@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake", isbn = "978-0-309-69041-6", abstract = "Coeur d'Alene Lake in northern Idaho is an invaluable natural, recreational, and economic resource for communities in Idaho and eastern Washington. Starting in the late 1880s, mining in the Lake\u2019s watershed sent heavy metals and other mining wastes into the Lake, resulting in contamination of lake sediments with lead, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc that persists today. The watershed was designated a Superfund site and cleanup has been ongoing for 30 years. However, the Lake's environmental quality and cleanup is overseen by a Lake Management Plan, originally implemented by the Coeur d\u2019Alene Tribe and the state of Idaho. A major focus of that plan is whether lakeshore development might promote low-oxygen (anoxic) conditions that could release toxic metals from lake sediments back into the water column.\nThis report analyzes water quality data collected from the Lake and the watershed over the past 30 years. The analyses indicate that, although the Lake is still heavily contaminated, concentrations of metals in the major inputs to the Lake have declined, and there is no evidence that phosphorus concentrations have been increasing in the last decade or that low-oxygen events are becoming more common. However, the shorelines of the Lake, where exposure to metals or harmful algae is more likely, are not currently monitored. Protecting the water quality of Coeur d'Alene Lake will require that monitoring efforts be expanded to provide an early warning of deteriorating conditions, regular syntheses of data, and targeted studies\u2014all coordinated among interest groups\u2014followed by application of those results to managing the Lake.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26620/the-future-of-water-quality-in-coeur-dalene-lake", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Chemical Reference Materials: Setting the Standards for Ocean Science", isbn = "978-0-309-08500-7", abstract = "The accuracy of chemical oceanographic measurements depends on calibration against reference materials to ensure comparability over time and among laboratories. Several key parameters lack reference materials for measurements in seawater, particles in the water column, and sediments. Without reference materials it is difficult to produce the reliable data sets or long-term baseline studies that are essential to verify global change and oceanic stability. Chemical Reference Materials : Setting the Standards for Ocean Science identifies the most urgently required chemical reference materials based on key themes for oceanographic research and provides suggestions as to how they can be developed within realistic cost constraints.\nChemical analyses of seawater are uniquely difficult given the poorly known speciation and the low concentration of many of the analytes of interest. Analyses of suspended and sedimentary marine particulate materials present their own distinct challenges, primarily due to potential interference by predominant mineral phases of different types. Of all the analytical methods applied to marine waters and particles, at present only a small fraction can be systematically evaluated via comparison to reference materials that represent the appropriate natural concentrations and matrices.\nSpecifically, the committee was charged with the following tasks:\n- compile from available sources a list of important oceanographic research questions that may benefit from chemical reference standards;\n- create a comprehensive list of reference materials currently available for oceanographic studies;\n \n- identify and prioritize the reference materials needed to study the identified research questions;\n \n- determine for each priority analyte whether reference materials and\/or analytic methods should be standardized; and\n \n- identify the most appropriate approaches for the development and future production of reference materials for ocean sciences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10476/chemical-reference-materials-setting-the-standards-for-ocean-science", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico", isbn = "978-0-309-13000-4", abstract = "A large area of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico experiences seasonal conditions of low levels of dissolved oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia. Excess discharge of nutrients into the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers causes nutrient overenrichment in the gulf's coastal waters and stimulates the growth of large algae blooms. When these algae die, the process of decomposition depletes dissolved oxygen from the water column and creates hypoxic conditions.\n\nIn considering how to implement provisions of the Clean Water Act to strengthen nutrient reduction objectives across the Mississippi River basin, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested advice from the National Research Council. This book represents the results of the committee's investigations and deliberations, and recommends that the EPA and U.S. Department of Agriculture should jointly establish a Nutrient Control Implementation Initiative to learn more about the effectiveness of actions meant to improve water quality throughout the Mississippi River basin and into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Other recommendations include how to move forward on the larger process of allocating nutrient loading caps -- which entails delegating responsibilities for reducing nutrient pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus -- across the basin. \n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12544/nutrient-control-actions-for-improving-water-quality-in-the-mississippi-river-basin-and-northern-gulf-of-mexico", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Oceanlab Concept Review", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21341/oceanlab-concept-review", year = 1980, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Spills of Nonfloating Oils: Risk and Response", isbn = "978-0-309-06590-0", abstract = "In the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) was directed to assess the risk of spills for oils that may sink or be negatively buoyant, to examine and evaluate existing cleanup technologies, and to identify and appraise technological and financial barriers that could impede a prompt response to such spills. The USCG requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform these tasks. In response to this request, the NRC established the Committee on the Marine Transportation of Heavy Oils.