@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Science, Medicine, and Animals", isbn = "978-0-309-08894-7", abstract = "Science, Medicine, and Animals explains the role that animals play in biomedical research and the ways in which scientists, governments, and citizens have tried to balance the experimental use of animals with a concern for all living creatures. An accompanying Teacher\u2019s Guide is available to help teachers of middle and high school students use Science, Medicine, and Animals in the classroom. As students examine the issues in Science, Medicine, and Animals, they will gain a greater understanding of the goals of biomedical research and the real-world practice of the scientific method in general.\n\nScience, Medicine, and Animals and the Teacher's Guide were written by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and published by the National Research Council of the National Academies. The report was reviewed by a committee made up of experts and scholars with diverse perspectives, including members of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institutes of Health, the Humane Society of the United States, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The Teacher\u2019s Guide was reviewed by members of the National Academies\u2019 Teacher Associates Network.\n\nScience, Medicine, and Animals is recommended by the \nNational Science Teacher's Association.\n\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10733/science-medicine-and-animals", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Ann B. Parson", title = "The Proteus Effect: Stem Cells and Their Promise for Medicine", isbn = "978-0-309-09737-6", abstract = "Stem cells could be the key that unlocks cures to scores of diseases and illnesses. Their story is at once compelling, controversial, and remarkable. Part detective story, part medical history, The Proteus Effect recounts the events leading up to the discovery of stem cells and their incredible potential for the future of medicine.\n\nWhat exactly are these biological wonders \u2013 these things called stem cells? They may be tiny, but their impact is earth shaking, generating excitement among medical researchers \u2013 and outright turmoil in political circles. They are reported to be nothing short of miraculous. But they have also incited fear and mistrust in many. Indeed, recent research on stem cells raises important questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries.\n\nThe power of stem cells rests in their unspecialized but marvelously flexible nature. They are the clay of life waiting for the cellular signal that will coax them into taking on the shape of the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. With a wave of our medical magic wand, it\u2019s possible that stem cells could be used to effectively treat (even cure) diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, and even baldness. \n\nBut should scientists be allowed to pick apart four-day-old embryos in order to retrieve stem cells? And when stem cells whisper to us of immortality \u2013 they can divide and perpetuate new cells indefinitely \u2013 how do we respond? Stem cells are forcing us to not only reexamine how we define the beginning of life but how we come to terms with the end of life as well.\n\nMeticulously researched, artfully balanced, and engagingly told, Ann Parson chronicles a scientific discovery in progress, exploring the ethical debates, describing the current research, and hinting of a spectacular new era in medicine. The Proteus Effect is as timely as it is riveting.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11003/the-proteus-effect-stem-cells-and-their-promise-for-medicine", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Sharyl J. Nass and Harold L. Moses", title = "Cancer Biomarkers: The Promises and Challenges of Improving Detection and Treatment", isbn = "978-0-309-10386-2", abstract = "Many cancer patients are diagnosed at a stage in which the cancer is too far advanced to be cured, and most cancer treatments are effective in only a minority of patients undergoing therapy. Thus, there is tremendous opportunity to improve the outcome for people with cancer by enhancing detection and treatment approaches. Biomarkers will be instrumental in making that transition. Advances in biotechnology and genomics have given scientists new hope that biomarkers can be used to improve cancer screening and detection, to improve the drug development process, and to enhance the effectiveness and safety of cancer care by allowing physicians to tailor treatment for individual patients—an approach known as personalized medicine. However, progress overall has been slow, despite considerable effort and investment, and there are still many challenges and obstacles to overcome before this paradigm shift in oncology can become a reality.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11892/cancer-biomarkers-the-promises-and-challenges-of-improving-detection-and", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Debra Niehoff", title = "The Language of Life: How Cells Communicate in Health and Disease", isbn = "978-0-309-10201-8", abstract = "Cooperation requires conversation. Human beings speak to one another.\nSounds, scents, and postures allow animals to make their point. While individual\ncells can\u2019t talk, hiss, growl, or bare their teeth, they nevertheless communicate\nregularly. Their language is based not on words or gestures, but on chemistry\n\u2014using molecules where we would use words, constructing sentences from\nchains of proteins. The cells that make up the bodies of muticellular organisms\ninform, wheedle, command, exhort, reassure, nurture, criticize, and instruct\neach other to direct every physiological function, report every newsworthy\nevent, record every memory, heal every wound. And each of those chemical\nconversations represents an opportunity for scientists and physicians.\n\nThe molecular biologists who worked for over a decade to sequence the\nhuman genome have sometimes referred to that sequence as the \u201cbook of life.\u201d\nTo our cells, that \u201cbook\u201d is no more than a dictionary\u2014only living cells can\nconverse, forming the network that allows our 60 trillion cells to function as a\nsingle organism.