TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Tina Masciangioli TI - Chemistry in Primetime and Online: Communicating Chemistry in Informal Environments: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13106 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13106/chemistry-in-primetime-and-online-communicating-chemistry-in-informal-environments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Education AB - It is critical that we increase public knowledge and understanding of science and technology issues through formal and informal learning for the United States to maintain its competitive edge in today's global economy. Since most Americans learn about science outside of school, we must take advantage of opportunities to present chemistry content on television, the Internet, in museums, and in other informal educational settings. In May 2010, the National Academies' Chemical Sciences Roundtable held a workshop to examine how the public obtains scientific information informally and to discuss methods that chemists can use to improve and expand efforts to reach a general, nontechnical audience. Workshop participants included chemical practitioners (e.g., graduate students, postdocs, professors, administrators); experts on informal learning; public and private funding organizations; science writers, bloggers, publishers, and university communications officers; and television and Internet content producers. Chemistry in Primetime and Online is a factual summary of what occurred in that workshop. Chemistry in Primetime and Online examines science content, especially chemistry, in various informal educational settings. It explores means of measuring recognition and retention of the information presented in various media formats and settings. Although the report does not provide any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, it does discuss the need for chemists to connect more with professional writers, artists, or videographers, who know how to communicate with and interest general audiences. It also emphasizes the importance of formal education in setting the stage for informal interactions with chemistry and chemists. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Proposed Specifications for LRFD Soil-Nailing Design and Construction DO - 10.17226/13327 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13327/proposed-specifications-for-lrfd-soil-nailing-design-and-construction PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 701: Proposed Specifications for LRFD Soil-Nailing Design and Construction contains proposed specifications for the design and construction of soil-nailed retaining structures. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Bridge Specifications, the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications, and the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications do not include guidance for soil-nailed structures. In the absence of AASHTO LRFD specifications, some state departments of transportation will not use soil-nailed retaining structures. Given the potential advantages of soil-nailed structures, there was a need to develop proposed standard design and construction specifications for soil-nailed structures for incorporation into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design and Construction Specifications. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Enhancing Internal Trip Capture Estimation for Mixed-Use Developments DO - 10.17226/14489 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14489/enhancing-internal-trip-capture-estimation-for-mixed-use-developments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 684: Enhancing Internal Trip Capture Estimation for Mixed-Use Developments explores an improved methodology to estimate how many internal trips will be generated in mixed-use developments—trips for which both the origin and destination are within the development.The methodology estimates morning and afternoon peak–period trips to and from six specific land use categories: office, retail, restaurant, residential, cinema, and hotel. The research team analyzed existing data from prior surveys and collected new data at three mixed-use development sites. The resulting methodology is incorporated into a spreadsheet model, which is available online for download. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - 2009-2010 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory SN - DO - 10.17226/13137 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13137/2009-2010-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The charge of the Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board (ARLTAB) is to provide biannual assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the research, development, and analysis programs at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The advice provided in this report focuses on technical rather than programmatic considerations. The Board is assisted by six National Research Council (NRC) panels, each of which focuses on the portion of the ARL program conducted by one of ARL's six directorates. When requested to do so by ARL, the Board also examines work that cuts across the directorates. The Board has been performing assessments of ARL since 1996. The current report summarizes its finding for the 2009-2010 period, during which 96 volunteer experts in fields of science and engineering participated in the following activities: visiting ARL annually, receiving formal presentations of technical work, examining facilities, engaging in technical discussions with ARL staff, and reviewing ARL technical materials. The Board continues to be impressed by the overall quality of ARL's technical staff and their work and applauds ARL for its clear, passionate concern for the end user of its technology--the soldier in the field--and for ARL's demonstrated mindfulness of the importance of transitioning technology to support immediate and longer-term Army needs. ARL staff also continue to expand their involvement with the wider scientific and engineering community. In general, ARL is working very well within an appropriate research and development (R&D) niche and has been demonstrating significant accomplishments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 15 SN - DO - 10.17226/13160 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13160/memorial-tributes-volume-15 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the fifteenth volume in the series of Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - John Erdman A2 - Maria Oria A2 - Laura Pillsbury TI - Nutrition and Traumatic Brain Injury: Improving Acute and Subacute Health Outcomes in Military Personnel SN - DO - 10.17226/13121 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13121/nutrition-and-traumatic-brain-injury-improving-acute-and-subacute-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for up to one-third of combat-related injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to some estimates. TBI is also a major problem among civilians, especially those who engage in certain sports. At the request of the Department of Defense, the IOM examined the potential role of nutrition in the treatment of and resilience against TBI. