TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Assessing the Role of K-12 Academic Standards in States: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12207 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12207/assessing-the-role-of-k-12-academic-standards-in-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Every state in the United States, the District of Columbia, and the Department of Defense Education Activity now has its own academic standards, at least in core subjects. These documents vary in their structure, level of specificity, and other characteristics. Professional societies have also developed standards, in mathematics, English language arts, science, social studies, civics, foreign languages, and other academic subjects, and many states have drawn on these as they prepared their own standards documents. Other organizations have also offered standards and benchmarks. For example, the Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) offers standards developed with the goal of applying a consistent structure and degree of rigor and specificity to standards in diverse subjects. This abundance of standards reflects a vigorous response to the call for high standards articulated in the National Commission on Excellence in Education's 1983 report A Nation at Risk, and it also poses a variety of questions for educators, policy makers, and the public. What role are these standards playing? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the reform efforts that have been anchored by these standards? How are these standards applied, and how might standards-based reforms be improved? Would a move toward national standards in core academic subjects lead to improved instruction and learning? Would it be feasible? The committee identified three components to the charge for the first workshop: a review of the policy and research context in which current standards-based reform efforts are operating, a consideration of how the costs of standards and accountability systems might be calculated, and an analysis of similarities and differences among states' content and performance standards. Assessing the Role of K-12 Academic Standards in States: Workshop Summary summarizes this workshop and the committee's recommendations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Catherine E. Snow A2 - Susan B. Van Hemel TI - Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How SN - DO - 10.17226/12446 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12446/early-childhood-assessment-why-what-and-how PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - The assessment of young children's development and learning has recently taken on new importance. Private and government organizations are developing programs to enhance the school readiness of all young children, especially children from economically disadvantaged homes and communities and children with special needs. Well-planned and effective assessment can inform teaching and program improvement, and contribute to better outcomes for children. This book affirms that assessments can make crucial contributions to the improvement of children's well-being, but only if they are well designed, implemented effectively, developed in the context of systematic planning, and are interpreted and used appropriately. Otherwise, assessment of children and programs can have negative consequences for both. The value of assessments therefore requires fundamental attention to their purpose and the design of the larger systems in which they are used. Early Childhood Assessment addresses these issues by identifying the important outcomes for children from birth to age 5 and the quality and purposes of different techniques and instruments for developmental assessments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Common Standards for K-12 Education?: Considering the Evidence: Summary of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/12462 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12462/common-standards-for-k-12-education-considering-the-evidence-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Standards-based accountability has become a central feature of the public education system in each state and is a theme of national discussions about how achievement for all students can be improved and achievement gaps narrowed. Questions remain, however, about the implementation of standards and accountability systems and about whether their potential benefits have been fully realized. Each of the 50 states has adopted its own set of standards, and though there is overlap among them, there is also wide variation in the ways states have devised and implemented their systems. This variety may have both advantages and disadvantages, but it nevertheless raises a fundamental question: Is the establishment of common K-12 academic standards, which states could voluntarily adopt, the logical next step for standards-based reform? The goal of this book is not to answer the policy question of whether or not common standards would be a good idea. Rather, the book provides an objective look at the available evidence regarding the ways in which standards are currently functioning, the strategies that might be used to pursue common standards, and the issues that doing so might present. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Sarah Michaels A2 - Andrew W. Shouse A2 - Heidi A. Schweingruber TI - Ready, Set, SCIENCE!: Putting Research to Work in K-8 Science Classrooms SN - DO - 10.17226/11882 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11882/ready-set-science-putting-research-to-work-in-k-8 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - What types of instructional experiences help K-8 students learn science with understanding? What do science educators, teachers, teacher leaders, science specialists, professional development staff, curriculum designers, and school administrators need to know to create and support such experiences? Ready, Set, Science! guides the way with an account of the groundbreaking and comprehensive synthesis of research into teaching and learning science in kindergarten through eighth grade. Based on the recently released National Research Council report Taking Science to School: Learning and Teaching Science in Grades K-8, this book summarizes a rich body of findings from the learning sciences and builds detailed cases of science educators at work to make the implications of research clear, accessible, and stimulating for a broad range of science educators. Ready, Set, Science! is filled with classroom case studies that bring to life the research findings and help readers to replicate success. Most of these stories are based on real classroom experiences that illustrate the complexities that teachers grapple with every day. They show how teachers work to select and design rigorous and engaging instructional tasks, manage classrooms, orchestrate productive discussions with culturally and linguistically diverse groups of students, and help students make their thinking