%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Whitacre, Paula %T The Food and Drug Administration's Emergency Use Authorization: Lessons Learned from the Past to Guide the Future: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26441/the-food-and-drug-administrations-emergency-use-authorization-lessons-learned-from-the-past-to-guide-the-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26441/the-food-and-drug-administrations-emergency-use-authorization-lessons-learned-from-the-past-to-guide-the-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 13 %X The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of drugs, biological products, and medical devices. In certain declared emergencies, FDA has the option to authorize use of a new product or a new use of an approved product - an authority known as Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)- if it has reason to believe that the product may be effective and that its known benefits outweigh its known risks. By contrast, in non-emergency situations, applicants must demonstrate a product's safety and effectiveness through a lengthier, more extensive process. On October 5-6, 2021, the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on the EUA process. At the workshop, presenters and participants examined FDA's recent and historic use of EUAs, discussed lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, and considered how those lessons might inform future efforts. The workshop also highlighted emergency mechanisms used by other health regulators and considered how U.S. and global regulatory partners can strengthen cooperation in responding to global health emergencies. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Enhancing Community Resilience through Social Capital and Connectedness: Stronger Together! %@ 978-0-309-45094-2 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26123/enhancing-community-resilience-through-social-capital-and-connectedness-stronger-together %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26123/enhancing-community-resilience-through-social-capital-and-connectedness-stronger-together %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 46 %X Disasters caused by natural hazards and other large-scale emergencies are devastating communities in the United States. These events harm individuals, families, communities, and the entire country, including its economy and the federal budget. This report identifies applied research topics, information, and expertise that can inform action and opportunities within the natural hazard mitigation and resilience fields with the goal of reducing the immense human and financial toll of disasters. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Using Research and Technology to Address Compounding Disparities: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25738/using-research-and-technology-to-address-compounding-disparities-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25738/using-research-and-technology-to-address-compounding-disparities-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 8 %X A multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary approach to understanding the dimensions and determinants of social disparities and their intersections is necessary to work toward equity and equality of opportunity as rapid technology innovation changes the future of work. To examine the matter, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable held a workshop at the National Academy of Sciences on October 15-16, 2019 to consider how the research community of federal and state governments, academia, companies, and other actors can take institutional and collective action to identify and address disparities at the intersections that will make interventions most effective. The workshop explored how research institutions act as anchors in their communities to reach marginalized populations and considered best practices for community engagement. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Deros, Ana %E Saunders, Jen %T Attacks on Scientists and Health Professionals During the Pandemic: Proceedings of a Symposium—in Brief %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26936/attacks-on-scientists-and-health-professionals-during-the-pandemic-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26936/attacks-on-scientists-and-health-professionals-during-the-pandemic-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 10 %X Scientists and health professionals have long been targeted in connection with their professional work. Though this problem preceded the pandemic, it has emerged as a major concern, both in the United States and globally, as a result of COVID-19. Since the onset of the pandemic, scientists and health professionals have been subjected to threats and other attacks - online and offline - resulting from their efforts to combat the spread of COVID-19 with public health interventions and information. Reports of violence - carried out by numerous actors, including governments, groups, and individuals - are wide ranging and have come from all over the globe. In some cases, scientists, health professionals, and other groups have been targeted by multiple sources simultaneously, putting them at heightened risk of harm. Beginning September 1, 2022, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Human Rights hosted five webcasts examining the global problem of COVID-19-related attacks on researchers and health professionals, along with concerns regarding repression of information during the pandemic and implications for internationally protected rights. Topics included the targeting of scientists and public health professionals for providing evidence-based health information, global patterns of violence against health personnel, censorship and the right to information, science communication and human rights amid public health emergencies, and constructing a human rights framework for online health-related speech. This Proceedings of a Symposium-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the issues discussed during the series. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Outlook for Science and Technology 1985 %@ 978-0-309-06236-7 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/862/the-outlook-for-science-and-technology-1985 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/862/the-outlook-for-science-and-technology-1985 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 62 %0 Book %T The Policy Partnership with the U.S. Government %D 1988 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19020/the-policy-partnership-with-the-us-government %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19020/the-policy-partnership-with-the-us-government %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 27 %X The National Academy of Sciences and its associated organizations—the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council—together constitute the most important advisory mechanism for science and technology policy in the United States, and perhaps in the world. No other government has created a private scientific organization with such a relationship to itself. For over a century the federal government has turned to the Academy for advice concerning some of the most compelling issues of the day. In recent decades, advice rendered by the Academies, largely through the National Research Council, and by the Institute of Medicine has also exerted increasing influence on universities, businesses, other nongovernmental entities, and consumers. The organizations that make up the National Academy of Sciences complex have evolved to meet the changing needs of government and society. Today, issues of science and technology are crucial throughout a greatly expanded federal government. The National Academy of Sciences and its sister organizations have also greatly expanded, with the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine conducting studies across the broad spectrum of science and technology. This essay discusses the history and structure of the Academy complex, describes its activities in functional terms, explores the political dynamics of the relationship between the institution and the government, and speculates about some elements of the science and technology policy agenda that are likely to assume increasing prominence in the future. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Kosti, Ourania %T Adopting the International System of Units for Radiation Measurements in the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-45388-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24645/adopting-the-international-system-of-units-for-radiation-measurements-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24645/adopting-the-international-system-of-units-for-radiation-measurements-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 84 %X Most countries in the world use the SI (Système International, also known as the metric system) units for radiation measurements in commercial and technical activities. The United States, in contrast, uses a mix of SI and conventional units for radiation measurements, despite 30-year-old national and international recommendations to exclusively use SI. Radiation professionals in the United States are faced with the need to understand both systems and make conversions between the two. In September 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a workshop to explore potential communication improvements associated with adopting the international system of units (SI units) for radiation measurements in the United States. Participants discussed potential improvements in the effectiveness of responding to national and international radiation emergencies, international experiences in adopting the exclusive use of SI units of radiation measurements, and steps needed to adopt the exclusive use of SI units in the US in terms of timing, implementation, and ways to overcome or manage technical, economic, and policy barriers. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T National Issues in Science and Technology 1993 %@ 978-0-309-04882-8 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2096/national-issues-in-science-and-technology-1993 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2096/national-issues-in-science-and-technology-1993 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 96 %X This volume consists of four "white papers," prepared for the Clinton administration as it took office, on important national policy issues in which science and technology play a central role. Topics covered are science and technology leadership, climate change policy, technology policy and industrial innovation, and health care reform. Also included are brief summaries of ten potentially high impact reports issued by various committees of the National Research Council. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Ensuring the Quality of Data Disseminated by the Federal Government: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-08857-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10666/ensuring-the-quality-of-data-disseminated-by-the-federal-government %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10666/ensuring-the-quality-of-data-disseminated-by-the-federal-government %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 92 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jarmul, David %T Headline News, Science Views II %@ 978-0-309-04834-7 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 256 %X Why all the talk about biodiversity? Is malaria really making a comeback? Just what are computer viruses? Many Americans are confused about these and other issues involving science, technology, and health care. But they lack the time or technical background to read scientific reports. Headline News, Science Views II provides short, readable answers directly from the experts. Leading scientists, engineers, and others discuss today's issues in language that is understandable and compelling—without jargon. This engaging book "can be warmly recommended to card-carrying scientists and laypeople alike," New Scientist wrote about the first edition of Headline News, Science Views. "Try the opening items and say goodbye to your next couple of hours." Now, in a completely new edition packed with 75 engaging articles, Headline News, Science Views II probes further into scientific issues behind today's headlines, issues like highway safety, global warming, industrial competitiveness, and women's health. Experts on these and other topics discuss where the problems lie and how to fix them. The essays originally were distributed by the National Academy Op-Ed Service and published in more than 250 newspapers. Many are tied to studies of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Together, they make ground-breaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating—and fun. %0 Book %T Finding Common Ground: U.S. Export Controls in a Changed Global Environment, Commissioned Papers %@ 978-0-309-07457-5 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1915/finding-common-ground-us-export-controls-in-a-changed-global %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1915/finding-common-ground-us-export-controls-in-a-changed-global %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 295 %X %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Fienberg, Stephen E. %E Martin, Margaret E. %E Straf, Miron L. %T Sharing Research Data %@ 978-0-309-07873-3 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2033/sharing-research-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2033/sharing-research-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 240 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Gostin, Lawrence O. %E Vanchieri, Cori %E Pope, Andrew %T Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners %@ 978-0-309-10119-6 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11692/ethical-considerations-for-research-involving-prisoners %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11692/ethical-considerations-for-research-involving-prisoners %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 284 %X In the past 30 years, the population of prisoners in the United States has expanded almost 5-fold, correctional facilities are increasingly overcrowded, and more of the country's disadvantaged populations&#8212racial minorities, women, people with mental illness, and people with communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis&#8212are under correctional supervision. Because prisoners face restrictions on liberty and autonomy, have limited privacy, and often receive inadequate health care, they require specific protections when involved in research, particularly in today's correctional settings. Given these issues, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office for Human Research Protections commissioned the Institute of Medicine to review the ethical considerations regarding research involving prisoners. The resulting analysis contained in this book, Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners, emphasizes five broad actions to provide prisoners involved in research with critically important protections: &#8226 expand the definition of "prisoner"; &#8226 ensure universally and consistently applied standards of protection; &#8226 shift from a category-based to a risk-benefit approach to research review; &#8226 update the ethical framework to include collaborative responsibility; and &#8226 enhance systematic oversight of research involving prisoners. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program %@ 978-0-309-29117-0 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18448/21st-century-manufacturing-the-role-of-the-manufacturing-extension-partnership %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18448/21st-century-manufacturing-the-role-of-the-manufacturing-extension-partnership %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 490 %X The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) - a program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology - has sought for more than two decades to strengthen American manufacturing. It is a national network of affiliated manufacturing extension centers and field offices located throughout all fifty states and Puerto Rico. Funding for MEP Centers comes from a combination of federal, state, local and private resources. Centers work directly with manufacturing firms in their state or sub-state region. MEP Centers provide expertise, services and assistance directed toward improving growth, supply chain positioning, leveraging emerging technologies, improving manufacturing processes, work force training, and the application and implementation of information in client companies through direct assistance provided by Center staff and from partner organizations and third party consultants. 21st Century Manufacturing seeks to generate a better understanding of the operation, achievements, and challenges of the MEP program in its mission to support, strengthen, and grow U.S. manufacturing. This report identifies and reviews similar national programs from abroad in order to draw on foreign practices, funding levels, and accomplishments as a point of reference and discusses current needs and initiatives in light of the global focus on advanced manufacturing, %0 Book %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Swords into Market Shares: Technology, Economics, and Security in the New Russia %@ 978-0-309-06841-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9746/swords-into-market-shares-technology-economics-and-security-in-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9746/swords-into-market-shares-technology-economics-and-security-in-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 330 %X While researching this book, Glenn Schweitzer met four Moscow physicists who were trying to license Russian technology to western firms for product manufacture. During the worst times, they were reduced to driving taxis to keep things afloat. He asked them, will technological innovation have a discernible impact on the Russian economy in the coming decade? No, was the immediate reply. Are they right? In Swords into Market Shares, Schweitzer examines the roots of such pessimism and the prospects for Russia to prosper from its technology in the post-Soviet world. He explores the different visions of prosperity held by entrepreneurs, technologists, and government officials and goes on to examine the barriers to progress as Russia struggles to build a viable technology industry on its own terms. In accessible language, this book talks about technology's place within Russia's economy and its research and development infrastructure. Schweitzer looks at the impact of the Soviet legacy—central planning, lack of priorities, scant incentives for personal initiative—and the aftermath of the Russian financial meltdown of 1998. He also reviews the experiences of American companies that have invested in Russian technology and examines the results of pressure to reform according to the economic model of the West. Schweitzer goes on to document the problems of economic crime and government corruption, which plague activities designed to generate income in Russia. He discusses the lack of protection for intellectual property and taxation issues that stand in the way of technological innovation. The book looks at the impact of the "brain drain" as Russian experts seek greener pastures—not only the ominous recruitment of Russian biological weapons experts and the acquisition of military technology by "rogue" nations—but also Russia's own program to sell military technology for badly needed funds. Schweitzer's use of case studies and examples puts a human face on these issues. He also discusses Russia's 60 "science cities"—sites of state research centers—with close-ups of three "nuclear cities." Can the technical strengths of the Soviet military complex find a place in civilian Russia? How can this vast country sustain even a minimal standard of living? Swords into Market Shares addresses these and other key questions and explores fundamental policy issues confronting both Russia and the United States as Russia struggles for an economic foothold. %0 Book %T Papers Commissioned for a Workshop on the Federal Role in Research and Development %@ 978-0-309-07869-6 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/942/papers-commissioned-for-a-workshop-on-the-federal-role-in-research-and-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/942/papers-commissioned-for-a-workshop-on-the-federal-role-in-research-and-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 388 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arrison, Thomas %E Saunders, Jennifer %E Kameyama, Emi %T Developing a Toolkit for Fostering Open Science Practices: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09361-3 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 120 %X The National Academies Roundtable on Aligning Incentives for Open Science, established in 2019, has taken on an important role in addressing issues with open science. The roundtable convenes critical stakeholders to discuss the effectiveness of current incentives for adopting open science practices, current barriers of all types, and ways to move forward in order to align reward structures and institutional values. The Roundtable convened a virtual public workshop on fostering open science practices on November 5, 2020. The broad goal of the workshop was to identify paths to growing the nascent coalition of stakeholders committed to reenvisioning credit/reward systems (e.g., academic hiring, tenure and promotion, and grants)to fully incentivize open science practices. The workshop explored the information and resource needs of researchers, research institutions, government agencies, philanthropies, professional societies, and other stakeholders interested in further supporting and implementing open science practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research %@ 978-0-309-28828-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18384/the-experimental-program-to-stimulate-competitive-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18384/the-experimental-program-to-stimulate-competitive-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 142 %X The primary federal program designed to ensure that all states are capable of participating the nation's research enterprise fall under the general rubric of the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR). The National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy, Department of Agriculture, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration have active EPSCOR programs. Since its inaugural year in 1979, the EPSCOR program has grown from funding programs in five states to awarding funding to 31 states in 2012. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research assesses the effectiveness of EPSCOR and similar federal agency programs in improving national research capabilities, promoting an equitable distribution of research funding, and integrating their efforts with other initiatives designed to strengthen the nation's research capacity. This report also looks at the effectiveness of EPSCOR states in using awards to develop science engineering research and education, as well a science and engineering infrastructure within their state. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research makes recommendations for improvement for each agency to create a more focused program with greater impact. %0 Book %T Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information: Two Volumes %D 1959 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10866/proceedings-of-the-international-conference-on-scientific-information-two-volumes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10866/proceedings-of-the-international-conference-on-scientific-information-two-volumes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 1662 %X The launch of Sputnik caused a flurry of governmental activity in science information. The 1958 International Conference on Scientific Information (ICSI) was held in Washington from Nov. 16-21, 1958 and sponsored by NSF, NAS, and American Documentation Institute, the predecessor to the American Society for Information Science. In 1959, 20,000 copies of the two volume proceedings were published by NAS and included 75 papers (1600 pages) by dozens of pioneers from seven areas such as: Literature and reference needs of scientists Function and effectiveness of A & I services Effectiveness of Monographs, Compendia, and Specialized Centers Organization of information for storage and search: comparative characteristics of existing systems Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: intellectual problems and equipment considerations Organization of information for storage and retrospective search: possibility for a general theory Responsibilities of Government, Societies, Universities, and industry for improved information services and research. It is now an out of print classic in the field of science information studies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wellford, Charles F. %E Chemers, Betty M. %E Schuck, Julie A. %T Strengthening the National Institute of Justice %@ 978-0-309-15635-6 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12929/strengthening-the-national-institute-of-justice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12929/strengthening-the-national-institute-of-justice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 334 %X The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the nation's primary resource for advancing scientific research, development, and evaluation on crime and crime control and the administration of justice in the United States. Headed by a presidentially appointed director, it is one of the major units in the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) of the U.S. Department of Justice. Under its authorizing legislation, NIJ awards grants and contracts to a variety of public and private organizations and individuals. At the request of NIJ, Strengthening the National Institute of Justice assesses the operations and quality of the full range of its programs. These include social science research, science and technology research and development, capacity building, and technology assistance. The book concludes that a federal research institute such as NIJ is vital to the nation's continuing efforts to control crime and administer justice. No other federal, state, local, or private organization can do what NIJ was created to do. Forty years ago, Congress envisioned a science agency dedicated to building knowledge to support crime prevention and control by developing a wide range of techniques for dealing with individual offenders, identifying injustices and biases in the administration of justice, and supporting more basic and operational research on crime and the criminal justice system and the involvement of the community in crime control efforts. As the embodiment of that vision, NIJ has accomplished a great deal. It has succeeded in developing a body of knowledge on such important topics as hot spots policing, violence against women, the role of firearms and drugs in crime, drug courts, and forensic DNA analysis. It has helped build the crime and justice research infrastructure. It has also widely disseminated the results of its research programs to help guide practice and policy. But its efforts have been severely hampered by a lack of independence, authority, and discretionary resources to carry out its mission.