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9640/spills-of-nonfloating-oils-risk-and-response", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-09562-4", abstract = "Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into\nU.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents,\nand other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the\nchemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that\nphysically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface\nslick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act\nof 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants\nhas long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information\nand ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill\nresponse technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal\necosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers\nfaced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency\nplanning efforts or during actual spills.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11283/oil-spill-dispersants-efficacy-and-effects", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Research Council", title = "Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response", isbn = "978-0-309-08301-0", abstract = "Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response is part of an evolving body of work conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) to help inform debate and decision-making regarding the ecological consequences of releases associated with the widespread use of fossil fuels. Like earlier NRC reports, it attempts to understand the chemical, physical, and biological behavior of a complex mix of compounds that make up various petroleum hydrocarbon-based fuels. The specific risk factors presented by emulsified fuels are difficult to characterize, mainly because there have been no spills of emulsified fuels to date, and thus there is little practical experience with these products.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10286/spills-of-emulsified-fuels-risks-and-response", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Future Needs in Deep Submergence Science: Occupied and Unoccupied Vehicles in Basic Ocean Research", isbn = "978-0-309-09114-5", abstract = " Deep-diving manned submersibles, such as Alvin, which gained worldwide fame when researchers used it to reach the wreck of the Titanic, have helped advance deep-ocean science. But many scholars in this field have noted that the number and capabilities of today's underwater vehicles no longer meet current scientific demands. At the same time, the relative value of manned and unmanned vehicles is often disputed. The report finds that new submersibles\u2014both manned and unmanned\u2014that are more capable than those in the current fleet are needed and would be of great value to the advancement of ocean research. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10854/future-needs-in-deep-submergence-science-occupied-and-unoccupied-vehicles", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers", abstract = "This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response", isbn = "978-0-309-47818-2", abstract = "Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response options\u2014including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. \n\nThis report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25161/the-use-of-dispersants-in-marine-oil-spill-response", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Illuminating the Hidden Planet: The Future of Seafloor Observatory Science", isbn = "978-0-309-07076-8", abstract = "Despite our reliance on the ocean and its resources, it remains a frontier for scientific exploration and discovery. Seafloor observatories\u2014unmanned systems of instruments, sensors, and command modules\u2014will have power and communication capabilities to provide support for spatially distributed sensing systems and mobile platforms. Illuminating the Hidden Planet is a voyage to the bottom of the sea, advancing oceanographic science further through long time-series measurements, to discover the mysteries of the deep that have, until now, avoided scientific opportunity.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9920/illuminating-the-hidden-planet-the-future-of-seafloor-observatory-science", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea", isbn = "978-0-309-03889-8", abstract = "While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness and limitations and the results of using them in different spill situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/736/using-oil-spill-dispersants-on-the-sea", year = 1989, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Understanding and Predicting the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current: Critical Gaps and Recommendations", isbn = "978-0-309-46220-4", abstract = "One of the most significant, energetic, yet not well understood, oceanographic features in the Americas is the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current System (LCS), consisting of the Loop Current (LC) and the Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) it sheds. Understanding the dynamics of the LCS is fundamental to understanding the Gulf of Mexico's full oceanographic system, and vice versa. Hurricane intensity, offshore safety, harmful algal blooms, oil spill response, the entire Gulf food chain, shallow water nutrient supply, the fishing industry, tourism, and the Gulf Coast economy are all affected by the position, strength, and structure of the LC and associated eddies. \n\nThis report recommends a strategy for addressing the key gaps in general understanding of LCS processes, in order to instigate a significant improvement in predicting LC\/LCE position, evolving structure, extent, and speed, which will increase overall understanding of Gulf of Mexico circulation and to promote safe oil and gas operations and disaster response in the Gulf of Mexico. This strategy includes advice on how to design a long-term observational campaign and complementary data assimilation and numerical modeling efforts.