visible using a variety of representational tools. This book will be an essential resource for science education practitioners and contains information that will be extremely useful to everyone �including parents �directly or indirectly involved in the teaching of science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jill Eden A2 - Ben Wheatley A2 - Barbara McNeil A2 - Harold Sox TI - Knowing What Works in Health Care: A Roadmap for the Nation SN - DO - 10.17226/12038 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12038/knowing-what-works-in-health-care-a-roadmap-for-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - There is currently heightened interest in optimizing health care through the generation of new knowledge on the effectiveness of health care services. The United States must substantially strengthen its capacity for assessing evidence on what is known and not known about "what works" in health care. Even the most sophisticated clinicians and consumers struggle to learn which care is appropriate and under what circumstances. Knowing What Works in Health Care looks at the three fundamental health care issues in the United States—setting priorities for evidence assessment, assessing evidence (systematic review), and developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines—and how each of these contributes to the end goal of effective, practical health care systems. This book provides an overall vision and roadmap for improving how the nation uses scientific evidence to identify the most effective clinical services. Knowing What Works in Health Care gives private and public sector firms, consumers, health care professionals, benefit administrators, and others the authoritative, independent information required for making essential informed health care decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Milton D. Hakel A2 - Judith Anderson Koenig A2 - Stuart W. Elliott TI - Assessing Accomplished Teaching: Advanced-Level Certification Programs SN - DO - 10.17226/12224 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12224/assessing-accomplished-teaching-advanced-level-certification-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The mission of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) is to establish "high and rigorous standards for what teachers should know and be able to do, to certify teachers who meet those standards, and to advance other education reforms for the purpose of improving student learning in American schools." In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, the National Research Council developed a framework for evaluating programs that award advanced-level teacher certification and applied that framework in an evaluation of the impacts of the NBPTS. Specifically, this book addresses the impacts on students, teachers, and the educational system in this country. Assessing Accomplished Teaching finds that teachers who earn board certification are more effective at improving their students' achievement than other teachers, but school systems vary greatly in the extent to which they recognize and make use of board-certified teachers. Many of the questions on the evaluation framework could not be answered because the data have not been collected, and the report makes recommendations for the kinds of research that are needed to fully evaluate the impacts of board certification by the NBPTS. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12053 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12053/international-collaborations-in-behavioral-and-social-sciences-report-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Based on the outcomes of a workshop convened by the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science and informed by a survey of social scientists who have led cross-national projects, this National Science Foundation-funded report addresses the multiple benefits of research extending across national boundaries and describes factors common among successful collaborations. Workshop participants identified the obstacles frequently encountered and suggested ways of dealing with these challenges to enhance international collaborative research in the behavioral and social sciences. Several dimensions of collaborative processes, such as research planning, methodological issues, organizational concerns, varied training approaches, and funding needs receive critical attention in this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Glen Schweitzer TI - Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/12185 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12185/science-and-technology-and-the-future-development-of-societies-international PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - In June 2006, seventeen scientists and educators selected by the National Academies, the Academy of Sciences of Iran, and the Académie des Sciences of France held a workshop at the estate of the Fondation des Treilles in Toutour, France, to discuss issues concerning the role of science in the development of modern societies. Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies includes the presentations made at the workshop and summarizes the discussions that followed the presentations. Topics of the workshop included science and society issues, the role of science and engineering in development; obstacles and opportunities in the application of science and technology to development; scientific thinking of decision makers; management and utilization of scientific knowledge; and science, society, and education. This book also provides useful background for the further development of interactions of Western scientists and educators with Iranian specialists. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Changing the Conversation: Messages for Improving Public Understanding of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/12187 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12187/changing-the-conversation-messages-for-improving-public-understanding-of-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Can the United States continue to lead the world in innovation? The answer may hinge in part on how well the public understands engineering, a key component of the 'innovation engine'. A related concern is how to encourage young people--particularly girls and under-represented minorities--to consider engineering as a career option. Changing the Conversation provides actionable strategies and market-tested messages for presenting a richer, more positive image of engineering. This book presents and discusses in detail market research about what the public finds most appealing about engineering--as well as what turns the public off. Changing the Conversation is a vital tool for improving the public image of engineering and outreach efforts related to engineering. It will be used by engineers in professional and academic settings including informal learning environments (such as museums and science centers), engineering schools, national engineering