\n\nFor nearly a century, researchers have been straining to hear the whispered\nconversations among cells, hoping to master the basics of their language. They\nknow that if we can decipher and\ntranslate this cellular chatter, we have\nthe potential for sending signals of our\nown that could repair wounds, reduce\ncholesterol, control insulin levels, or\neven block the reproduction of cancer\ncells. The possibilities are as endless as\nthey are intriguing. The Language of\nLife is a fantastic story of discovery,\nblending the vision of science with the\npoetry of life itself.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10742/the-language-of-life-how-cells-communicate-in-health-and", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", title = "Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine", isbn = "978-0-309-07630-2", abstract = "Recent scientific breakthroughs, celebrity patient advocates, and conflicting religious beliefs have come together to bring the state of stem cell research\u2014specifically embryonic stem cell research\u2014into the political crosshairs. President Bush\u2019s watershed policy statement allows federal funding for embryonic stem cell research but only on a limited number of stem cell lines. Millions of Americans could be affected by the continuing political debate among policymakers and the public. \nStem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine provides a deeper exploration of the biological, ethical, and funding questions prompted by the therapeutic potential of undifferentiated human cells. In terms accessible to lay readers, the book summarizes what we know about adult and embryonic stem cells and discusses how to go about the transition from mouse studies to research that has therapeutic implications for people. \nPerhaps most important, Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine also provides an overview of the moral and ethical problems that arise from the use of embryonic stem cells. This timely book compares the impact of public and private research funding and discusses approaches to appropriate research oversight.\nBased on the insights of leading scientists, ethicists, and other authorities, the book offers authoritative recommendations regarding the use of existing stem cell lines versus new lines in research, the important role of the federal government in this field of research, and other fundamental issues.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10195/stem-cells-and-the-future-of-regenerative-medicine", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18531/crocodiles-as-a-resource-for-the-tropics", year = 1983, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", editor = "Steve Olson", title = "Biotechnology: An Industry Comes of Age", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18677/biotechnology-an-industry-comes-of-age", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne", title = "Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation : Proceedings of a Symposium on the Distribution and Abundance of Neotropical Primates", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18666/neotropical-primates-field-studies-and-conservation-proceedings-of-a-symposium", year = 1976, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18593/symposium-on-the-role-of-the-vestibular-organs-in-space-exploration", year = 1970, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steve Olson", title = "Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing: Expanding Capabilities, Participation, and Access: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "On March 6-8, 2023, at the Francis Crick Institute in London, the UK Royal Society and Academy of Medical Sciences, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine, and UNESCO-The World Academy of Sciences held the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing. A follow-up to earlier international summits held in Washington, DC, in 2015 and in Hong Kong in 2018, the third summit examined scientific advances that have occurred since the previous summits and the need for global dialogue and collaboration on the safe and ethical application of human genome editing. The first two days of the summit focused largely on somatic human genome editing, where the cells being altered are non-reproductive cells - as a result genetic changes cannot be passed on to future generations. The third day of the summit broadened the discussion to include heritable human genome editing, in which genetic changes could be passed on to descendants. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the event.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27066/third-international-summit-on-human-genome-editing-expanding-capabilities-participation", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", editor = "Camilo J. Cela-Conde and Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo and John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala", title = "In the Light of Evolution: Volume VII: The Human Mental Machinery", isbn = "978-0-309-29640-3", abstract = "Humans possess certain unique mental traits. Self-reflection, as well as ethic and aesthetic values, is among them, constituting an essential part of what we call the human condition. The human mental machinery led our species to have a self-awareness but, at the same time, a sense of justice, willing to punish unfair actions even if the consequences of such outrages harm our own interests. Also, we appreciate searching for novelties, listening to music, viewing beautiful pictures, or living in well-designed houses. But why is this so? What is the meaning of our tendency, among other particularities, to defend and share values, to evaluate the rectitude of our actions and the beauty of our surroundings? What brain mechanisms correlate with the human capacity to maintain inner speech, or to carry out judgments of value? To what extent are they different from other primates' equivalent behaviors?\nIn the Light of Evolution Volume VII aims to survey what has been learned about the human \"mental machinery.\" This book is a collection of colloquium papers from the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium \"The Human Mental Machinery,\" which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 11-12, 2013. The colloquium brought together leading scientists who have worked on brain and mental traits. Their 16 contributions focus the objective of better understanding human brain processes, their evolution, and their eventual shared mechanisms with other animals. The articles are grouped into three primary sections: current study of the mind-brain relationships; the primate evolutionary continuity; and the human difference: from ethics to aesthetics. This book offers fresh perspectives coming from interdisciplinary approaches that open new research fields and constitute the state of the art in some important aspects of the mind-brain relationships.