%0 Book %A National Research Council %T World-Class Research and Development: Characteristics for an Army Research, Development, and Engineering Organization %@ 978-0-309-05589-5 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 83 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Technical Assessment of the Capital Facility Needs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology %@ 978-0-309-69260-1 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26684/technical-assessment-of-the-capital-facility-needs-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26684/technical-assessment-of-the-capital-facility-needs-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 178 %X The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides critical impact to the nation through standards development and cutting-edge research, with a mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life. NIST supports innovative manufacturing that impacts the U.S. economy and national security. The NIST mission is accomplished primarily at its campuses in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and Boulder, Colorado. At the request of NIST, Technical Assessment of the Capital Facility Needs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology assesses the comprehensive capital needs of the NIST campuses. This report evaluates current strategies and tools for capital facilities assessment, and methods for determining annual funding levels for sustainment, restoration, and modernization. The report makes recommendations for facility management strategies that will provide the functionality needed by world-class scientists on vital assignments of national consequence. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Maintaining High Scientific Quality at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories %@ 978-0-309-09244-9 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11009/maintaining-high-scientific-quality-at-los-alamos-and-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratories %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11009/maintaining-high-scientific-quality-at-los-alamos-and-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratories %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 58 %X In recent years, there has been concern about security and operations management at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LANL and LLNL). As a result, Congress directed the Department of Energy (DOE) to hold open competitions for the management and operations (M&O) contracts for both LANL and LLNL. The quality of the scientific programs, however, did not appear to be a factor in that action, and the DOE's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) wanted to ensure that the contract competitions preserve the high-quality science and engineering currently being performed at the labs. It asked the NRC to recommend how best the NNSA can create meaningful qualification and selection discriminators to help ensure world-class scientific quality is maintained in programs and activities at LANL and LLNL. This report presents those recommendations along with other important factors that should be considered in developing the request for proposals for the upcoming contract competition. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Leveraging the Future Research and Development Ecosystem for the Intelligence Community—Understanding the International Aspect of the Landscape: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26604/leveraging-the-future-research-and-development-ecosystem-for-the-intelligence-community-understanding-the-international-aspect-of-the-landscape %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26604/leveraging-the-future-research-and-development-ecosystem-for-the-intelligence-community-understanding-the-international-aspect-of-the-landscape %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 12 %X On June 9, 2021, the Intelligence Community Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on behalf of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. This unclassified workshop was the second of two data-gathering workshops. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for the United States %@ 978-0-309-15571-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12920/st-strategies-of-six-countries-implications-for-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12920/st-strategies-of-six-countries-implications-for-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 126 %X An increase in global access to goods and knowledge is transforming world-class science and technology (S&T) by bringing it within the capability of an unprecedented number of global parties who must compete for resources, markets, and talent. In particular, globalization has facilitated the success of formal S&T plans in many developing countries, where traditional limitations can now be overcome through the accumulation and global trade of a wide variety of goods, skills, and knowledge. As a result, centers for technological research and development (R&D) are now globally dispersed, setting the stage for greater uncertainty in the political, economic, and security arenas. These changes will have a potentially enormous impact for the U.S. national security policy, which for the past half century was premised on U.S. economic and technological dominance. As the U.S. monopoly on talent and innovation wanes, arms export regulations and restrictions on visas for foreign S&T workers are becoming less useful as security strategies. The acute level of S&T competition among leading countries in the world today suggests that countries that fail to exploit new technologies or that lose the capability for proprietary use of their own new technologies will find their existing industries uncompetitive or obsolete. The increased access to information has transformed the 1950s' paradigm of "control and isolation" of information for innovation control into the current one of "engagement and partnerships" between innovators for innovation creation. Current and future strategies for S&T development need to be considered in light of these new realities. This book analyzes the S&T strategies of Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Singapore (JBRICS), six countries that have either undergone or are undergoing remarkable growth in their S&T capabilities for the purpose of identifying unique national features and how they are utilized in the evolving global S&T environment. