%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Neutrinos and Beyond: New Windows on Nature %@ 978-0-309-08716-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10583/neutrinos-and-beyond-new-windows-on-nature %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10583/neutrinos-and-beyond-new-windows-on-nature %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Space and Aeronautics %P 104 %X The President's FY 2003 Budget Request for the National Science Foundation (NSF) under the Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction Account called for a National Research Council (NRC) review of the scientific merits of IceCube and other proposed U.S. neutrino projects in the context of current and proposed capabilities throughout the world. The NRC committee-the Neutrino Facilities Assessment Committee (NFAC)-was charged with providing scientific assessments of two possible future science initiatives: (1) IceCube, a very large volume detector of high-energy neutrinos proposed for the South Pole and (2) a possible deep underground science facility to be developed in the United States to pursue a broad range of fundamental questions in physics and astronomy. Fourteen persons were appointed to the committee, and the first meeting was held in June 2002, with delivery of the final report expected within 6 months. The committee's assessment was to be performed in the context of current and planned neutrino capabilities throughout the world. Specifically, the study was to address the unique capabilities of each class of new experiment and any possible redundancy between the two types of facility. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reducing the Time from Basic Research to Innovation in the Chemical Sciences: A Workshop Report to the Chemical Sciences Roundtable %@ 978-0-309-08734-6 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10676/reducing-the-time-from-basic-research-to-innovation-in-the-chemical-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10676/reducing-the-time-from-basic-research-to-innovation-in-the-chemical-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 142 %X Innovation, the process by which fundamental research becomes a commercial product, is increasingly important in the chemical sciences and is changing the nature of research and development efforts in the United States. The workshop was held in response to requests to speed the R&D process and to rapidly evolve the patterns of interaction among industry, academe, and national laboratories. The report contains the authors' written version of the workshop presentations along with audience reaction. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Twenty-Fourth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics %@ 978-0-309-25470-0 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10834/twenty-fourth-symposium-on-naval-hydrodynamics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10834/twenty-fourth-symposium-on-naval-hydrodynamics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 1026 %X This report is part of a series of reports that summarize this regular event. The report discusses research developments in ship design, construction, and operation in a forum that encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Frontiers in High Energy Density Physics: The X-Games of Contemporary Science %@ 978-0-309-08637-0 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10544/frontiers-in-high-energy-density-physics-the-x-games-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10544/frontiers-in-high-energy-density-physics-the-x-games-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Space and Aeronautics %P 176 %X Recent scientific and technical advances have made it possible to create matter in the laboratory under conditions relevant to astrophysical systems such as supernovae and black holes. These advances will also benefit inertial confinement fusion research and the nation’s nuclear weapon’s program. The report describes the major research facilities on which such high energy density conditions can be achieved and lists a number of key scientific questions about high energy density physics that can be addressed by this research. Several recommendations are presented that would facilitate the development of a comprehensive strategy for realizing these research opportunities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Materials Research to Meet 21st-Century Defense Needs %@ 978-0-309-08700-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10631/materials-research-to-meet-21st-century-defense-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 330 %X In order to achieve the revolutionary new defense capabilities offered by materials science and engineering, innovative management to reduce the risks associated with translating research results will be needed along with the R&D. While payoff is expected to be high from the promising areas of materials research, many of the benefits are likely to be evolutionary. Nevertheless, failure to invest in more speculative areas of research could lead to undesired technological surprises. Basic research in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science will provide the seeds for potentially revolutionary technologies later in the 21st century. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century %@ 978-0-309-07406-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10079/connecting-quarks-with-the-cosmos-eleven-science-questions-for-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10079/connecting-quarks-with-the-cosmos-eleven-science-questions-for-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Space and Aeronautics %P 222 %X Advances made by physicists in understanding matter, space, and time and by astronomers in understanding the universe as a whole have closely intertwined the question being asked about the universe at its two extremes—the very large and the very small. This report identifies 11 key questions that have a good chance to be answered in the next decade. It urges that a new research strategy be created that brings to bear the techniques of both astronomy and sub-atomic physics in a cross-disciplinary way to address these questions. The report presents seven recommendations to facilitate the necessary research and development coordination. These recommendations identify key priorities for future scientific projects critical for realizing these scientific opportunities. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T The Carbon Dioxide Dilemma: Promising Technologies and Policies %@ 978-0-309-08921-0 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10798/the-carbon-dioxide-dilemma-promising-technologies-and-policies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10798/the-carbon-dioxide-dilemma-promising-technologies-and-policies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 150 %X Growing concerns about climate change partly as a result of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions has prompted the research community to assess technologies and policies for sequestration. This report contains presentations of a symposium held in April of 2002. The sequestration options range form ocean disposal, terrestrial disposal in geologic formations, biomass based approaches and carbon trading schemes. The report also presents current efforts at enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide and demonstrating its utility. The volume is intended only as introduction to the subject and not the final word. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering %@ 978-0-309-08477-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10633/beyond-the-molecular-frontier-challenges-for-chemistry-and-chemical-engineering %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10633/beyond-the-molecular-frontier-challenges-for-chemistry-and-chemical-engineering %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Computers and Information Technology %P 238 %X Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed significantly in the last decade. They have broadened their scope—into biology, nanotechnology, materials science, computation, and advanced methods of process systems engineering and control—so much that the programs in most chemistry and chemical engineering departments now barely resemble the classical notion of chemistry. Beyond the Molecular Frontier brings together research, discovery, and invention across the entire spectrum of the chemical sciences—from fundamental, molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology. This reflects the way the field has evolved, the synergy at universities between research and education in chemistry and chemical engineering, and the way chemists and chemical engineers work together in industry. The astonishing developments in science and engineering during the 20th century have made it possible to dream of new goals that might previously have been considered unthinkable. This book identifies the key opportunities and challenges for the chemical sciences, from basic research to societal needs and from terrorism defense to environmental protection, and it looks at the ways in which chemists and chemical engineers can work together to contribute to an improved future. %0 Book %T Chemical Communication in a Post-Genomic World %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10965/chemical-communication-in-a-post-genomic-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10965/chemical-communication-in-a-post-genomic-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 98 %X One major goal of post-genomic biology is to understand the function of genes. Many gene functions are comprehensible only within the context of chemical communication, and this symposium seeks to highlight emerging research on genomics and chemical communication and catalyze further development of this highly productive interface. Many of the most abundantly represented genes in the genomes characterized to date encode proteins mediating interactions among organisms, including odorant receptors and binding proteins, enzymes involved in biosynthesis of pheromones and toxins, and enzymes catalyzing the detoxification of defense compounds. Determining the molecular underpinnings of the component elements of chemical communication systems in all of their forms has the potential to explain a vast array of ecological, physiological, and evolutionary phenomena; by the same token, ecologists who elucidate the environmental challenges faced by the organisms are uniquely well-equipped to characterize natural ligands for receptors and substrates for enzymes. Thus, partnerships between genome biologists and chemical ecologists will likely be extremely synergistic. To date, these groups have rarely had opportunities to interact within a single forum. Such interactions are vital given the considerable practical benefits potentially stemming from these studies, including the development of biorational products for agricultural and forest pest management, for disease treatment, and for improving the quality of ecosystem health. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Environment: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08719-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10803/the-environment-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the-21st %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10803/the-environment-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the-21st %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Computers and Information Technology %P 190 %X The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with environmental science, examines its interactions with related areas of science and technology, and identifies challenges and opportunities for research. The report also identifies important contributions that have been made by the chemical sciences toward solving environmental problems, and emphasizes the opportunities for chemists and chemical engineers to make future contributions toward understanding and improving the environment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Information and Communications: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08721-6 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10831/information-and-communications-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10831/information-and-communications-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 208 %X Since publication of the National Research Council (NRC) reports on chemistry in 1985 and chemical engineering in 1988,1,2 dramatic advances in information technology (IT) have totally changed these communities. During this period, the chemical enterprise and information technology have enjoyed both a remarkably productive and mutually supportive set of advances. These synergies sparked unprecedented growth in the capability and productivity of both fields including the definition of entirely new areas of the chemical enterprise. The chemical enterprise provided information technology with device fabrication processes, new materials, data, models, methods, and (most importantly) people. In turn, information technology provided chemical science and technology with truly remarkable and revolutionary resources for computations, communications, and data management. Indeed, computation has become the strong third component of the chemical science research and development effort, joining experiment and theory. Sustained mutual growth and interdependence of the chemical and information communities should take account of several unique aspects of the chemical sciences. These include extensive and complex databases that characterize the chemical disciplines; the importance of multiscale simulations that range from molecules to technological processes; the global economic impact of the chemical industry; and the industry's major influence on the nation's health, environment, security, and economic well-being. In planning the future of the chemical sciences and technology, it is crucial to recognize the benefits already derived from advances in information technology as well as to point the way to future benefits that will be derived. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Materials Science and Technology: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08512-0 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10694/materials-science-and-technology-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10694/materials-science-and-technology-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 98 %X The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with materials science and identifies challenges for research. Recent advances are blurring the distinction between chemistry and materials science and are enabling the creation of new materials that, to date, have only been predicted by theory. These advances include a greater ability to construct materials from molecular components, to design materials for a desired function, to understand molecular "self-assembly, and to improve processes by which the material is "engineered" into the final product. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Novel Approaches to Carbon Management: Separation, Capture, Sequestration, and Conversion to Useful Products: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-08937-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10699/novel-approaches-to-carbon-management-separation-capture-sequestration-and-conversion %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10699/novel-approaches-to-carbon-management-separation-capture-sequestration-and-conversion %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 45 %X The National Research Council's (NRC's) Committee on Novel Approaches to the Management of Greenhouse Gases from Energy Systems held a workshop at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California, on February 12-14, 2003, to identify promising lines of research that could lead to currently unforeseen breakthroughs in the management of carbon from energy systems. The information identified by participants in the workshop will be used by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy (FE) to award grants for new research in carbon management. During the workshop, invited participants from a variety of disciplines contributed their expertise and creativity to addressing the problem of carbon management. The ideas developed during the workshop were synthesized into this report by the committee, which oversaw the organization and execution of the workshop. However, this workshop summary does not contain any committee conclusions or recommendations, but simply reports on research areas that were identified as promising during the workshop discussions. The purpose of the workshop, as noted, was to identify novel approaches to the management of carbon from energy systems. The workshop is part of a project conducted by the NRC for DOE's Office of Fossil Energy (DOE/FE). DOE/FE will consider the workshop report as it develops a solicitation to be issued in spring 2003. The solicitation will call for research proposals on enabling science and technology research on novel approaches for the management of carbon from energy systems. Chapters 2 through 6 of this report summarize the most promising new ideas on carbon management identified by each of the four subgroups at the workshop. In the respective chapters, the ideas are described, their significance is explained, and research opportunities are listed. Each chapter includes a statement of the scientific and engineering challenges related to its topic. Chapter 6 includes crosscutting issues not specific to one of the four subgroups. The chapters themselves do not include detailed analysis regarding feasibility, energy and mass balance, and so forth, as the workshop's time and scope did not permit this; it is assumed such analyses will be carried out in the research proposals that DOE funds. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Energy and Transportation: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-08741-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10814/energy-and-transportation-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10814/energy-and-transportation-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 126 %X This book, also based on a workshop, assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering at the interface with novel and existing forms of energy and transportation systems. The book also identifies challenges for the chemical sciences in helping to meet the increased demand for more energy, and opportunities for research in energy technologies and in the development of transportation vehicles. %0 Book %E Derbyshire, John %T Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics %@ 978-0-309-51257-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10532/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10532/prime-obsession-bernhard-riemann-and-the-greatest-unsolved-problem-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 446 %X In August 1859 Bernhard Riemann, a little-known 32-year old mathematician, presented a paper to the Berlin Academy titled: "On the Number of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Quantity." In the middle of that paper, Riemann made an incidental remark — a guess, a hypothesis. What he tossed out to the assembled mathematicians that day has proven to be almost cruelly compelling to countless scholars in the ensuing years. Today, after 150 years of careful research and exhaustive study, the question remains. Is the hypothesis true or false? Riemann's basic inquiry, the primary topic of his paper, concerned a straightforward but nevertheless important matter of arithmetic — defining a precise formula to track and identify the occurrence of prime numbers. But it is that incidental remark — the Riemann Hypothesis — that is the truly astonishing legacy of his 1859 paper. Because Riemann was able to see beyond the pattern of the primes to discern traces of something mysterious and mathematically elegant shrouded in the shadows — subtle variations in the distribution of those prime numbers. Brilliant for its clarity, astounding for its potential consequences, the Hypothesis took on enormous importance in mathematics. Indeed, the successful solution to this puzzle would herald a revolution in prime number theory. Proving or disproving it became the greatest challenge of the age. It has become clear that the Riemann Hypothesis, whose resolution seems to hang tantalizingly just beyond our grasp, holds the key to a variety of scientific and mathematical investigations. The making and breaking of modern codes, which depend on the properties of the prime numbers, have roots in the Hypothesis. In a series of extraordinary developments during the 1970s, it emerged that even the physics of the atomic nucleus is connected in ways not yet fully understood to this strange conundrum. Hunting down the solution to the Riemann Hypothesis has become an obsession for many — the veritable "great white whale" of mathematical research. Yet despite determined efforts by generations of mathematicians, the Riemann Hypothesis defies resolution. Alternating passages of extraordinarily lucid mathematical exposition with chapters of elegantly composed biography and history, Prime Obsession is a fascinating and fluent account of an epic mathematical mystery that continues to challenge and excite the world. Posited a century and a half ago, the Riemann Hypothesis is an intellectual feast for the cognoscenti and the curious alike. Not just a story of numbers and calculations, Prime Obsession is the engrossing tale of a relentless hunt for an elusive proof — and those who have been consumed by it.