%0 Book %T Coal as an Energy Resource: Conflict and Consensus %D 1977 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20353/coal-as-an-energy-resource-conflict-and-consensus %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20353/coal-as-an-energy-resource-conflict-and-consensus %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 337 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Embedded, Everywhere: A Research Agenda for Networked Systems of Embedded Computers %@ 978-0-309-07568-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10193/embedded-everywhere-a-research-agenda-for-networked-systems-of-embedded %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10193/embedded-everywhere-a-research-agenda-for-networked-systems-of-embedded %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 235 %X Advances in the miniaturization and networking of microprocessors promise a day when networked computers are embedded throughout the everyday world. However, our current understanding of what such systems would be like is insufficient to bring the promise to reality. Embedded, Everywhere explores the potential of networked systems of embedded computers and the research challenges arising from embedding computation and communications technology into a wide variety of applications—from precision agriculture to automotive telematics to defense systems. It describes how these emerging networks operate under unique constraints not present in more traditional distributed systems, such as the Internet. It articulates how these networks will have to be dynamically adaptive and self-configuring, and how new models for approaching programming and computation are necessary. Issues relating to trustworthiness, security, safety, reliability, usability, and privacy are examined in light of the ubiquitous nature of these systems. A comprehensive, systems-oriented research agenda is presented, along with recommendations to major federal funding agencies. %0 Book %E Hopcroft, John E. %T Computing, Communication, and the Information Age %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9121/computing-communication-and-the-information-age %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9121/computing-communication-and-the-information-age %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 24 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Donaldson, Molla S. %E Lohr, Kathleen N. %T Health Data in the Information Age: Use, Disclosure, and Privacy %@ 978-0-309-07667-8 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2312/health-data-in-the-information-age-use-disclosure-and-privacy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2312/health-data-in-the-information-age-use-disclosure-and-privacy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 272 %X Regional health care databases are being established around the country with the goal of providing timely and useful information to policymakers, physicians, and patients. But their emergence is raising important and sometimes controversial questions about the collection, quality, and appropriate use of health care data. Based on experience with databases now in operation and in development, Health Data in the Information Age provides a clear set of guidelines and principles for exploiting the potential benefits of aggregated health data—without jeopardizing confidentiality. A panel of experts identifies characteristics of emerging health database organizations (HDOs). The committee explores how HDOs can maintain the quality of their data, what policies and practices they should adopt, how they can prepare for linkages with computer-based patient records, and how diverse groups from researchers to health care administrators might use aggregated data. Health Data in the Information Age offers frank analysis and guidelines that will be invaluable to anyone interested in the operation of health care databases. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Design and Construction of Deep Underground Basing Facilities for Strategic Missiles: Report of a Workshop Conducted by the U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. %D 1982 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18562/design-and-construction-of-deep-underground-basing-facilities-for-strategic-missiles %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18562/design-and-construction-of-deep-underground-basing-facilities-for-strategic-missiles %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 150 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Computational Needs and Resources in Crystallography: Proceedings of a Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 8, 1972. %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18587/computational-needs-and-resources-in-crystallography-proceedings-of-a-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18587/computational-needs-and-resources-in-crystallography-proceedings-of-a-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 144 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Telecommunications Research in the United States and Selected Foreign Countries: a Preliminary Survey. Report to the National Science Foundation %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18640/telecommunications-research-in-the-united-states-and-selected-foreign-countries-a-preliminary-survey-report-to-the-national-science-foundation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18640/telecommunications-research-in-the-united-states-and-selected-foreign-countries-a-preliminary-survey-report-to-the-national-science-foundation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Computers and Information Technology %P 224 %0 Book %E Kung, H.T. %T Traffic Management for High-Speed Networks %@ 978-0-309-05798-1 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5769/traffic-management-for-high-speed-networks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5769/traffic-management-for-high-speed-networks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 30 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Winston, Joan D. %E Millett, Lynette I. %T Summary of a Workshop on Software-Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale %@ 978-0-309-10844-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11936/summary-of-a-workshop-on-software-intensive-systems-and-uncertainty-at-scale %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11936/summary-of-a-workshop-on-software-intensive-systems-and-uncertainty-at-scale %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 78 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Fostering Research on the Economic and Social Impacts of Information Technology %@ 978-0-309-06032-5 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 228 %X The tremendous growth in use of information technology (IT) has led to an increased interest in understanding its social and economic impacts. This book presents examples of crosscutting research that has been conducted to understand the impact of information technology on personal, community, and business activities. It explores ways in which the use of methodology from economics and social sciences contributes to important advances in understanding these impacts. The book discusses significant research issues and concerns and suggests approaches for fostering increased interdisciplinary research on the impacts of information technology and making the results of this research more accessible to the public and policymakers. This volume is expected to influence funding priorities and levels of support for interdisciplinary research of this kind. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Advancing Commercialization of Digital Products from Federal Laboratories %@ 978-0-309-68594-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26006/advancing-commercialization-of-digital-products-from-federal-laboratories %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26006/advancing-commercialization-of-digital-products-from-federal-laboratories %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 188 %X Federal laboratories play a unique role in the U.S. economy. Research and development conducted at these labs has contributed to the advancement or improvement of such key general-purpose technologies as nuclear energy, computers, the Internet, genomics, satellite navigation, the Global Positioning System, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality. Digital output from federal laboratories includes data, metadata, images, software, code, tools, databases, algorithms, and statistical models. Importantly, these digital products are nonrivalrous, meaning that unlike physical products, they can be copied at little or no cost and used by many without limit or additional cost. Advancing Commercialization of Digital Products from Federal Laboratories explores opportunities to add economic value to U.S. industry through enhanced utilization of intellectual property around digital products created at federal laboratories. This report examines the current state of commercialization of digital products developed at the federal labs and, to a limited extent, by extramural awardees, to help identify barriers to commercialization and technology transfer, taking into account differences between government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) and government-owned, government-operated (GOGO) federal labs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Summary of a Workshop on Software Certification and Dependability %@ 978-0-309-09429-0 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11133/summary-of-a-workshop-on-software-certification-and-dependability %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11133/summary-of-a-workshop-on-software-certification-and-dependability %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 57 %X Certification of critical software systems (e.g., for safety and security) is important to help ensure their dependability. Today, certification relies as much on evaluation of the software development process as it does on the system’s properties. While the latter are preferable, the complexity of these systems usually makes them extremely difficult to evaluate. To explore these and related issues, the National Coordination Office for Information technology Research and Development asked the NRC to undertake a study to assess the current state of certification in dependable systems. The study is in two phases: the first to frame the problem and the second to assess it. This report presents a summary of a workshop held as part of the first phase. The report presents a summary of workshop participants’ presentations and subsequent discussion. It covers, among other things, the strengths and limitations of process; new challenges and opportunities; experience to date; organization context; and cost-effectiveness of software engineering techniques. A consensus report will be issued upon completion of the second phase. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Internet Under Crisis Conditions: Learning from September 11 %@ 978-0-309-08702-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10569/the-internet-under-crisis-conditions-learning-from-september-11 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10569/the-internet-under-crisis-conditions-learning-from-september-11 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 94 %X This report presents findings of a workshop featuring representatives of Internet Service Providers and others with access to data and insights about how the Internet performed on and immediately after the September 11 attacks. People who design and operate networks were asked to share data and their own preliminary analyses among participants in a closed workshop. They and networking researchers evaluated these inputs to synthesize lessons learned and derive suggestions for improvements in technology, procedures, and, as appropriate, policy. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Millett, Lynette I. %E Estrin, Deborah L. %T Computing Research for Sustainability %@ 978-0-309-25758-9 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13415/computing-research-for-sustainability %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13415/computing-research-for-sustainability %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 172 %X A broad and growing literature describes the deep and multidisciplinary nature of the sustainability challenges faced by the United States and the world. Despite the profound technical challenges involved, sustainability is not, at its root, a technical problem, nor will merely technical solutions be sufficient. Instead, deep economic, political, and cultural adjustments will ultimately be required, along with a major, long-term commitment in each sphere to deploy the requisite technical solutions at scale. Nevertheless, technological advances and enablers have a clear role in supporting such change, and information technology (IT) is a natural bridge between technical and social solutions because it can offer improved communication and transparency for fostering the necessary economic, political, and cultural adjustments. Moreover, IT is at the heart of nearly every large-scale socioeconomic system-including systems for finance, manufacturing, and the generation and distribution of energy-and so sustainability-focused changes in those systems are inextricably linked with advances in IT. The focus of Computing Research for Sustainability is "greening through IT," the application of computing to promote sustainability broadly. The aim of this report is twofold: to shine a spotlight on areas where IT innovation and computer science (CS) research can help, and to urge the computing research community to bring its approaches and methodologies to bear on these pressing global challenges. Computing Research for Sustainability focuses on addressing medium- and long-term challenges in a way that would have significant, measurable impact. The findings and recommended principles of the Committee on Computing Research for Environmental and Societal Sustainability concern four areas: (1) the relevance of IT and CS to sustainability; (2) the value of the CS approach to problem solving, particularly as it pertains to sustainability challenges; (3) key CS research areas; and (4) strategy and pragmatic approaches for CS research on sustainability. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Wireless Technology Prospects and Policy Options %@ 978-0-309-16398-9 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13051/wireless-technology-prospects-and-policy-options %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13051/wireless-technology-prospects-and-policy-options %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 112 %X The use of radio-frequency communication--commonly referred to as wireless communication--is becoming more pervasive as well as more economically and socially important. Technological progress over many decades has enabled the deployment of several successive generations of cellular telephone technology, which is now used by many billions of people worldwide; the near-universal addition of wireless local area networking to personal computers; and a proliferation of actual and proposed uses of wireless communications. The flood of new technologies, applications, and markets has also opened up opportunities for examining and adjusting the policy framework that currently governs the management and use of the spectrum and the institutions involved in it, and models for allocating spectrum and charging for it have come under increasing scrutiny. Yet even as many agree that further change to the policy framework is needed, there is debate about precisely how the overall framework should be changed, what trajectory its evolution should follow, and how dramatic or rapid the change should be. Many groups have opinions, positions, demands, and desires related to these questions--reflecting multiple commercial, social, and political agendas and a mix of technical, economic, and social perspectives. The development of technologies and associated policy and regulatory regimes are often closely coupled, an interplay apparent as early as the 1910s, when spectrum policy emerged in response to the growth of radio communications. As outlined in this report, current and ongoing technological advances suggest the need for a careful reassessment of the assumptions that inform spectrum policy in the United States today. This book seeks to shine a spotlight on 21st-century technology trends and to outline the implications of emerging technologies for spectrum management in ways that the committee hopes will be useful to those setting future spectrum policy. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Being Fluent with Information Technology %@ 978-0-309-06399-9 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6482/being-fluent-with-information-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6482/being-fluent-with-information-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 128 %X Computers, communications, digital information, software—the constituents of the information age—are everywhere. Being computer literate, that is technically competent in two or three of today's software applications, is not enough anymore. Individuals who want to realize the potential value of information technology (IT) in their everyday lives need to be computer fluent—able to use IT effectively today and to adapt to changes tomorrow. Being Fluent with Information Technology sets the standard for what everyone should know about IT in order to use it effectively now and in the future. It explores three kinds of knowledge—intellectual capabilities, foundational concepts, and skills—that are essential for fluency with IT. The book presents detailed descriptions and examples of current skills and timeless concepts and capabilities, which will be useful to individuals who use IT and to the instructors who teach them. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A National Academy of Engineering %E Personick, Stewart D. %E Patterson, Cynthia A. %T Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law: An Overview of Key Issues %@ 978-0-309-08878-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 102 %X All critical infrastructures are increasingly dependent on the information infrastructure for information management, communications, and control functions. Protection of the critical information infrastructure (CIIP), therefore, is of prime concern. To help with this step, the National Academy of Engineering asked the NRC to assess the various legal issues associated with CIIP. These issues include incentives and disincentives for information sharing between the public and private sectors, and the role of FOIA and antitrust laws as a barrier or facilitator to progress. The report also provides a preliminary analysis of the role of criminal law, liability law, and the establishment of best practices, in encouraging various stakeholders to secure their computer systems and networks. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Sproull, Robert F. %E Eisenberg, Jon %T Building an Electronic Records Archive at the National Archives and Records Administration: Recommendations for a Long-Term Strategy %@ 978-0-309-09696-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11332/building-an-electronic-records-archive-at-the-national-archives-and-records-administration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11332/building-an-electronic-records-archive-at-the-national-archives-and-records-administration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 112 %X The federal government generates and increasingly saves a large and growing fraction of its records in electronic form. In 1998, the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) launched its Electronic Archives (ERA) program to create a system to preserve and provide access to federal electronic records. To assist in this project, NARA asked the NRC to conduct a two-phase study to provide advice as it develops the ERA program. The first two reports (phase one) provided recommendations on design, engineering, and related issues facing the program. This report (phase two) focuses on longer term, more strategic issues including technology trends that will shape the ERA system, archival processes of the ERA, and future evolution of the system. It also provides an assessment of technical and design issues associated with record integrity and authenticity. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Liddle, David E. %E Millett, Lynette I. %T A Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System: Implications and Importance of System Architecture %@ 978-0-309-37178-0 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21721/a-review-of-the-next-generation-air-transportation-system-implications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21721/a-review-of-the-next-generation-air-transportation-system-implications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 110 %X The Next Generation Air Transportation System's (NextGen) goal is the transformation of the U.S. national airspace system through programs and initiatives that could make it possible to shorten routes, navigate better around weather, save time and fuel, reduce delays, and improve capabilities for monitoring and managing of aircraft. A Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation provides an overview of NextGen and examines the technical activities, including human-system design and testing, organizational design, and other safety and human factor aspects of the system, that will be necessary to successfully transition current and planned modernization programs to the future system. This report assesses technical, cost, and schedule risk for the software development that will be necessary to achieve the expected benefits from a highly automated air traffic management system and the implications for ongoing modernization projects. The recommendations of this report will help the Federal Aviation Administration anticipate and respond to the challenges of implementing NextGen. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jackson, Daniel %E Thomas, Martyn %E Millett, Lynette I. %T Software for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence? %@ 978-0-309-10394-7 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11923/software-for-dependable-systems-sufficient-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11923/software-for-dependable-systems-sufficient-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 148 %X The focus of Software for Dependable Systems is a set of fundamental principles that underlie software system dependability and that suggest a different approach to the development and assessment of dependable software. Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess the dependability of software. The field of software engineering suffers from a pervasive lack of evidence about the incidence and severity of software failures; about the dependability of existing software systems; about the efficacy of existing and proposed development methods; about the benefits of certification schemes; and so on. There are many anecdotal reports, which—although often useful for indicating areas of concern or highlighting promising avenues of research—do little to establish a sound and complete basis for making policy decisions regarding dependability. The committee regards claims of extraordinary dependability that are sometimes made on this basis for the most critical of systems as unsubstantiated, and perhaps irresponsible. This difficulty regarding the lack of evidence for system dependability leads to two conclusions: (1) that better evidence is needed, so that approaches aimed at improving the dependability of software can be objectively assessed, and (2) that, for now, the pursuit of dependability in software systems should focus on the construction and evaluation of evidence. The committee also recognized the importance of adopting the practices that are already known and used by the best developers; this report gives a sample of such practices. Some of these (such as systematic configuration management and automated regression testing) are relatively easy to adopt; others (such as constructing hazard analyses and threat models, exploiting formal notations when appropriate, and applying static analysis to code) will require new training for many developers. However valuable, though, these practices are in themselves no silver bullet, and new techniques and methods will be required in order to build future software systems to the level of dependability that will be required.