@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Science Foundation", isbn = "978-0-309-70027-6", abstract = "The National Science Foundation (NSF) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a quadrennial review of the NSF Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, in accordance with a legislative mandate. Drawing on published research plus existing data, Review of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Science Foundation analyzes the effectiveness of NSF award selection process and postaward assistance; the effectiveness of the STTR program in stimulating new collaborations; the economic and noneconomic impacts of the programs; effectiveness of the programs in stimulating technological innovation and supporting small, new firms across the technological spectrum; and the role of the programs in providing early capital to firms without other significant sources of support.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26884/review-of-the-sbir-and-sttr-programs-at-the-national-science-foundation", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "SBIR/STTR at the National Institutes of Health", isbn = "978-0-309-37877-2", abstract = "The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide federal research and development funding to small businesses. In 2008, the National Research Council completed a comprehensive assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs. The first-round study found that the programs were \"sound in concept and effective in practice.\" Building on the outcomes from the Phase I study, this second phase examines both topics of general policy interest that emerged during the first phase and topics of specific interest to individual agencies, and provides a second snapshot to measure the program's progress against its legislative goals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21811/sbirsttr-at-the-national-institutes-of-health", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering", title = "Scientific Communication and National Security", isbn = "978-0-309-03332-9", abstract = "The military, political, and economic preeminence of the United States during the post-World War II era is based to a substantial degree on its superior rate of achievement in science and technology, as well as on its capacity to translate these achievements into products and processes that contribute to economic prosperity and the national defense. The success of the U.S. scientific enterprise has been facilitated by many factors, important among them the opportunity for American scientists and engineers to pursue their research-and to communicate with each other\u2014in a free and open environment.\nDuring the last two administrations, however, concern has arisen that the characteristically open U.S. scientific community has served as one of the channels through which critical information and know-how are flowing to the Soviet Union and to other potential adversary countries; openness in science is thus perceived to present short-term national security risks in addition to its longer-term national security benefits in improved U.S. military technology.\nThe Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security was asked to examine the various aspects of the application of controls to scientific communication and to suggest how to balance competing national objectives so as to best serve the general welfare. The Panel held three two-day meetings in Washington at which it was briefed by representatives of the departments of Defense, State, and Commerce, and by representatives of the intelligence community, including the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Agency. The Panel also heard presentations by members of the research community and by university representatives. In addition to these briefings, the Rand Corporation prepared an independent analysis of the transfer of sensitive technology from the United States to the Soviet Union. To determine the views of scientists and administrators at major research universities, the Panel asked a group of faculty members and administrative officials at Cornell University to prepare a paper incorporating their own views and those of counterparts at other universities.\nThe main thrust of the Panel's findings is completely reflected in this document. However, the Panel has also produced a classified version of the subpanel report based on the secret intelligence information it was given; this statement is available at the Academy to those with the appropriate security clearance.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/253/scientific-communication-and-national-security", year = 1982, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Information Technology and the U.S. Workforce: Where Are We and Where Do We Go from Here?", isbn = "978-0-309-45402-5", abstract = "Recent years have yielded significant advances in computing and communication technologies, with profound impacts on society. Technology is transforming the way we work, play, and interact with others. From these technological capabilities, new industries, organizational forms, and business models are emerging. \n\nTechnological advances can create enormous economic and other benefits, but can also lead to significant changes for workers. IT and automation can change the way work is conducted, by augmenting or replacing workers in specific tasks. This can shift the demand for some types of human labor, eliminating some jobs and creating new ones. Information Technology and the U.S. Workforce explores the interactions between technological, economic, and societal trends and identifies possible near-term developments for work. This report emphasizes the need to understand and track these trends and develop strategies to inform, prepare for, and respond to changes in the labor market. It offers evaluations of what is known, notes open questions to be addressed, and identifies promising research pathways moving forward.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24649/information-technology-and-the-us-workforce-where-are-we-and", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Charles W. Wessner", title = "New Vistas in Transatlantic Science and Technology Cooperation", isbn = "978-0-309-06197-1", abstract = "The successful conclusion of the US-EU Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation offers the prospect of a new chapter in transatlantic cooperation. As with any international agreement in science and technology, the accord's full potential will be realized only if it can encourage mutually beneficial cooperation. With this in mind, responsible officials of the European Union (EU) and the U.S. government contacted the National Research Council's Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) to discuss how this negotiating success might be publicized and productively exploited. It was agreed that the STEP Board should organize a conference to celebrate the accord, inform the U.S. and European research communities of the agreement, and explore specific opportunities for enhanced cooperation. At the same time, the conference would provide the occasion to review existing and evolving areas of transatlantic cooperation in science and technology from the perception of the United States, the European Commission, and the member states of the European Union.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9455/new-vistas-in-transatlantic-science-and-technology-cooperation", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Lawrence D. Brown and Thomas J. Plewes and Marisa A. Gerstein", title = "Measuring Research and Development Expenditures in the U.S. Economy", isbn = "978-0-309-09320-0", abstract = "This report examines the portfolio of research and development (R&D) expenditure\nsurveys at the National Science Foundation (NSF), identifying gaps and weaknesses\nand areas of missing coverage. The report takes an in-depth look at the definition of\nR&D, the needs and potential uses of NSF\u2019s R&D data by a variety of users, the goals\nof an integrated system of surveys and other data collection activities, and the quality\nof the data collected in the existing Science Resources Statistics surveys.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11111/measuring-research-and-development-expenditures-in-the-us-economy", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", title = "Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities", isbn = "978-0-309-07284-7", abstract = "Every year workers' low-back, hand, and arm problems lead to time away from jobs and reduce the nation's economic productivity. The connection of these problems to workplace activities-from carrying boxes to lifting patients to pounding computer keyboards-is the subject of major disagreements among workers, employers, advocacy groups, and researchers. \n\nMusculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace examines the scientific basis for connecting musculoskeletal disorders with the workplace, considering people, job tasks, and work environments. A multidisciplinary panel draws conclusions about the likelihood of causal links and the effectiveness of various intervention strategies. The panel also offers recommendations for what actions can be considered on the basis of current information and for closing information gaps. \n\nThis book presents the latest information on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of musculoskeletal disorders and identifies factors that influence injury reporting. It reviews the broad scope of evidence: epidemiological studies of physical and psychosocial variables, basic biology, biomechanics, and physical and behavioral responses to stress. Given the magnitude of the problem-approximately 1 million people miss some work each year-and the current trends in workplace practices, this volume will be a must for advocates for workplace health, policy makers, employers, employees, medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, and labor officials.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10032/musculoskeletal-disorders-and-the-workplace-low-back-and-upper-extremities", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }