,000 each day, and later generations much smaller in size, new employees are not entering the workforce swiftly enough to replace those leaving because of retirement, illness, and other complicating factors.As a result, the aviation industry, like others, is experiencing a significant labor shortage. With no end in sight, the industry has joined forces in a number of unique partnerships in an effort to not only enhance the quality of current aviation graduates, but also stimulate interest in aviation careers among college students, high school students, and even middle school and elementary school students.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 103: Promoting Aviation Career Education in High Schools and Community Colleges points out the many characteristics of high school and community college aviation programs throughout the country, which could prove useful to airport management. By better understanding the academic programs producing the next generation of aviation professionals, airports can develop proactive efforts to promote the airport profession to aviation programs in their local area and influence young people to seriously consider airports as a viable career path, thus positively affecting the future of the airport industry. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Wizemann, Theresa M. %T Exploring Early Childhood Care and Education Levers to Improve Population Health: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47683-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25129/exploring-early-childhood-care-and-education-levers-to-improve-population-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25129/exploring-early-childhood-care-and-education-levers-to-improve-population-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X On September 14, 2017, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the intersection of health and early childhood care and education, two key social determinants of health. This workshop follows a 2014 roundtable workshop that considered the interface between the education and health sectors broadly, from research and metrics to cross-sectoral partnerships and financing. The 2017 workshop continued that discussion, with a deeper focus on early childhood (birth through age 5) as a critical period in human development and an important opportunity for educational and related interventions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the 2017 workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %E Wojtowicz, Alexis %T Integrating Oral and General Health Through Health Literacy Practices: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49348-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25468/integrating-oral-and-general-health-through-health-literacy-practices-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25468/integrating-oral-and-general-health-through-health-literacy-practices-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 122 %X Oral health care and medical health care both seek to maintain and enhance human health and well-being. Yet, dentistry and primary care in the United States are largely separated and isolated from each other. Each has its own siloed systems for education, service delivery, financing, and policy oversight. The result has been duplication of effort, a cultural gap between the two professions, and lost opportunities for productive collaboration and better health. On December 6, 2018, in Washington, DC, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop titled Integrating Oral and General Health Through Health Literacy Practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Stallings, Virginia A. %E Harrison, Meghan %E Oria, Maria %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium %@ 978-0-309-48834-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 594 %X As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Espinosa, Lorelle L. %E McGuire, Kent %E Jackson, Leigh Miles %T Minority Serving Institutions: America's Underutilized Resource for Strengthening the STEM Workforce %@ 978-0-309-48441-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25257/minority-serving-institutions-americas-underutilized-resource-for-strengthening-the-stem %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 254 %X There are over 20 million young people of color in the United States whose representation in STEM education pathways and in the STEM workforce is still far below their numbers in the general population. Their participation could help re-establish the United States' preeminence in STEM innovation and productivity, while also increasing the number of well-educated STEM workers. There are nearly 700 minority-serving institutions (MSIs) that provide pathways to STEM educational success and workforce readiness for millions of students of color—and do so in a mission-driven and intentional manner. They vary substantially in their origins, missions, student demographics, and levels of institutional selectivity. But in general, their service to the nation provides a gateway to higher education and the workforce, particularly for underrepresented students of color and those from low-income and first-generation to college backgrounds. The challenge for the nation is how to capitalize on the unique strengths and attributes of these institutions and to equip them with the resources, exceptional faculty talent, and vital infrastructure needed to educate and train an increasingly critical portion of current and future generations of scientists, engineers, and health professionals. Minority Serving Institutions examines the nation's MSIs and identifies promising programs and effective strategies that have the highest potential return on investment for the nation by increasing the quantity and quality MSI STEM graduates. This study also provides critical information and perspective about the importance of MSIs to other stakeholders in the nation's system of higher education and the organizations that support them. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Memorial Tributes: Volume 22 %@ 978-0-309-49640-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25543/memorial-tributes-volume-22 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25543/memorial-tributes-volume-22 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 396 %X This is the 22nd Volume in the series Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. Through its members and foreign associates, the Academy carries out the responsibilities for which it was established in 1964. Under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering was formed as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. Members are elected on the basis of significant contributions to engineering theory and practice and to the literature of engineering or on the basis of demonstrated unusual accomplishments in the pioneering of new and developing fields of technology. The National Academies share a responsibility to advise the federal government on matters of science and technology. The expertise and credibility that the National Academy of Engineering brings to that task stem directly from the abilities, interests, and achievements of our members and foreign associates, our colleagues and friends, whose special gifts we remember in this book.