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Khosla, Pradeep K. %E Beaton, Paul T. %T An Assessment of ARPA-E %@ 978-0-309-45945-7 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24778/an-assessment-of-arpa-e %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24778/an-assessment-of-arpa-e %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 280 %X In 2005, the National Research Council report Rising Above the Gathering Storm recommended a new way for the federal government to spur technological breakthroughs in the energy sector. It recommended the creation of a new agency, the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, or ARPA-E, as an adaptation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) model—widely considered a successful experiment that has funded out-of-the-box, transformative research and engineering that made possible the Internet, GPS, and stealth aircraft. This new agency was envisioned as a means of tackling the nation's energy challenges in a way that could translate basic research into technological breakthroughs while also addressing economic, environmental, and security issues. Congress authorized ARPA-E in the 2007 America COMPETES Act and requested an early assessment following 6 years of operation to examine the agency's progress toward achieving its statutory mission and goals. This report documents the results of that assessment. It includes both an operational assessment of the agency's funding programs and a technical assessment of its awards, to the extent possible. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2009-2010 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %@ 978-0-309-21140-6 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13137/2009-2010-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13137/2009-2010-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 134 %X The charge of the Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board (ARLTAB) is to provide biannual assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the research, development, and analysis programs at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The advice provided in this report focuses on technical rather than programmatic considerations. The Board is assisted by six National Research Council (NRC) panels, each of which focuses on the portion of the ARL program conducted by one of ARL's six directorates. When requested to do so by ARL, the Board also examines work that cuts across the directorates. The Board has been performing assessments of ARL since 1996. The current report summarizes its finding for the 2009-2010 period, during which 96 volunteer experts in fields of science and engineering participated in the following activities: visiting ARL annually, receiving formal presentations of technical work, examining facilities, engaging in technical discussions with ARL staff, and reviewing ARL technical materials. The Board continues to be impressed by the overall quality of ARL's technical staff and their work and applauds ARL for its clear, passionate concern for the end user of its technology--the soldier in the field--and for ARL's demonstrated mindfulness of the importance of transitioning technology to support immediate and longer-term Army needs. ARL staff also continue to expand their involvement with the wider scientific and engineering community. In general, ARL is working very well within an appropriate research and development (R&D) niche and has been demonstrating significant accomplishments. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities in High Magnetic Field Science %@ 978-0-309-09582-2 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11211/opportunities-in-high-magnetic-field-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11211/opportunities-in-high-magnetic-field-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 188 %X High-field magnets—those that operate at the limits of the mechanical and/or electromagnetic properties of their structural materials—are used as research tools in a variety of scientific disciplines. The study of high magnetic fields themselves is also important in many areas such as astrophysics. Because of their importance in scientific research and the possibility of new breakthroughs, the National Science Foundation asked the National Research Council to assess the current state of and future prospects for high-field science and technology in the United States. This report presents the results of that assessment. It focuses on scientific and technological challenges and opportunities, and not on specific program activities. The report provides findings and recommendations about important research directions, the relative strength of U.S. efforts compared to other countries, and ways in which the program can operate more effectively. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessment of the In-House Laboratory Independent Research at the Army's Research, Development, and Engineering Centers %@ 978-0-309-49932-3 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25611/assessment-of-the-in-house-laboratory-independent-research-at-the-armys-research-development-and-engineering-centers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25611/assessment-of-the-in-house-laboratory-independent-research-at-the-armys-research-development-and-engineering-centers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 134 %X This report evaluates the In-House Laboratory Independent Research (ILIR) conducted at the Research, Development, and Engineering Centers (RDECs) of the U.S. Army’s Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM) during 2018. It reviews and offers recommendations for each of the eight areas of ILIR research: chemistry, computational sciences, electronics, life sciences, materials science, mechanical sciences, network sciences, and physics. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T America's Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Space Program with National Needs %@ 978-0-309-14036-2 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12701/americas-future-in-space-aligning-the-civil-space-program-with %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12701/americas-future-in-space-aligning-the-civil-space-program-with %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Space and Aeronautics %P 106 %X As civil space policies and programs have evolved, the geopolitical environment has changed dramatically. Although the U.S. space program was originally driven in large part by competition with the Soviet Union, the nation now finds itself in a post-Cold War world in which many nations have established, or are aspiring to develop, independent space capabilities. Furthermore discoveries from developments in the first 50 years of the space age have led to an explosion of scientific and engineering knowledge and practical applications of space technology. The private sector has also been developing, fielding, and expanding the commercial use of space-based technology and systems. Recognizing the new national and international context for space activities, America's Future in Space is meant to advise the nation on key goals and critical issues in 21st century U.S. civil space policy. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2007-2008 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %@ 978-0-309-14390-5 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12742/2007-2008-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12742/2007-2008-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 132 %X This volume is the latest in a series of biennial assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The current report summarizes findings for the 2007-2008 period, during which 95 volunteer experts in fields of science and engineering participated in the following activities: visiting ARL annually, receiving formal presentations of technical work, examining facilities, engaging in technical discussions with ARL staff, and reviewing ARL technical materials. The overall quality of ARL's technical staff and their work continues to be impressive, as well as the relevance of their work to Army needs. ARL continues to exhibit a clear, passionate concern for the end user of its technology--the soldier in the field. While two directorates have large program-support missions, there is considerable customer-support work across the directorates, which universally demonstrate mindfulness of the importance of transitioning technology to support immediate and near-term Army needs. ARL staff also continue to expand their involvement with the wider scientific and engineering community. This involvement includes monitoring relevant developments elsewhere, engaging in significant collaborative work (including the Collaborative Technology Alliances), and sharing work through peer reviews. In general, ARL is working very well within an appropriate research and development niche and has been demonstrating significant accomplishments. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T An Assessment of the Center for Neutron Research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2018 %@ 978-0-309-48553-1 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25282/an-assessment-of-the-center-for-neutron-research-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25282/an-assessment-of-the-center-for-neutron-research-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 44 %X At the request of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has, since 1959 annually assembled panels of experts from academia, industry, medicine, and other scientific and engineering environments to assess the quality and effectiveness of the NIST measurements and standards laboratories, of which there are now seven, as well as the adequacy of the laboratories’ resources. This report assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research in the fiscal year 2018. It reviews the organization's technical programs; the portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization; the adequacy of the organization's facilities, equipment, and human resources; and the effectiveness with which the organization disseminates its program outputs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Selling the Nation's Helium Reserve %@ 978-0-309-14979-2 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12844/selling-the-nations-helium-reserve %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12844/selling-the-nations-helium-reserve %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 156 %X Helium has long been the subject of public policy deliberation and management, largely because of its many strategic uses and its unusual source-it is a derived product of natural gas and its market has several anomalous characteristics. Shortly after sources of helium were discovered at the beginning of the last century, the U.S. government recognized helium's potential importance to the nation's interests and placed its production and availability under strict governmental control. In the 1960s, helium's strategic value in cold war efforts was reflected in policies that resulted in the accumulation of a large reserve of helium owned by the federal government. The latest manifestation of public policy is expressed in the Helium Privatization Act of 1996 (1996 12 Act), which directs that substantially all of the helium accumulated as a result of those earlier policies be sold off by 2015 at prices sufficient to repay the federal government for its outlays associated with the helium program. The present volume assesses whether the interests of the United States have been well served by the 1996 Act and, in particular, whether selling off the helium reserve has had any adverse effect on U.S. scientific, technical, biomedical, and national security users of helium. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physics Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2010 %@ 978-0-309-16158-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13008/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-physics-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13008/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-physics-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 72 %X The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory is to support U.S. industry, government, and the scientific community by providing measurement services and research for electronic, optical, and radiation technology. In this respect, the laboratory provides the foundation for the metrology of optical and ionizing radiations, time and frequency, and fundamental quantum processes, historically major areas of standards and technology. The Panel on Physics visited the six divisions of the laboratory and reviewed a selected sample of their programs and projects. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluation of NSF's Program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE) %@ 978-0-309-14186-4 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12716/evaluation-of-nsfs-program-of-grants-for-vertical-integration-of-research-and-education-in-the-mathematical-sciences-vigre %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12716/evaluation-of-nsfs-program-of-grants-for-vertical-integration-of-research-and-education-in-the-mathematical-sciences-vigre %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 130 %X In 1998, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched a program of Grants for Vertical Integration of Research and Education in the Mathematical Sciences (VIGRE). These grants were designed for institutions with PhD-granting departments in the mathematical sciences, for the purpose of developing high-quality education programs, at all levels, that are vertically integrated with the research activities of these departments. To date, more than 50 departments at 40 institutions have received VIGRE awards. As requested by NSF, the present volume reviews the goals