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert Pool TI - Sociocultural Data to Accomplish Department of Defense Missions: Toward a Unified Social Framework: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13077 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13077/sociocultural-data-to-accomplish-department-of-defense-missions-toward-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Sociocultural Data to Accomplish Department of Defense Missions: Toward a Unified Social Framework summarizes presentations and discussions that took place on August 16-17, 2010, at a National Research Council public workshop sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. The workshop addressed the variables and complex interaction of social and cultural factors that influence human behavior, focusing on potential applications to the full spectrum of military operations. The workshop's keynote address by Major General Michael T. Flynn, U.S. Army, provided critical context about the cultural situation and needs of the military operating in Afghanistan. Additional presentations were divided into four panels to address the diverse missions encountered by the U.S. military worldwide. The workshop concluded with a final panel to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different methods of acquiring and using relevant data and knowledge to accomplish these missions. The panel topics and presenters are listed below: Conflict Is Local: Mapping the Sociocultural Terrain David Kennedy, Hsinchun Chen, and Kerry Patton Bridging Sociocultural Gaps in Cooperative Relationships Robert Rubinstein, Alan Fiske, and Donal Carbaugh Building Partner Capacity with Sociocultural Awareness Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks and Shinobu Kitayama The Art of Sociocultural Persuasion Jeanne Brett, James Dillard, and Brant R. Burleson Tools, Methods, Frameworks, and Models Mark Bevir, Laura A. McNamara, Robert G. Sargent, and Jessica Glicken Turnley ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Practices in the Development and Deployment of Downtown Circulators DO - 10.17226/14499 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14499/practices-in-the-development-and-deployment-of-downtown-circulators PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 87: Practices in the Development and Deployment of Downtown Circulators explores the development, deployment, and sustainability of downtown circulator systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/12926 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12926/growing-innovation-clusters-for-american-prosperity-summary-of-a-symposium PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sectoral focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. This has led to renewed interest in understanding the nature of innovation clusters and public policies associated with successful cluster development. The Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), conducted a symposium which brought together state and federal government officials, leading analysts, congressional staff, and other stakeholders to explore the role of clusters in promoting economic growth, the government's role in stimulating clusters, and the role of universities and foundations in their development. Growing Innovation Clusters for American Prosperity captures the presentations and discussions of the 2009 STEP symposium on innovation clusters. It includes an overview highlighting key issues raised at the meeting and a summary of the meeting's presentations. This report has been prepared by the workshop rapporteur as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan SN - DO - 10.17226/13209 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13209/long-term-health-consequences-of-exposure-to-burn-pits-in-iraq-and-afghanistan PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Many veterans returning from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have health problems they believe are related to their exposure to the smoke from the burning of waste in open-air "burn pits" on military bases. Particular controversy surrounds the burn pit used to dispose of solid waste at Joint Base Balad in Iraq, which burned up to 200 tons of waste per day in 2007. The Department of Veterans Affairs asked the IOM to form a committee to determine the long-term health effects from exposure to these burn pits. Insufficient evidence prevented the IOM committee from developing firm conclusions. This report, therefore, recommends that, along with more efficient data-gathering methods, a study be conducted that would evaluate the health status of service members from their time of deployment over many years to determine their incidence of chronic diseases. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Maria Hewitt TI - Improving Health Literacy Within a State: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13185 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13185/improving-health-literacy-within-a-state-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services they need to make appropriate health decisions. According to Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion (IOM, 2004), nearly half of all American adults--90 million people--have inadequate health literacy to navigate the healthcare system. To address issues raised in that report, the Institute of Medicine convened the Roundtable on Health Literacy, which brings together leaders from the federal government, foundations, health plans, associations, and private companies to discuss challenges facing health literacy practice and research and to identify approaches to promote health literacy in both the public and private sectors. On November 30, 2010, the roundtable cosponsored a workshop with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Anderson School of Management in Los Angeles. Improving Health Literacy Within a State serves as a summary of what occurred at the workshop. The workshop focused on understanding what works to improve health literacy across a state, including how various stakeholders have a role in improving health literacy. The focus of the workshop was on presentations and discussions that address (1) the clinical impacts of health literacy improvement approaches; (2) economic outcomes of health literacy implementation; and (3) how various stakeholders can affect health literacy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Rebecca Koehler A2 - Erin E. Wilhelm A2 - Ira Shoulson TI - Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluating the Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/13220 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13220/cognitive-rehabilitation-therapy-for-traumatic-brain-injury-evaluating-the-evidence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may affect 10 million people worldwide. It is considered the "signature wound" of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. These injuries result from a bump or blow to the head, or from external forces that cause the brain to move within the head, such as whiplash or exposure to blasts. TBI can cause an array of physical and mental health concerns and is a growing problem, particularly among soldiers and veterans because of repeated exposure to violent environments. One form of treatment for TBI is cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT), a patient-specific, goal-oriented approach to help patients increase their ability to process and interpret information. The Department of Defense asked the IOM to conduct a study to determine the effectiveness of CRT for treatment of TBI. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure SN - DO - 10.17226/13026 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13026/blue-water-navy-vietnam-veterans-and-agent-orange-exposure PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Over 3 million U.S. military personnel were sent to Southeast Asia to fight in the Vietnam War. Since the end of the Vietnam War, veterans have reported numerous health effects. Herbicides used in Vietnam, in particular Agent Orange have been associated with a variety of cancers and other long term health problems from Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes to heart disease. Prior to 1997 laws safeguarded all service men and women deployed to Vietnam including members of the Blue Navy. Since then, the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) has established that Vietnam veterans are automatically eligible for disability benefits should they develop any disease associated with Agent Orange exposure, however, veterans who served on deep sea vessels in Vietnam are not included. These "Blue Water Navy" veterans must prove they were exposed to Agent Orange before they can claim benefits. At the request of the VA, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) examined whether Blue Water Navy veterans had similar exposures to Agent Orange as other Vietnam veterans. Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure comprehensively examines whether Vietnam veterans in the Blue Water Navy experienced exposures to herbicides and their contaminants by reviewing historical reports, relevant legislation, key personnel insights, and chemical analysis to resolve current debate on this issue. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development SN - DO - 10.17226/13030 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13030/evaluation-of-us-air-force-preacquisition-technology-development PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - From the days of biplanes and open cockpits, the air forces of the United States have relied on the mastery of technology. From design to operation, a project can stretch to 20 years and more, with continuous increases in cost. Much of the delay and cost growth afflicting modern United States Air Force (USAF) programs is rooted in the incorporation of advanced technology into major systems acquisition. Leaders in the Air Force responsible for science and technology and acquisition are trying to determine the optimal way to utilize existing policies, processes, and resources to properly document and execute pre-program of record technology development efforts, including opportunities to facilitate the rapid acquisition of revolutionary capabilities and the more deliberate acquisition of evolutionary capabilities. Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development responds to this need with an examination of the current state of Air Force technology development and the environment in which technology is acquired. The book considers best practices from both government and industry to distill appropriate recommendations that can be implemented within the USAF. ER - TY - BOOK TI - A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States (with CD) SN - DO - 10.17226/12994 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12994/a-data-based-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states-with-cd PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States provides an unparalleled dataset that can be used to assess the quality and effectiveness of doctoral programs based on measures important to faculty, students, administrators, funders, and other stakeholders. The data, collected for the 2005-2006 academic year from more than 5,000 doctoral programs at 212 universities, covers 62 fields. Included for each program are such characteristics as faculty publications, grants, and awards; student GRE scores, financial support, and employment outcomes; and program size, time to degree, and faculty composition. Measures of faculty and student diversity are also included. The book features analysis of selected findings across six broad fields: agricultural sciences, biological and health sciences, engineering, physical and mathematical sciences, social and behavioral sciences, and humanities, as well as a discussion of trends in doctoral education since the last assessment in 1995, and suggested uses of the data . It also includes a detailed explanation of the methodology used to collect data and calculate ranges of illustrative rankings. Included with the book is a comprehensive CD-ROM with a data table in Microsoft Excel. In addition to data on the characteristics of individual programs, the data table contains illustrative ranges of rankings for each program, as well as ranges of rankings for three dimensions of program quality: (1) research activity, (2) student support and outcomes, and (3) diversity of the academic environment. As an aid to users, the data table is offered with demonstrations of some Microsoft Excel features that may enhance the usability of the spreadsheet, such as hiding and unhiding columns, copying and pasting columns to a new worksheet, and filtering and sorting data. Also provided with the data table are a set of scenarios that show how typical users may want to extract data from the spreadsheet. PhDs.org, an independent website not affiliated with the National Research Council, incorporated data from the research-doctorate assessment into its Graduate School Guide. Users of the Guide can choose the weights assigned to the program characteristics measured by the National Research Council and others, and rank graduate programs according to their own priorities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 14 SN - DO - 10.17226/12884 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12884/memorial-tributes-volume-14 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the fourteenth volume in the series of Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Samuel H. Fuller A2 - Lynette I. Millett TI - The Future of Computing Performance: Game Over or Next Level? SN - DO - 10.17226/12980 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12980/the-future-of-computing-performance-game-over-or-next-level PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The end of dramatic exponential growth in single-processor performance marks the end of the dominance of the single microprocessor in computing. The era of sequential computing must give way to a new era in which parallelism is at the forefront. Although important scientific and engineering challenges lie ahead, this is an opportune time for innovation in programming systems and computing architectures. We have already begun to see diversity in computer designs to optimize for such considerations as power and throughput. The next generation of discoveries is likely to require advances at both the hardware and software levels of computing systems. There is no guarantee that we can make parallel computing as common and easy to use as yesterday's sequential single-processor computer systems, but unless we aggressively pursue efforts suggested by the recommendations in this book, it will be "game over" for growth in computing performance. If parallel programming and related software efforts fail to become widespread, the development of exciting new applications that drive the computer industry will stall; if such innovation stalls, many other parts of the economy will follow suit. The Future of Computing Performance describes the factors that have led to the future limitations on growth for single processors that are based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It explores challenges inherent in parallel computing and architecture, including ever-increasing power consumption and the escalated requirements for heat dissipation. The book delineates a research, practice, and education agenda to help overcome these challenges. The Future of Computing Performance will guide researchers, manufacturers, and information technology professionals in the right direction for sustainable growth in computer performance, so that we may all enjoy the next level of benefits to society. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray A2 - Laura Pillsbury TI - Leveraging Food Technology for Obesity Prevention and Reduction Efforts: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13153 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13153/leveraging-food-technology-for-obesity-prevention-and-reduction-efforts-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Obesity is a major public health challenge. More than one-third of the U.S. adult population is considered obese, a figure that has more than doubled since the mid-1970s. Among children, obesity rates have more than tripled over the same period. Not only is obesity associated with numerous medical complications, but it incurs significant economic cost. At its simplest, obesity is a result of an energy imbalance, with obese (and overweight) people consuming more energy (calories) than they are expending. During the last 10-20 years, behavioral scientists have made significant progress toward building an evidence base for understanding what drives energy imbalance in overweight and obese individuals. Meanwhile, food scientists have been tapping into this growing evidence base to improve existing technologies and create new technologies that can be applied to alter the food supply in ways that reduce the obesity burden on the American population. Leveraging Food Technology for Obesity Prevention and Reduction Effort examines the complexity of human eating behavior and explores ways in which the food industry can continue to leverage modern food processing technologies to influence energy intake. The report also examines the opportunities and challenges of altering the food supply--both at home and outside the home--and outlines lessons learned, best practices, and next steps. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Cherie Chauvin TI - Threatening Communications and Behavior: Perspectives on the Pursuit of Public Figures SN - DO - 10.17226/13091 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13091/threatening-communications-and-behavior-perspectives-on-the-pursuit-of-public PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Today's world of rapid social, technological, and behavioral change provides new opportunities for communications with few limitations of time and space. Through these communications, people leave behind an ever-growing collection of traces of their daily activities, including digital footprints provided by text, voice, and other modes of communication. Meanwhile, new techniques for aggregating and evaluating diverse and multimodal information sources are available to security services that must reliably identify communications indicating a high likelihood of future violence. In the context of this changed and changing world of communications and behavior, the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences of the National Research Council presents this volume of three papers as one portion of the vast subject of threatening communications and behavior. The papers review the behavioral and social sciences research on the likelihood that someone who engages in abnormal and/or threatening communications will actually then try to do harm. The focus is on how the scientific knowledge can inform and advance future research on threat assessments, in part by considering the approaches and techniques used to analyze communications and behavior in the dynamic context of today's world. The papers in the collection were written within the context of protecting high-profile public figures from potential attach or harm. The research, however, is broadly applicable to U.S. national security including potential applications for analysis of communications from leaders of hostile nations and public threats from terrorist groups. This work highlights the complex psychology of threatening communications and behavior, and it offers knowledge and perspectives from multiple domains that contribute to a deeper understanding of the value of communications in predicting and preventing violent behaviors. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Techniques for Effective Highway Construction Projects in Congested Urban Areas DO - 10.17226/14485 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14485/techniques-for-effective-highway-construction-projects-in-congested-urban-areas PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 413: Techniques for Effective Highway Construction Projects in Congested Urban Areas explores a diverse set of techniques designed to address highway construction challenges in congested urban areas such as high-traffic volumes, utility conflicts, complex right-of-way acquisition issues, a diverse stakeholder base, and watchful news media.The report includes four case studies designed to help illustrate effective construction practices in congested urban areas. ER -