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18573/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vii-the-human-mental", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steven Moss and Michael Zierler", title = "Toward Sequencing and Mapping of RNA Modifications: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "One strategy cells use for regulation is modifying proteins, DNA, and RNA to control their structure, function, and stability. For years, research has focused on the reversible modifications to proteins and DNA. However, RNA can also be highly modified, and more than 170 types of modification to RNA have been identified so far. Current methods for mapping and sequencing RNA and its modifications - also known as the epitranscriptome - are limited, partly because available sequencing technologies can detect only a small number of them. This limits the understanding of different molecular processes and leaves a gap in knowledge related to human diseases and disorders.\nTo address these limitations and develop a roadmap for the sequencing of RNA with the epitranscriptome, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to provide a consensus report. A workshop held on March 14-15, 2023 was one part of an information-gathering effort by the committee and is summarized in this proceedings. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27149/toward-sequencing-and-mapping-of-rna-modifications-proceedings-of-a", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Erin Hammers Forstag and Lida Anestidou", title = "Advancing Disease Modeling in Animal-Based Research in Support of Precision Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-47116-9", abstract = "Precision medicine is focused on the individual and will require the rapid and accurate identification and prioritization of causative factors of disease. To move forward and accelerate the delivery of the anticipated benefits of precision medicine, developing predictable, reproducible, and reliable animal models will be essential. In order to explore the topic of animal-based research and its relevance to precision medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day workshop on October 5 and 6, 2017. The workshop was designed to focus on the development, implementation, and interpretation of model organisms to advance and accelerate the field of precision medicine. Participants examined the extent to which next-generation animal models, designed using patient data and phenotyping platforms targeted to reveal and inform disease mechanisms, will be essential to the successful implementation of precision medicine. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25002/advancing-disease-modeling-in-animal-based-research-in-support-of-precision-medicine", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Synthetic Biology: Building on Nature's Inspiration: Interdisciplinary Research Team Summaries", isbn = "978-0-309-14942-6", abstract = "Synthetic biology is an innovative and growing field that unites engineering and biology. It builds on the powerful research that came about as a result of a recombinant DNA technology and genome sequencing. By definition, synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary enterprise comprising biologists of many specialties, engineers, physicists, computer scientists and others. It promises a fundamentally deeper understanding of how living systems work and the capacity to recreate them for medicine, public health and the environment, including renewable energy.\n\nNAKFI Synthetic Biology: Building a Nation's Inspiration discusses new foundational technologies and tools required to make biology easier to engineer, considers ethical issues unique to synthetic biology, explores how synthetic biology can lead to an understanding of the principles underlying natural genetic circuits and debates how synthetic biology can be used to answer fundamental biological questions.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12836/synthetic-biology-building-on-natures-inspiration-interdisciplinary-research-team-summaries", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "The Genomic Revolution: Implications for Treatment and Control of Infectious Disease: Working Group Summaries", isbn = "978-0-309-10109-7", abstract = "The 2005 conference, \"The Genomic Revolution: Implications for Treatment and Control of Infectious Disease,\" attracted scientists, engineers, and medical researchers to work on new interdisciplinary responses using genomics to treat and control infectious diseases. Eleven conference working groups gave the participants eight hours to develop new research approaches to problems in infectious disease using genomics. Among the challenges were designing a new device to detect viral and bacterial pathogens; how best to use $100 million to prevent a future pandemic flu outbreak; how to improve rapid response to an outbreak of disease and reduce the cost of diagnostic tests; and how to sequence an individual's genome for under $1,000. Representatives from public and private funding organizations, government, industry, and the science media also participated in the working groups. This book provides a summary of the conference working groups. For more information about the conference, visit www.keckfutures.org\/genomics.\nThe National Academies Keck Futures Initiative was launched in 2003 to stimulate new modes of scientific inquiry and break down the conceptual and institutional barriers to interdisciplinary research. The National Academies and the W.M. Keck Foundation believe considerable scientific progress and social benefit will be achieved by providing a counterbalance to the tendency to isolate research within academic fields. The Futures Initiative is designed to enable researchers from different disciplines to focus on new questions upon which they can base entirely new research, and to encourage better communication between scientists as well as between the scientific community and the public. Funded by a $40 million grant from the W.M. Keck Foundation, the National Academies Keck Futures Initiative is a 15-year effort to catalyze interdisciplinary inquiry and to enhance communication among researchers, funding agencies, universities, and the general public with the object of stimulating interdisciplinary research at the most exciting frontiers. The Futures Initiative builds on three pillars of vital and sustained research: interdisciplinary encounters that counterbalance specialization and isolation; the identification and exploration of new research topics; and communication that bridges languages, cultures, habits of thought, and institutions. Toward these goals, the National Academies Keck Futures Initiative incorporates three core activities each year: Futures conferences, Futures grants, and National Academies Communication Awards.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11615/the-genomic-revolution-implications-for-treatment-and-control-of-infectious", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "A New Biology for the 21st Century", isbn = "978-0-309-14488-9", abstract = "Now more than ever, biology has the potential to contribute practical solutions to many of the major challenges confronting the United States and the world. A New Biology for the 21st Century recommends that a \"New Biology\" approach\u2014one that depends on greater integration within biology, and closer collaboration with physical, computational, and earth scientists, mathematicians and engineers\u2014be used to find solutions to four key societal needs: sustainable food production, ecosystem restoration, optimized biofuel production, and improvement in human health. The approach calls for a coordinated effort to leverage resources across the federal, private, and academic sectors to help meet challenges and improve the return on life science research in general.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12764/a-new-biology-for-the-21st-century", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Joe Alper and Lida Anestidou and Jenna Ogilvie", title = "Animal Models for Microbiome Research: Advancing Basic and Translational Science: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-46388-1", abstract = "The surface of the human body and its mucous membranes are heavily colonized by microorganisms. Our understanding of the contributions that complex microbial communities make to health and disease is advancing rapidly. Most microbiome research to date has focused on the mouse as a model organism for delineating the mechanisms that shape the assembly and dynamic operations of microbial communities. However, the mouse is not a perfect surrogate for studying different aspects of the microbiome and how it responds to various environmental and host stimuli, and as a result, researchers have been conducting microbiome studies in other animals. \n\nTo examine the different animal models researchers employ in microbiome studies and to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model organisms as they relate to human and nonhuman health and disease, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in December 2016. The workshop participants explored how to improve the depth and breadth of analysis of microbial communities using various model organisms, the challenges of standardization and biological variability that are inherent in gnotobiotic animal-based research, the predictability and translatability of preclinical studies to humans, and strategies for expanding the infrastructure and tools for conducting studies in these types of models. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24858/animal-models-for-microbiome-research-advancing-basic-and-translational-science", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Biomedical Models and Resources: Current Needs and Future Opportunities", isbn = "978-0-309-06035-6", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6066/biomedical-models-and-resources-current-needs-and-future-opportunities", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Safeguarding the Bioeconomy", isbn = "978-0-309-49567-7", abstract = "Research and innovation in the life sciences is driving rapid growth in agriculture, biomedical science, information science and computing, energy, and other sectors of the U.S. economy. This economic activity, conceptually referred to as the bioeconomy, presents many opportunities to create jobs, improve the quality of life, and continue to drive economic growth. While the United States has been a leader in advancements in the biological sciences, other countries are also actively investing in and expanding their capabilities in this area. Maintaining competitiveness in the bioeconomy is key to maintaining the economic health and security of the United States and other nations.\nSafeguarding the Bioeconomy evaluates preexisting and potential approaches for assessing the value of the bioeconomy and identifies intangible assets not sufficiently captured or that are missing from U.S. assessments. This study considers strategies for safeguarding and sustaining the economic activity driven by research and innovation in the life sciences. It also presents ideas for horizon scanning mechanisms to identify new technologies, markets, and data sources that have the potential to drive future development of the bioeconomy.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25525/safeguarding-the-bioeconomy", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Gene Drives on the Horizon: Advancing Science, Navigating Uncertainty, and Aligning Research with Public Values", isbn = "978-0-309-43787-5", abstract = "Research on gene drive systems is rapidly advancing. Many proposed applications of gene drive research aim to solve environmental and public health challenges, including the reduction of poverty and the burden of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue, which disproportionately impact low and middle income countries. However, due to their intrinsic qualities of rapid spread and irreversibility, gene drive systems raise many questions with respect to their safety relative to public and environmental health. Because gene drive systems are designed to alter the environments we share in ways that will be hard to anticipate and impossible to completely roll back, questions about the ethics surrounding use of this research are complex and will require very careful exploration.\nGene Drives on the Horizon outlines the state of knowledge relative to the science, ethics, public engagement, and risk assessment as they pertain to research directions of gene drive systems and governance of the research process. This report offers principles for responsible practices of gene drive research and related applications for use by investigators, their institutions, the research funders, and regulators.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23405/gene-drives-on-the-horizon-advancing-science-navigating-uncertainty-and", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }