%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Improving Understanding of the Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24887/improving-understanding-of-the-roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 8 %X The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, together with the National Center for Scientific Research of France and the Russian Academy of Sciences, convened a workshop in Paris on June 20-
21, 2017, to consider the roots and trajectories of violent extremism. The goal was to identify common interests and priorities that could provide the basis for sustained cooperation involving research, analysis, and field investigations. Such a collaborative effort would contribute both to improved international understanding of the challenges posed by outbreaks of violent extremism and to the development of promising strategies and programs to reduce the global threats associated with the upsurge in outbreaks in a number of regions of the world. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter: Symposium 2010 %@ 978-0-309-15568-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12919/avoiding-technology-surprise-for-tomorrows-warfighter-symposium-2010 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12919/avoiding-technology-surprise-for-tomorrows-warfighter-symposium-2010 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 62 %X The Symposium on Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter is a forum for consumers and producers of scientific and technical intelligence to exchange perspectives on the potential sources of emerging or disruptive technologies and behaviors, with the goal of improving the Department of Defense's technological warning capability. This volume summarizes the key themes identified in the second and most recent symposium, a two-day event held in Suffolk, Virginia, on April 28 and 29, 2010. The symposium combined presentations highlighting cutting-edge technology topics with facilitated discourse among all participants. Three categories of surprise were identified: breakthroughs in product and process technology, new uses of existing technology, and the unexpectedly rapid progression of a technology to operational use. The incorporation of an adversary's own culture, history, beliefs, and value systems into analyses also emerged in discussions as an important factor in reducing surprise. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense: From Foreign Assistance to Sustainable Partnerships %@ 978-0-309-11158-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12005/the-biological-threat-reduction-program-of-the-department-of-defense %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12005/the-biological-threat-reduction-program-of-the-department-of-defense %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 120 %X This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Townsend, Elizabeth %T Understanding Narratives for National Security: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47639-3 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25119/understanding-narratives-for-national-security-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25119/understanding-narratives-for-national-security-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 72 %X Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The sixth workshop focused on understanding narratives for national security purposes, and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forrest, Sherrie %T The State of Resilience: A Leadership Forum and Community Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47369-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25054/the-state-of-resilience-a-leadership-forum-and-community-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25054/the-state-of-resilience-a-leadership-forum-and-community-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 94 %X Over the past decade, resilience has gained significant traction across the nation and innovative programs are showing exciting progress in building resilient communities. For communities to be prepared for future extreme weather and climate events, as well as the chronic daily stressors, the momentum of implementing and taking action to build community resilience should continue to be fostered and expanded. Building on its many efforts dedicated to increasing and enhancing resilience, the Resilient America Roundtable hosted the State of Resilience Leadership Forum and Community Workshop on June 28 and 29, 2016. This activity brought together diverse decision makers, experts, practitioners, and community stakeholders, including representatives from academia, government, the private sector, foundations, and nonprofit organizations, to consider the results of years of investment, experimentation, and research in building resilience, take stock of these many initiatives and efforts, and share their experiences in building more resilient communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E Hamilton, Liza %T Anticipating Rare Events of Major Significance: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69306-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26698/anticipating-rare-events-of-major-significance-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26698/anticipating-rare-events-of-major-significance-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 64 %X The Intelligence Community Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day virtual workshop on December 17 and 21, 2021, to explore insights from world-class experts and technologists familiar with the extensive range of issues associated with anticipating rare events—those characterized by a very low probability of occurring—of major significance. Over the course of the 2-day workshop, the speakers discussed analytical methods, computational advances, data sources, and risk assessment approaches for anticipating rare events, including natural disasters, pandemics, anthropogenic threats, and widespread technological change. This proceedings is a factual summary of the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Manning, Frederick J. %E Goldfrank, Lewis %T Preparing for Terrorism: Tools for Evaluating the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program %@ 978-0-309-08428-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10412/preparing-for-terrorism-tools-for-evaluating-the-metropolitan-medical-response %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10412/preparing-for-terrorism-tools-for-evaluating-the-metropolitan-medical-response %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 330 %X The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) program of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) provides funds to major U. S. cities to help them develop plans for coping with the health and medical consequences of a terrorist attack with chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR) agents. DHHS asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to assist in assessing the effectiveness of the MMRS program by developing appropriate evaluation methods, tools, and processes to assess both its own management of the program and local preparedness in the cities that have participated in the program. This book provides the managers of the MMRS program and others concerned about local capabilities to cope with CBR terrorism with three evaluation tools and a three-part assessment method. The tools are a questionnaire survey eliciting feedback about the management of the MMRS program, a table of preparedness indicators for 23 essential response capabilities, and a set of three scenarios and related questions for group discussion. The assessment method described integrates document inspection, a site visit by a team of expert peer reviewers, and observations at community exercises and drills. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Guenther, Rita %E Lowenthal, Micah %E Sunderesan, Lalitha %T India-United States Cooperation on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-31296-7 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18960/india-united-states-cooperation-on-science-and-technology-for-countering-terrorism %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18960/india-united-states-cooperation-on-science-and-technology-for-countering-terrorism %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 184 %X India and the United States are the world's two largest democracies with distinguished scientific traditions and experts in a wide range of scientific-technical fields. Given these strengths and the ability to learn from one another, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences together with the National Institute for Advanced Studies in Bangalore, India, held a joint Indian-U.S. workshop to identify and examine potential areas for substantive scientific and technical cooperation that can support counterterrorism efforts through the Homeland Security Dialogue and through direct cooperation. India-United States Cooperation on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism is the summary of that workshop. This report examines topics such as biological threats; protection of nuclear facilities; security (physical and cyber) for chemicals, chemical facilities and other critical infrastructure; and monitoring, surveillance, and emergency response. The report also identifies and examines promising areas for further Indian-U.S. cooperation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T High-Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08270-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10301/high-impact-terrorism-proceedings-of-a-russian-american-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 294 %X In June 2001 the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a bilateral workshop in Moscow on terrorism in a high--technology society and modern methods to prevent and respond to it. The purpose of the workshop was to begin a dialogue on high--impact terrorism that could lead to further U.S.--Russian collaboration. This volume includes papers presented at the workshop by 31 Russian and American experts on various types of high-impact terrorism, including biological and agricultural terrorism, nuclear and electromagnetic terrorism, explosives, chemical, and technological terrorism, and cyber terrorism. The papers also address legal issues, Russian internal affairs, and the future of international cooperation in this area. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Fox, Merc %T Russian Views on Countering Terrorism During Eight Years of Dialogue: Extracts from Proceedings of Four U.S.-Russian Workshops %@ 978-0-309-13757-7 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12629/russian-views-on-countering-terrorism-during-eight-years-of-dialogue %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12629/russian-views-on-countering-terrorism-during-eight-years-of-dialogue %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 362 %X Few countries have endured as many attacks of terrorism during the past two decades as has Russia. From bombings on the streets of a number of cities, to the disruption of pipelines in Dagestan, to the taking of hundreds of hostages at a cultural center in Moscow and at a school in Beslan, the Russian government has responded to many political and technical challenges to protect the population. The measures that have been undertaken to reduce vulnerabilities to terrorist attacks and to mitigate the consequences of attacks have been of widespread interest in many other countries as well. In June 1999, the Presidents of the National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences initiated an inter-academy program to jointly address common interests in the field of counter-terrorism. Four workshops were held from 2001 to 2007 and additional consultations were undertaken prior to and after the series of workshops. This report includes 35 of the Russian presentations during the workshop series. Collectively they provide a broad overview of activities that have been supported by Russian institutions. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program %@ 978-0-309-22255-6 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13289/improving-metrics-for-the-department-of-defense-cooperative-threat-reduction-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13289/improving-metrics-for-the-department-of-defense-cooperative-threat-reduction-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 118 %X The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created in 1991 as a set of support activities assisting the Former Soviet Union states in securing and eliminating strategic nuclear weapons and the materials used to create them. The Program evolved as needs and opportunities changed: Efforts to address biological and chemical threats were added, as was a program aimed at preventing cross-border smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. CTR has traveled through uncharted territory since its inception, and both the United States and its partners have taken bold steps resulting in progress unimagined in initial years. Over the years, much of the debate about CTR on Capitol Hill has concerned the effective use of funds, when the partners would take full responsibility for the efforts, and how progress, impact, and effectiveness should be measured. Directed by Congress, the Secretary of Defense completed a report describing DoD's metrics for the CTR Program (here called the DoD Metrics Report) in September 2010 and, as required in the same law, contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to review the metrics DoD developed and identify possible additional or alternative metrics, if necessary. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program provides that review and advice. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program identifies shortcomings in the DoD Metrics Report and provides recommendations to enhance DoD's development and use of metrics for the CTR Program. The committee wrote this report with two main audiences in mind: Those who are mostly concerned with the overall assessment and advice, and those readers directly involved in the CTR Program, who need the details of the DoD report assessment and of how to implement the approach that the committee recommends. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: A Cooperative Program of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1995-2020) %@ 978-0-309-08775-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26281/roots-and-trajectories-of-violent-extremism-and-terrorism-a-cooperative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X During the past 25 years, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, have carried out a wide variety of activities to improve understanding of the challenges in containing and reducing ethnic conflicts, violent extremism, and terrorism. Roots and Trajectories of Violent Extremism and Terrorism provides an overview of this cross-ocean program, which has involved American and Russian scientists, engineers, and medical professionals from a large number of government agencies, leading research institutions, think tanks, educational institutions, analytical centers, and consulting and commercial firms in the two countries. This report highlights challenges addressed by the academies over many years that remain of current interest as the U.S., Russian, and other governments continue to cope with old and new forms of aggression that threaten the livelihood of populations at home and abroad. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %E Sharber, A. Chelsea %T Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10245-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11698/countering-urban-terrorism-in-russia-and-the-united-states-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 256 %X In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-08971-5 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 254 %X This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists on cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and radiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular interest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the damge inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9/11, and Russian priorities in addressing cyber terrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines %@ 978-0-309-07349-3 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10071/alternative-technologies-to-replace-antipersonnel-landmines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10071/alternative-technologies-to-replace-antipersonnel-landmines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 140 %X This book examines potential technologies for replacing antipersonnel landmines by 2006, the U.S. target date for signing an international treaty banning these weapons. Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines emphasizes the role that technology can play to allow certain weapons to be used more selectively, reducing the danger to uninvolved civilians while improving the effectiveness of the U.S. military. Landmines are an important weapon in the U.S. military’s arsenal but the persistent variety can cause unintended casualties, to both civilians and friendly forces. New technologies could replace some, but not all, of the U.S. military’s antipersonnel landmines by 2006. In the period following 2006, emerging technologies might eliminate the landmine totally, while retaining the necessary functionalities that today’s mines provide to the military. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Cryptography and the Intelligence Community: The Future of Encryption %@ 978-0-309-49135-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26168/cryptography-and-the-intelligence-community-the-future-of-encryption %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26168/cryptography-and-the-intelligence-community-the-future-of-encryption %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 140 %X Encryption is a process for making information unreadable by an adversary who does not possess a specific key that is required to make the encrypted information readable. The inverse process, making information that has been encrypted readable, is referred to as decryption. Cryptography has become widespread and is used by private as well as governmental actors. It also enables authentication and underlies the safe use of the Internet and computer systems by individuals and organizations worldwide. Emerging cryptographic technologies offer capabilities such as the ability to process encrypted information without first decrypting it. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, this report identifies potential scenarios that would describe the balance between encryption and decryption over the next 10 to 20 years and assesses the national security and intelligence implications of each scenario. For each of these scenarios, Cryptography and the Intelligence Community identifies risks, opportunities, and actions. Attention to the findings should enable the Intelligence Community to prepare for the future and to recognize emerging trends and developments and respond appropriately. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Schweitzer, Glenn E. %T Countering Terrorism: Biological Agents, Transportation Networks, and Energy Systems: Summary of a U.S.-Russian Workshop %@ 978-0-309-12707-3 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12490/countering-terrorism-biological-agents-transportation-networks-and-energy-systems-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12490/countering-terrorism-biological-agents-transportation-networks-and-energy-systems-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 244 %X This book presents the proceedings of the fourth U.S.-Russian interacademy workshop on the general theme of countering terrorism, which was held in Moscow in March 2007. The fourth in a series, this volume continues to explore topics related to urban terrorism, but with a new emphasis on potential attacks involving biological agents, transportation networks, and energy systems. The other books in the series include: High Impact Terrorism: Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop (2002) Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings (2004) Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop (2006) %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schweitzer, Glenn %E Wasson, Flannery %T Developments in Violent Extremism in the Middle East and Beyond: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25518/developments-in-violent-extremism-in-the-middle-east-and-beyond %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 12 %X Twenty-five scientists and analysts from the United States, Russia, France, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) convened at a workshop at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) on April 1-3, 2019 to discuss recent developments and trends in violent extremism in a number of hot spots of the world. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies), in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the French National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), and NYUAD organized the workshop. This gathering was the fourth workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academies and RAS since 2015 that has addressed the challenge of coping with violent extremism. Held in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attack at the Al Noor Mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, the workshop sent a strong message to the international community that individuals and groups with extremist views and access to weapons continue to be both an immediate and a long-term threat in many countries, even as ISIS and al-Qaeda are losing control over large areas of land in the Middle East. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Controlling Dangerous Pathogens: A Blueprint for U.S.-Russian Cooperation: A Report to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program of the U.S. Department of Defense %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9471/controlling-dangerous-pathogens-a-blueprint-for-us-russian-cooperation-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9471/controlling-dangerous-pathogens-a-blueprint-for-us-russian-cooperation-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 88 %0 Book %T Final Report to the U.S. Department of Defense on the Defense Reinvestment Initiative %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9691/final-report-to-the-us-department-of-defense-on-the-defense-reinvestment-initiative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9691/final-report-to-the-us-department-of-defense-on-the-defense-reinvestment-initiative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 90 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy %@ 978-0-309-16035-3 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12997/proceedings-of-a-workshop-on-deterring-cyberattacks-informing-strategies-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Computers and Information Technology %P 400 %X In a world of increasing dependence on information technology, the prevention of cyberattacks on a nation's important computer and communications systems and networks is a problem that looms large. Given the demonstrated limitations of passive cybersecurity defense measures, it is natural to consider the possibility that deterrence might play a useful role in preventing cyberattacks against the United States and its vital interests. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Research Council undertook a two-phase project aimed to foster a broad, multidisciplinary examination of strategies for deterring cyberattacks on the United States and of the possible utility of these strategies for the U.S. government. The first phase produced a letter report providing basic information needed to understand the nature of the problem and to articulate important questions that can drive research regarding ways of more effectively preventing, discouraging, and inhibiting hostile activity against important U.S. information systems and networks. The second phase of the project entailed selecting appropriate experts to write papers on questions raised in the letter report. A number of experts, identified by the committee, were commissioned to write these papers under contract with the National Academy of Sciences. Commissioned papers were discussed at a public workshop held June 10-11, 2010, in Washington, D.C., and authors revised their papers after the workshop. Although the authors were selected and the papers reviewed and discussed by the committee, the individually authored papers do not reflect consensus views of the committee, and the reader should view these papers as offering points of departure that can stimulate further work on the topics discussed. The papers presented in this volume are published essentially as received from the authors, with some proofreading corrections made as limited time allowed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence %@ 978-0-309-26864-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18265/future-us-workforce-for-geospatial-intelligence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18265/future-us-workforce-for-geospatial-intelligence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 184 %X We live in a changing world with multiple and evolving threats to national security, including terrorism, asymmetrical warfare (conflicts between agents with different military powers or tactics), and social unrest. Visually depicting and assessing these threats using imagery and other geographically-referenced information is the mission of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). As the nature of the threat evolves, so do the tools, knowledge, and skills needed to respond. The challenge for NGA is to maintain a workforce that can deal with evolving threats to national security, ongoing scientific and technological advances, and changing skills and expectations of workers. Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence assesses the supply of expertise in 10 geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) fields, including 5 traditional areas (geodesy and geophysics, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cartographic science, and geographic information systems and geospatial analysis) and 5 emerging areas that could improve geospatial intelligence (GEOINT fusion, crowdsourcing, human geography, visual analytics, and forecasting). The report also identifies gaps in expertise relative to NGA's needs and suggests ways to ensure an adequate supply of geospatial intelligence expertise over the next 20 years. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Huntington, Candace %T Rebuilding Research, Education, and Innovation in Ukraine: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26795/rebuilding-research-education-and-innovation-in-ukraine-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 14 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T World-Class Research and Development: Characteristics for an Army Research, Development, and Engineering Organization %@ 978-0-309-05589-5 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5486/world-class-research-and-development-characteristics-for-an-army-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 83 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Sarin %@ 978-0-309-09294-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11064/gulf-war-and-health-updated-literature-review-of-sarin %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11064/gulf-war-and-health-updated-literature-review-of-sarin %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 132 %X The Gulf War in 1990-1991 was considered a brief and successful military operation, with few injuries or deaths of US troops. The war began in August 1990, and the last US ground troops returned home by June 1991. Although most Gulf War veterans resumed their normal activities, many soon began reporting a variety of nonexplained health problems that they attributed to their participation in the Gulf War, including chronic fatigue, muscle and joint pain, loss of concentration, forgetfulness, headache, and rash. Because of concerns about the veterans' health problems, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) review the scientific and medical literature on the long-term adverse health effects of agents to which the Gulf War veterans may have been exposed. This report is a broad overview of the toxicology of sarin and cyclosarin. It assesses the biologic plausibility with respect to the compounds in question and health effects. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Emergency Alert and Warning Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions %@ 978-0-309-46737-7 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24935/emergency-alert-and-warning-systems-current-knowledge-and-future-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24935/emergency-alert-and-warning-systems-current-knowledge-and-future-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 142 %X Following a series of natural disasters, including Hurricane Katrina, that revealed shortcomings in the nation's ability to effectively alert populations at risk, Congress passed the Warning, Alert, and Response Network (WARN) Act in 2006. Today, new technologies such as smart phones and social media platforms offer new ways to communicate with the public, and the information ecosystem is much broader, including additional official channels, such as government social media accounts, opt-in short message service (SMS)-based alerting systems, and reverse 911 systems; less official channels, such as main stream media outlets and weather applications on connected devices; and unofficial channels, such as first person reports via social media. Traditional media have also taken advantage of these new tools, including their own mobile applications to extend their reach of beyond broadcast radio, television, and cable. Furthermore, private companies have begun to take advantage of the large amounts of data about users they possess to detect events and provide alerts and warnings and other hazard-related information to their users. More than 60 years of research on the public response to alerts and warnings has yielded many insights about how people respond to information that they are at risk and the circumstances under which they are most likely to take appropriate protective action. Some, but not all, of these results have been used to inform the design and operation of alert and warning systems, and new insights continue to emerge. Emergency Alert and Warning Systems reviews the results of past research, considers new possibilities for realizing more effective alert and warning systems, explores how a more effective national alert and warning system might be created and some of the gaps in our present knowledge, and sets forth a research agenda to advance the nation's alert and warning capabilities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future %@ 978-0-309-26269-9 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13480/human-performance-modification-review-of-worldwide-research-with-a-view %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13480/human-performance-modification-review-of-worldwide-research-with-a-view %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 66 %X The development of technologies to modify natural human physical and cognitive performance is one of increasing interest and concern, especially among military services that may be called on to defeat foreign powers with enhanced warfighter capabilities. Human performance modification (HPM) is a general term that can encompass actions ranging from the use of "natural" materials, such as caffeine or khat as a stimulant, to the application of nanotechnology as a drug delivery mechanism or in an invasive brain implant. Although the literature on HPM typically addresses methods that enhance performance, another possible focus is methods that degrade performance or negatively affect a military force's ability to fight. Advances in medicine, biology, electronics, and computation have enabled an increasingly sophisticated ability to modify the human body, and such innovations will undoubtedly be adopted by military forces, with potential consequences for both sides of the battle lines. Although some innovations may be developed for purely military applications, they are increasingly unlikely to remain exclusively in that sphere because of the globalization and internationalization of the commercial research base. Based on its review of the literature, the presentations it received and on its own expertise, the Committee on Assessing Foreign Technology Development in Human Performance Modification chose to focus on three general areas of HPM: human cognitive modification as a computational problem, human performance modification as a biological problem, and human performance modification as a function of the brain-computer interface. Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future summarizes these findings. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation %@ 978-0-309-09640-9 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11258/signposts-in-cyberspace-the-domain-name-system-and-internet-navigation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11258/signposts-in-cyberspace-the-domain-name-system-and-internet-navigation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 416 %X The Domain Name System (DNS) enables user-friendly alphanumeric names—domain names—to be assigned to Internet sites. Many of these names have gained economic, social, and political value, leading to conflicts over their ownership, especially names containing trademarked terms. Congress, in P.L. 105-305, directed the Department of Commerce to request the NRC to perform a study of these issues. When the study was initiated, steps were already underway to address the resolution of domain name conflicts, but the continued rapid expansion of the use of the Internet had raised a number of additional policy and technical issues. Furthermore, it became clear that the introduction of search engines and other tools for Internet navigation was affecting the DNS. Consequently, the study was expanded to include policy and technical issues related to the DNS in the context of Internet navigation. This report presents the NRC’s assessment of the current state and future prospects of the DNS and Internet navigation, and its conclusions and recommendations concerning key technical and policy issues. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Day, Dwayne %T Globalization of Defense Materials and Manufacturing: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47546-4 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25101/globalization-of-defense-materials-and-manufacturing-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25101/globalization-of-defense-materials-and-manufacturing-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 120 %X Emerging economies, social and political transitions, and new ways of doing business are changing the world dramatically. To be the leader in this competitive climate, a defense manufacturing enterprise will require up-to-date capabilities, which include improvements in materials processing, among other things. Also, national and international efforts to mitigate environmentally harmful effects of industrial processes and to improve decision making for handling and disposing of industrial contaminants adds additional requirements for any future efforts. The objective of retaining high-value materials-related manufacturing as a key national competitive capability implies a number of factors. The value of specific manufacturing capabilities could be defined not only in terms of criticality to defense systems but also in relation to technology and knowledge content, importance as a supplier to other industries, and importance to U.S. exports. Requested by Department of Defense (DoD) communities, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in March 2015 to further explore materials and manufacturing processes. The participants explored changes in the global R&D landscape, technology awareness mechanisms—both DoD’s mechanisms and other models—and collaboration models and issues in R&D. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Blascovich, James J. %E Hartel, Christine R. %T Human Behavior in Military Contexts %@ 978-0-309-11230-7 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12023/human-behavior-in-military-contexts %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12023/human-behavior-in-military-contexts %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 250 %X Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures. %0 Book %E Tierney, Kathleen J. %E Lindell, Michael K. %E Perry, Ronald W. %T Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States %@ 978-0-309-18689-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9834/facing-the-unexpected-disaster-preparedness-and-response-in-the-united %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9834/facing-the-unexpected-disaster-preparedness-and-response-in-the-united %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 320 %X Facing the Unexpected presents the wealth of information derived from disasters around the world over the past 25 years. The authors explore how these findings can improve disaster programs, identify remaining research needs, and discuss disaster within the broader context of sustainable development. How do different people think about disaster? Are we more likely to panic or to respond with altruism? Why are 110 people killed in a Valujet crash considered disaster victims while the 50,000 killed annually in traffic accidents in the U.S. are not? At the crossroads of social, cultural, and economic factors, this book examines these and other compelling questions. The authors review the influences that shape the U.S. governmental system for disaster planning and response, the effectiveness of local emergency agencies, and the level of professionalism in the field. They also compare technological versus natural disaster and examine the impact of technology on disaster programs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force %@ 978-0-309-11265-9 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Industry and Labor %P 170 %X The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety %@ 978-0-309-09110-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10882/dietary-supplements-a-framework-for-evaluating-safety %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10882/dietary-supplements-a-framework-for-evaluating-safety %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 526 %X The growing consumer interest in health and fitness has expanded the market for a wide range of products, from yoga mats to the multiple dietary supplements now on the market. Supplements are popular, but are they safe? Many dietary supplements are probably safe when used as recommended. However, since 1994 when Congress decided that they should be regulated as if they were foods, they are assumed to be safe unless the Food and Drug Administration can demonstrate that they pose a significant risk to the consumer. But there are many types of products that qualify as dietary supplements, and the distinctions can become muddled and vague. Manufacturers are not legally required to provide specific information about safety before marketing their products. And the sales of supplements have been steadily increasing—all together, the various types now bring in almost $16 billion per year. Given these confounding factors, what kind of information can the Food and Drug Administration use to effectively regulate dietary supplements? This book provides a framework for evaluating dietary supplement safety and protecting the health of consumers. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Mitchell, Abigail E. %E Sivitz, Laura B. %E Black, Robert E. %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 5: Infectious Diseases %@ 978-0-309-10106-6 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11765/gulf-war-and-health-volume-5-infectious-diseases %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11765/gulf-war-and-health-volume-5-infectious-diseases %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 238 %X Infectious diseases have been a problem for military personnel throughout history. The consequences in previous conflicts have ranged from frequent illnesses disrupting daily activities and readiness to widespread deaths. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and treatment greatly limit the exposures and acute illnesses of troops today in comparison with those in armies of the past, but infections and consequent acute illnesses still occur. Thousands of US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have reported an array of unexplained illnesses since the war ended in 1991. Many veterans have believed that the illnesses were associated with their military service in southwest Asia during the war. This volume of Gulf War and Health evaluates the scientific literature on chemical, biologic, and physical agents to which military personnel in the gulf were potentially exposed and possible long-term adverse health outcomes. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options: A Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-08604-2 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10520/scientific-and-policy-considerations-in-developing-smallpox-vaccination-options-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10520/scientific-and-policy-considerations-in-developing-smallpox-vaccination-options-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 57 %X At the World Health Assembly in May 1980, the World Health Organization declared the world free of smallpox. Smallpox vaccination of civilians is now indicated only for laboratory workers directly involved with smallpox or closely related orthopox viruses. However recent questions raised by the terrorist attacks in fall 2001 have renewed concerns about possible outbreaks of smallpox resulting from its use as a biological weapon. In June 2002, the Institute of Medicine convened a public conference to discuss the scientific, clinical, procedural, and administrative aspects of various immunization strategies. Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Stern, Paul C. %E Druckman, Daniel %T International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War %@ 978-0-309-07027-0 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9897/international-conflict-resolution-after-the-cold-war %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9897/international-conflict-resolution-after-the-cold-war %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 640 %X The end of the Cold War has changed the shape of organized violence in the world and the ways in which governments and others try to set its limits. Even the concept of international conflict is broadening to include ethnic conflicts and other kinds of violence within national borders that may affect international peace and security. What is not yet clear is whether or how these changes alter the way actors on the world scene should deal with conflict: Do the old methods still work? Are there new tools that could work better? How do old and new methods relate to each other? International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War critically examines evidence on the effectiveness of a dozen approaches to managing or resolving conflict in the world to develop insights for conflict resolution practitioners. It considers recent applications of familiar conflict management strategies, such as the use of threats of force, economic sanctions, and negotiation. It presents the first systematic assessments of the usefulness of some less familiar approaches to conflict resolution, including truth commissions, "engineered" electoral systems, autonomy arrangements, and regional organizations. It also opens up analysis of emerging issues, such as the dilemmas facing humanitarian organizations in complex emergencies. This book offers numerous practical insights and raises key questions for research on conflict resolution in a transforming world system. %0 Book %T Human Factors in the Design of Tactical Display Systems for the Individual Soldier %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9107/human-factors-in-the-design-of-tactical-display-systems-for-the-individual-soldier %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9107/human-factors-in-the-design-of-tactical-display-systems-for-the-individual-soldier %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 96 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Kosti, Ourania %T The Science of Responding to a Nuclear Reactor Accident: Summary of a Symposium %@ 978-0-309-31659-0 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19002/the-science-of-responding-to-a-nuclear-reactor-accident-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19002/the-science-of-responding-to-a-nuclear-reactor-accident-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 52 %X The Science of Responding to a Nuclear Reactor Accident summarizes the presentations and discussions of the May 2014 Gilbert W. Beebe Symposium titled "The Science and Response to a Nuclear Reactor Accident". The symposium, dedicated in honor of the distinguished National Cancer Institute radiation epidemiologist who died in 2003, was co-hosted by the Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Cancer Institute. The symposium topic was prompted by the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that was initiated by the 9.0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami off the northeast coast of Japan. This was the fourth major nuclear accident that has occurred since the beginning of the nuclear age some 60 years ago. The 1957 Windscale accident in the United Kingdom caused by a fire in the reactor, the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States caused by mechanical and human errors, and the 1986 Chernobyl accident in the former Soviet Union caused by a series of human errors during the conduct of a reactor experiment are the other three major accidents. The rarity of nuclear accidents and the limited amount of existing experiences that have been assembled over the decades heightens the importance of learning from the past. This year's symposium promoted discussions among federal, state, academic, research institute, and news media representatives on current scientific knowledge and response plans for nuclear reactor accidents. The Beebe symposium explored how experiences from past nuclear plant accidents can be used to mitigate the consequences of future accidents, if they occur. The Science of Responding to a Nuclear Reactor Accident addresses off-site emergency response and long-term management of the accident consequences; estimating radiation exposures of affected populations; health effects and population monitoring; other radiological consequences; and communication among plant officials, government officials, and the public and the role of the media. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2005-2006 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12047/2005-2006-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12047/2005-2006-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Engineering and Technology %P 90 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 %@ 978-0-309-08616-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10603/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2002 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10603/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2002 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 638 %X This book updates and evaluates the available scientific evidence regarding statistical associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam, focusing on new scientific studies and literature. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T 2009-2010 Assessment of the Army Research Laboratory %@ 978-0-309-21140-6 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13137/2009-2010-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13137/2009-2010-assessment-of-the-army-research-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 134 %X The charge of the Army Research Laboratory Technical Assessment Board (ARLTAB) is to provide biannual assessments of the scientific and technical quality of the research, development, and analysis programs at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The advice provided in this report focuses on technical rather than programmatic considerations. The Board is assisted by six National Research Council (NRC) panels, each of which focuses on the portion of the ARL program conducted by one of ARL's six directorates. When requested to do so by ARL, the Board also examines work that cuts across the directorates. The Board has been performing assessments of ARL since 1996. The current report summarizes its finding for the 2009-2010 period, during which 96 volunteer experts in fields of science and engineering participated in the following activities: visiting ARL annually, receiving formal presentations of technical work, examining facilities, engaging in technical discussions with ARL staff, and reviewing ARL technical materials. The Board continues to be impressed by the overall quality of ARL's technical staff and their work and applauds ARL for its clear, passionate concern for the end user of its technology--the soldier in the field--and for ARL's demonstrated mindfulness of the importance of transitioning technology to support immediate and longer-term Army needs. ARL staff also continue to expand their involvement with the wider scientific and engineering community. In general, ARL is working very well within an appropriate research and development (R&D) niche and has been demonstrating significant accomplishments. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 %@ 978-0-309-09598-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11242/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2004 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11242/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2004 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 680 %X Sixth in a series of congressionally mandated studies, this book is an updated review and evaluation of the available evidence regarding the statistical assoication between exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and various adverse health outcomes suspected to be linked with such exposure. This book builds upon the information contained in the earlier books in the series: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (1994) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides and Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes (2000) Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans (2002) Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 focuses primarily on scientific studies and other information developed since the release of these earlier books. The previous volumes have noted that sufficient evidence exists to link chronic lymphocytic leukemia, soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, and chloracne with exposure. The books also noted that there is “limited or suggestive” evidence of an association between exposure and respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, the metabolic disorder porphyria cutanea tarda, early-onset transient peripheral neuropathies, Type 2 diabetes, and the congenital birth defect spinal bifida in veterans’ children. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans’ organizations, researchers, and health professionals. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %T The Role of Transit in Emergency Evacuation: Special Report 294 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12445/the-role-of-transit-in-emergency-evacuation-special-report-294 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12445/the-role-of-transit-in-emergency-evacuation-special-report-294 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 296 %X TRB Special Report 294: The Role of Transit in Emergency Evacuation explores the roles that transit systems can play in accommodating the evacuation, egress, and ingress of people from and to critical locations in times of emergency. The report focuses on major incidents that could necessitate a partial to full evacuation of the central business district or other large portion of an urban area. According to the committee that produced the report, transit agencies could play a significant role in an emergency evacuation, particularly in transporting carless and special needs populations, but few urban areas have planned for a major disaster and evacuation that could involve multiple jurisdictions or multiple states in a region, or have focused on the role of transit and other public transportation providers in such an incident. The report offers recommendations for making transit a full partner in emergency evacuation plans and operations, while cautioning emergency managers, elected officials, and the general public to be realistic in their expectations, particularly in a no-notice incident that occurs during a peak service period. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 %@ 978-0-309-07552-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10098/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2000 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10098/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2000 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 622 %X Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 examines the state of the scientific evidence regarding associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam. It is the fourth in a series of comprehensive reviews of epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of the agents used as defoliants during the Vietnam War. Over forty health outcomes in veterans and their children are addressed. Among the report's conclusions is that there is sufficient evidence of a link between exposure and the development of soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and chloracne in veterans. Additionally, it found that scientific studies offer "limited or suggestive" evidence of an association with other diseases in veterans—including Type 2 diabetes, respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and some forms of transient peripheral neuropathy—as well as the congenital birth defect spina bifida in veterans' children. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles %@ 978-0-309-08620-2 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10592/technology-development-for-army-unmanned-ground-vehicles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10592/technology-development-for-army-unmanned-ground-vehicles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 180 %X Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are expected to play a key role in the Army’s Objective Force structure. These UGVs would be used for weapons platforms, logistics carriers, and reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition among other things. To examine aspects of the Army’s UGV program, assess technology readiness, and identify key issues in implementing UGV systems, among other questions, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study of UGV technologies. This report discusses UGV operational requirements, current development efforts, and technology integration and roadmaps to the future. Key recommendations are presented addressing technical content, time lines, and milestones for the UGV efforts. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters: Strategies, Opportunities, and Planning for Recovery %@ 978-0-309-31619-4 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18996/healthy-resilient-and-sustainable-communities-after-disasters-strategies-opportunities-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18996/healthy-resilient-and-sustainable-communities-after-disasters-strategies-opportunities-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 504 %X In the devastation that follows a major disaster, there is a need for multiple sectors to unite and devote new resources to support the rebuilding of infrastructure, the provision of health and social services, the restoration of care delivery systems, and other critical recovery needs. In some cases, billions of dollars from public, private and charitable sources are invested to help communities recover. National rhetoric often characterizes these efforts as a "return to normal." But for many American communities, pre-disaster conditions are far from optimal. Large segments of the U.S. population suffer from preventable health problems, experience inequitable access to services, and rely on overburdened health systems. A return to pre-event conditions in such cases may be short-sighted given the high costs - both economic and social - of poor health. Instead, it is important to understand that the disaster recovery process offers a series of unique and valuable opportunities to improve on the status quo. Capitalizing on these opportunities can advance the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of communities - thereby better preparing them for future challenges. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters identifies and recommends recovery practices and novel programs most likely to impact overall community public health and contribute to resiliency for future incidents. This book makes the case that disaster recovery should be guided by a healthy community vision, where health considerations are integrated into all aspects of recovery planning before and after a disaster, and funding streams are leveraged in a coordinated manner and applied to health improvement priorities in order to meet human recovery needs and create healthy built and natural environments. The conceptual framework presented in Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters lays the groundwork to achieve this goal and provides operational guidance for multiple sectors involved in community planning and disaster recovery. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters calls for actions at multiple levels to facilitate recovery strategies that optimize community health. With a shared healthy community vision, strategic planning that prioritizes health, and coordinated implementation, disaster recovery can result in a communities that are healthier, more livable places for current and future generations to grow and thrive - communities that are better prepared for future adversities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Summary of a Workshop on Current Knowledge and Research Gaps %@ 978-0-309-18513-4 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13076/public-response-to-alerts-and-warnings-on-mobile-devices-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13076/public-response-to-alerts-and-warnings-on-mobile-devices-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 90 %X This book presents a summary of the Workshop on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Gaps, held April 13 and 14, 2010, in Washington, D.C., under the auspices of the National Research Council's Committee on Public Response to Alerts and Warnings on Mobile Devices: Current Knowledge and Research Needs. The workshop was structured to gather inputs and insights from social science researchers, technologists, emergency management professionals, and other experts knowledgeable about how the public responds to alerts and warnings, focusing specifically on how the public responds to mobile alerting. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U.S. Nuclear Plants %@ 978-0-309-27253-7 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18294/lessons-learned-from-the-fukushima-nuclear-accident-for-improving-safety-of-us-nuclear-plants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18294/lessons-learned-from-the-fukushima-nuclear-accident-for-improving-safety-of-us-nuclear-plants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 394 %X The March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami sparked a humanitarian disaster in northeastern Japan. They were responsible for more than 15,900 deaths and 2,600 missing persons as well as physical infrastructure damages exceeding $200 billion. The earthquake and tsunami also initiated a severe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Three of the six reactors at the plant sustained severe core damage and released hydrogen and radioactive materials. Explosion of the released hydrogen damaged three reactor buildings and impeded onsite emergency response efforts. The accident prompted widespread evacuations of local populations, large economic losses, and the eventual shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan. Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U.S. Nuclear Plants is a study of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. This report examines the causes of the crisis, the performance of safety systems at the plant, and the responses of its operators following the earthquake and tsunami. The report then considers the lessons that can be learned and their implications for U.S. safety and storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste, commercial nuclear reactor safety and security regulations, and design improvements. Lessons Learned makes recommendations to improve plant systems, resources, and operator training to enable effective ad hoc responses to severe accidents. This report's recommendations to incorporate modern risk concepts into safety regulations and improve the nuclear safety culture will help the industry prepare for events that could challenge the design of plant structures and lead to a loss of critical safety functions. In providing a broad-scope, high-level examination of the accident, Lessons Learned is meant to complement earlier evaluations by industry and regulators. This in-depth review will be an essential resource for the nuclear power industry, policy makers, and anyone interested in the state of U.S. preparedness and response in the face of crisis situations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U.S. Nuclear Plants: Phase 2 %@ 978-0-309-38888-7 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21874/lessons-learned-from-the-fukushima-nuclear-accident-for-improving-safety-and-security-of-us-nuclear-plants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21874/lessons-learned-from-the-fukushima-nuclear-accident-for-improving-safety-and-security-of-us-nuclear-plants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 238 %X The U.S. Congress asked the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a technical study on lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident for improving safety and security of commercial nuclear power plants in the United States. This study was carried out in two phases: Phase 1, issued in 2014, focused on the causes of the Fukushima Daiichi accident and safety-related lessons learned for improving nuclear plant systems, operations, and regulations exclusive of spent fuel storage. This Phase 2 report focuses on three issues: (1) lessons learned from the accident for nuclear plant security, (2) lessons learned for spent fuel storage, and (3) reevaluation of conclusions from previous Academies studies on spent fuel storage. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue %@ 978-0-309-28639-8 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18356/developing-capacities-for-teaching-responsible-science-in-the-mena-region %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18356/developing-capacities-for-teaching-responsible-science-in-the-mena-region %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Education %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 152 %X Spurred on by new discoveries and rapid technological advances, the capacity for life science research is expanding across the globe—and with it comes concerns about the unintended impacts of research on the physical and biological environment, human well-being, or the deliberate misuse of knowledge, tools, and techniques to cause harm. This report describes efforts to address dual use issues by developing institutes around the world that will help life sciences faculty learn to teach about the responsible conduct of science. Based on the successful National Academies Summer Institute for Undergraduate Biology Education and on previous NRC reports on effective methods for teaching about dual use issues, the report's authoring committee designed a general framework for the faculty institutes and chose the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region to test a prototype faculty institute. In September 2012, the first Institute was held in Aqaba, Jordan, bringing together 28 participants from Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, and Yemen to engage with effective, evidence-based teaching methods, develop curricular materials for use in their own classrooms, and become community leaders on dual use and related topics. Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue offers insights from the institute that will help in the design and implementation of future programs in the MENA region, and in other parts of the world.