societies, technology-based corporations that support education and other outreach to schools and communities, and federal and state agencies and labs that do or promote engineering, technology, and science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Lawrence D. Brown A2 - Michael L. Cohen A2 - Daniel L. Cork TI - Experimentation and Evaluation Plans for the 2010 Census: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12080 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12080/experimentation-and-evaluation-plans-for-the-2010-census-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - For the past 50 years, the Census Bureau has conducted experiments and evaluations with every decennial census involving field data collection during which alternatives to current census processes are assessed for a subset of the population. An "evaluation" is usually a post hoc analysis of data collected as part of the decennial census processing to determine whether individual steps in the census operated as expected. The 2010 Program for Evaluations and Experiments, known as CPEX, has enormous potential to reduce costs and increase effectiveness of the 2020 census by reducing the initial list of potential research topics from 52 to 6. The panel identified three priority experiments for inclusion in the 2010 census to assist 2020 census planning: (1) an experiment on the use of the Internet for data collection; (2) an experiment on the use of administrative records for various census purposes; and (3) an experiment (or set of experiments) on features of the census questionnaire. They also came up with 11 recommendations to improve efficiency and quality of data collection including allowing use of the Internet for data submission and including one or more alternate questionnaire experiments to examine things such as the representation of race and ethnicity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Carol West Suitor A2 - Maria Oria TI - Foodborne Disease and Public Health: Summary of an Iranian-American Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12094 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12094/foodborne-disease-and-public-health-summary-of-an-iranian-american PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board and the National Research Council's Policy and Global Affairs Division convened a workshop in Washington, D.C., entitled Foodborne Disease and Public Health: An Iranian-American Workshop. The overall goals of this workshop were to facilitate the exchange of ideas about foodborne disease and public health and to promote further collaboration among Americans and Iranians on this topic of mutual interest. Experts invited to participate in this workshop addressed a variety of topics, ranging from the surveillance of outbreaks of foodborne illness to approaches to medical training in the Iranian and U.S. educational systems. The workshop was part of a series of cooperative efforts between the United States and Iran as the two countries have collaborated in the past on similar projects relating to foodborne disease. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report DO - 10.17226/12261 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12261/review-of-nasas-human-research-program-evidence-books-a-letter PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Planning for long-duration space flights requires consideration of complex disease prevention, behavioral health, and clinical treatment issues-issues resulting from the hazards of the space environment and from limitations to in-mission medical care. These research and development needs have prompted NASA to seek and coordinate assessment from both national and international space medicine practice as well as biomedical research communities. Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books: A Letter Report examines NASA's plans to assemble the available evidence on human health risks of spaceflight and moves forward in identifying and addressing gaps in research. Recommendations to strengthen the content, composition, and dissemination of the evidence books are intended to improve future versions of these critical documents. These evidence books should be the continuously updated knowledge base of best evidence regarding risks to human health associated with spaceflight, particularly spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit and of long duration. Such a knowledge base will serve the interests of mission planners, researchers, and ultimately the individuals who accept those risks in their role as space travelers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James J. Blascovich A2 - Christine R. Hartel TI - Human Behavior in Military Contexts SN - DO - 10.17226/12023 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12023/human-behavior-in-military-contexts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World SN - DO - 10.17226/12064 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12064/science-professionals-masters-education-for-a-competitive-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Industry and Labor AB - What are employer needs for staff trained in the natural sciences at the master's degree level? How do master's level professionals in the natural sciences contribute in the workplace? How do master's programs meet or support educational and career goals? Science Professionals: Master's Education for a Competitive World examines the answers to these and other questions regarding the role of master's education in the natural sciences. The book also focuses on student characteristics and what can be learned from efforts underway to enhance the master's in the natural sciences, particularly as a professional degree. This book is a critical tool for Congress, the federal agencies charged with carrying out the America COMPETES Act, and educational and science policy makers at the state level. Additionally, anyone with a stake in the development of professional science education (four year institutions of higher education, students, faculty, and employers) will find this book useful. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12033 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12033/options-to-ensure-the-climate-record-from-the-npoess-and-goes-r-spacecraft PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In 2000, the nation's next-generation National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program anticipated purchasing six satellites for $6.5 billion, with a first launch in 2008. By November 2005, however, it became apparent that NPOESS would overrun its cost estimates by at least 25 percent. In June 2006, the planned acquisition of six spacecraft was reduced to four, the launch of the first spacecraft was delayed until 2013, and several sensors were canceled or descoped in capability. To examine the impacts of these changes, particularly those associated with climate research, and ways to mitigate those impacts, NASA and NOAA asked the NRC to add this task to its ongoing "decadal survey," Earth Science and Applications from Space. The sponsors and the NRC agreed to address this task separately and to base its analysis on a major workshop. This book presents summaries of discussions at the workshop, which included sessions on the measurements and sensors originally planned for NPOESS and GOES-R; generation of climate data records; mitigation options, including the role of international partners; and cross-cutting issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Helen R. Quinn A2 - Heidi A. Schweingruber A2 - Michael A. Feder TI - NASA's Elementary and Secondary Education Program: Review and Critique SN - DO - 10.17226/12081 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12081/nasas-elementary-and-secondary-education-program-review-and-critique PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The federal role in precollege science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education is receiving increasing attention in light of the need to support public understanding of science and to develop a strong scientific and technical workforce in a competitive global economy. Federal science agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), are being looked to as a resource for enhancing precollege STEM education and bringing more young people to scientific and technical careers. For NASA and other federal science agencies, concerns about workforce and public understanding of science also have an immediate local dimension. The agency faces an aerospace workforce skewed toward those close to retirement and job recruitment competition for those with science and engineering degrees. In addition, public support for the agency's missions stems in part from public understanding of the importance of the agency's contributions in science, engineering, and space exploration. In the NASA authorization act of 2005 (P.L. 109-555 Subtitle B-Education, Sec. 614) Congress directed the agency to support a review and evaluation of its precollege education program to be carried out by the National Research Council (NRC). NASA's Elementary and Secondary Education Program: Review and Critique includes recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the program and addresses these four tasks: 1. an evaluation of the effectiveness of the overall program in meeting its defined goals and objectives; 2. an assessment of the quality and educational effectiveness of the major components of the program, including an evaluation of the adequacy of assessment metrics and data collection requirements available for determining the effectiveness of individual projects; 3. an evaluation of the funding priorities in the program, including a review of the funding level and trend for each major component of the program and an assessment of whether the resources made available are consistent with meeting identified goals and priorities; and 4. a determination of the extent and effectiveness of coordination and collaboration between NASA and other federal agencies that sponsor science, technology, and mathematics education activities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Minerals, Critical Minerals, and the U.S. Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/12034 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12034/minerals-critical-minerals-and-the-us-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Earth Sciences AB - Minerals are part of virtually every product we use. Common examples include copper used in electrical wiring and titanium used to make airplane frames and paint pigments. The Information Age has ushered in a number of new mineral uses in a number of products including cell phones (e.g., tantalum) and liquid crystal displays (e.g., indium). For some minerals, such as the platinum group metals used to make cataytic converters in cars, there is no substitute. If the supply of any given mineral were to become restricted, consumers and sectors of the U.S. economy could be significantly affected. Risks to minerals supplies can include a sudden increase in demand or the possibility that natural ores can be exhausted or become too difficult to extract. Minerals are more vulnerable to supply restrictions if they come from a limited number of mines, mining companies, or nations. Baseline information on minerals is currently collected at the federal level, but no established methodology has existed to identify potentially critical minerals. This book develops such a methodology and suggests an enhanced federal initiative to collect and analyze the additional data needed to support this type of tool. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force SN - DO - 10.17226/12030 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs DO - 10.17226/13989 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13989/quarantine-facilities-for-arriving-air-travelers-identification-of-planning-needs-and-costs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 5: Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs explores facility issues, security considerations, and estimated costs (including operating costs) that airport operators and policymakers may want to consider when planning for the potential quarantine of arriving air travelers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Gulf War and Health: Volume 6: Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress SN - DO - 10.17226/11922 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11922/gulf-war-and-health-volume-6-physiologic-psychologic-and-psychosocial PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Health and Medicine AB - The sixth in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans' health, this volume evaluates the health effects associated with stress. Since the launch of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, there has been growing concern about the physical and psychological health of Gulf War and other veterans. In the late 1990s, Congress responded by asking the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines in members of the armed forces who were exposed to such agents. Deployment to a war zone has a profound impact on the lives of troops and on their family members. There are a plethora of stressors associated with deployment, including constant vigilance against unexpected attack, difficulty distinguishing enemy combatants from civilians, concerns about survival, caring for the badly injured, and witnessing the death of a person. Less traumatic but more pervasive stressors include anxiety about home life, such as loss of a job and income, impacts on relationships, and absence from family. The focus of this report, by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, is the long-term effects of deployment-related stress. Gulf War and Health: Volume 6. Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Development Related Stress evaluates the scientific literature regarding association between deployment-related stressors and health effects, and provides meaningful recommendations to remedy this problem. ER -