TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lisa M. Troy A2 - Emily Ann Miller A2 - Steve Olson TI - Hunger and Obesity: Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13102 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13102/hunger-and-obesity-understanding-a-food-insecurity-paradigm-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - At some point during 2009, more than 17 million households in the United States had difficulty providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In more than one-third of these households, the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The Workshop on Understanding the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity was held to explore the biological, economic, psychosocial, and other factors that may influence the relationship between food insecurity, overweight, and obesity in the United States. Hunger and Obesity examines current concepts and research findings in the field. The report identifies information gaps, proposes alternative approaches to analyzing data, recommends new data that should be collected, and addresses the limitations of the available research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Animal Models for Assessing Countermeasures to Bioterrorism Agents SN - DO - 10.17226/13233 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13233/animal-models-for-assessing-countermeasures-to-bioterrorism-agents PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Transformational Medical Technologies (TMT) has been a unique component of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) medical biodefense efforts since 2006. Its mission is to advance countermeasure research and development in support of the broader goal of the DoD to protect warfighters from emerging infectious diseases and future genetically engineered biological weapons. The TMT, using advanced science and technology approaches, focused on the development of roadspectrum countermeasures that target common host and pathogen pathways or enhance the host's immune response. Many of these pathogens are lethal or cause such debilitating diseases in humans that it is ethically inappropriate to test the efficacy of these countermeasures in human volunteers. In lieu of human participants, these products may be tested in animals and approved for human use under the provisions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s 2002 Animal Rule. The reliance on animal models for the development and licensure of medical countermeasures against biothreats is challenging for a number of reasons. The ad hoc Committee on Animal Models for Assessing Countermeasures to Bioterrorism Agents prepared a consensus report that would address the challenges stemming from developing and testing medical countermeasures against biothreat agents in animal models. Animal Models for Assessing Countermeasures to Bioterrorism Agents evaluates how well the existing TMT-employed or candidate animal models reflect the pathophysiology, clinical picture, and treatment of human disease as related to the agents of interest. The report addresses the process and/or feasibility of developing new animal models for critical biodefense research, placing emphasis on the need for a robust and expeditious validation process in terms of the FDA's Animal Rule. The report also evaluates alternatives to the use of animal models based on the premise of the Three Rs. ER -