of the VIGRE program and evaluates how well the program is designed to address those goals. The book considers past and current practices for assessing the VIGRE program; draws tentative conclusions about the program's achievements based on the data collected to date; and evaluates NSF's plans for future data-driven assessments. In addition, critical policy and programmatic changes for the program are identified, with recommendations for how to address these changes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research: Fiscal Year 2007 %@ 978-0-309-11179-9 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12010/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-center-for-neutron-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12010/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-center-for-neutron-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 20 %X The book on the NCNR presents a general assessment of the Lab, followed by assessments of its facilities and personnel, its role as a user facility, and its science and technology. The book notes that the NCNR provides a high flux of neutrons to an evolving suite of high-quality instruments, has a substantial and satisfied external user community, and its in-house science and technology is robust. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluation of Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties Methodology for Assessing and Certifying the Reliability of the Nuclear Stockpile %@ 978-0-309-12853-7 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12531/evaluation-of-quantification-of-margins-and-uncertainties-methodology-for-assessing-and-certifying-the-reliability-of-the-nuclear-stockpile %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12531/evaluation-of-quantification-of-margins-and-uncertainties-methodology-for-assessing-and-certifying-the-reliability-of-the-nuclear-stockpile %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 92 %X Maintaining the capabilities of the nuclear weapons stockpile and performing the annual assessment for the stockpile's certification involves a wide range of processes, technologies, and expertise. An important and valuable framework helping to link those components is the quantification of margins and uncertainties (QMU) methodology. In this book, the National Research Council evaluates: how the national security labs were using QMU, including any significant differences among the three labs its use in the annual assessment whether the applications of QMU to assess the proposed reliable replacement warhead (RRW) could reduce the likelihood of resuming underground nuclear testing This book presents an assessment of each of these issues and includes findings and recommendations to help guide laboratory and NNSA implementation and development of the QMU framework. It also serves as a guide for congressional oversight of those activities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2007 %@ 978-0-309-11183-6 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12011/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-electronics-and-electrical-engineering-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12011/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-electronics-and-electrical-engineering-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 38 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strategies to Enhance Air Force Communication with Internal and External Audiences: A Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-38901-3 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21876/strategies-to-enhance-air-force-communication-with-internal-and-external-audiences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21876/strategies-to-enhance-air-force-communication-with-internal-and-external-audiences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 50 %X The U.S. Air Force (USAF) helps defend the United States and its interests by organizing, training, and equipping forces for operations in and through three distinct domains -- air, space, and cyberspace. The Air Force concisely expresses its vision as "Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global Power for America." Operations within each of these domains are dynamic, take place over large distances, occur over different operational timelines, and cannot be routinely seen or recorded, making it difficult for Airmen, national decision makers, and the American People to visualize and comprehend the full scope of Air Force operations. As a result, the Air Force faces increasing difficulty in succinctly and effectively communicating the complexity, dynamic range, and strategic importance of its mission to Airmen and to the American people. To address this concern, the Chief of Staff of the USAF requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene a workshop to explore options on how the Air Force can effectively communicate the strategic importance of the Service, its mission, and the role it plays in the defense of the United States. Participants worked to address the issues that a diverse workforce encompassing a myriad of backgrounds, education, and increasingly diverse current mission sets drives the requirement for a new communication strategy. The demographics of today's Air Force creates both a unique opportunity and a distinct challenge to Air Force leadership as it struggles to communicate its vision and strategy effectively across several micro-cultures within the organization and to the general public. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research: Fiscal Year 2010 %@ 978-0-309-16170-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13012/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-center-for-neutron-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13012/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-center-for-neutron-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %P 26 %X The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is a national user facility whose mission is to ensure the availability of neutron measurement capabilities in order to meet the needs of U.S. researchers from industry, academia, and government agencies. This mission is aligned with the mission of NIST, which is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve the quality of life. As requested by the Deputy Director of NIST, this book assesses NCNR, based on the following criteria: (1) the technical merit of the current laboratory programs relative to current state-of-the-art programs worldwide; (2) the adequacy of the laboratory budget, facilities, equipment, and human resources, as they affect the quality of the laboratory technical programs; and (3) the degree to which the laboratory programs in measurement science and standards achieve their stated objectives and desired impact.