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24823/understanding-and-predicting-the-gulf-of-mexico-loop-current-critical", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Sediment Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness", isbn = "978-0-309-10977-2", abstract = "Some of the nation's estuaries, lakes and other water bodies contain contaminated sediments that can adversely affect fish and wildlife and may then find their way into people's diets. Dredging is one of the few options available for attempting to clean up contaminated sediments, but it can uncover and re-suspend buried contaminants, creating additional exposures for wildlife and people. At the request of Congress, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate dredging as a cleanup technique. The book finds that, based on a review of available evidence, dredging's ability to decrease environmental and health risks is still an open question. Analysis of pre-dredging and post-dredging at about 20 sites found a wide range of outcomes in terms of surface sediment concentrations of contaminants: some sites showed increases, some no change, and some decreases in concentrations. Evaluating the potential long-term benefits of dredging will require that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency step up monitoring activities before, during and after individual cleanups to determine whether it is working there and what combinations of techniques are most effective.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11968/sediment-dredging-at-superfund-megasites-assessing-the-effectiveness", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Oceanography and Mine Warfare", isbn = "978-0-309-06798-0", abstract = "Environmental information is important for successful planning and execution of naval operations. A thorough understanding of environmental variability greatly increases the likelihood of mission success. To ensure that naval forces have the most up-to-date capabilities, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) has an extensive environmental research program. This research, to be of greatest use to the warfighter, needs to be directed towards assisting and solving battlefield problems. To increase research community understanding of the operational demands placed on naval operators and to facilitate discussion between these two groups, the National Research Council's (NRC) Ocean Studies Board (OSB), working with ONR and the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, convened five previous symposia on tactical oceanography.\nOceanography and Mine Warfare examines the following issues: (1) how environmental data are used in current mine warfare doctrine, (2) current procedures for in situ collection of data, (3) the present capabilities of the Navy's oceanographic community to provide supporting information for mine warfare operations, and (4) the ability of oceanographic research and technology developments to enhance current mine warfare capabilities. This report primarily concentrates on the importance of oceanographic data for mine countermeasures.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9773/oceanography-and-mine-warfare", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-27429-6", abstract = "Oil and natural gas represent more than 50 percent of the worldwide energy supply, with high energy demand driven by population growth and improving standards of living. Despite significant progress in reducing the amount of oil in the sea from consumption, exploration, transportation, and production, risks remain. This report, the fourth in a series, documents the current state-of-knowledge on inputs, fates and effects of oil in the sea, reflecting almost 20 additional years of research, including long-term effects from spills such as the Exxon Valdez and a decade-long boom in oil spill science research following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\nThe report finds that land-based sources of oil are the biggest input of oil to the sea, far outweighing other sources, and it also notes that the effects of chronic inputs on the marine environment, such as land-based runoff, are very different than that from an acute input, such as a spill. Steps to prevent chronic land-based oil inputs include reducing gasoline vehicle usage, improving fuel efficiency, increasing usage of electric vehicles, replacing older vehicles. The report identifies research gaps and provides specific recommendations aimed at preventing future accidental spills and ensuring oil spill responders are equipped with the best response tools and information to limit oil\u2019s impact on the marine environment.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26410/oil-in-the-sea-iv-inputs-fates-and-effects", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council", title = "Environmental Information for Naval Warfare", isbn = "978-0-309-08860-2", abstract = "Accurate and timely environmental information can provide a tactical advantage to U.S. naval forces during warfare. This report analyzes the current environmental information system used by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps and recommends ways to address uncertainty and leverage network-centric operating principles to enhance the value of environmental information.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10626/environmental-information-for-naval-warfare", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Southern Ocean Dynamics: A Strategy for Scientific Exploration, 1973-1983", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18713/southern-ocean-dynamics-a-strategy-for-scientific-exploration-1973-1983", year = 1974, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Coastal Oceanography and Littoral Warfare", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9240/coastal-oceanography-and-littoral-warfare", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates, and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-07835-1", abstract = "This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier National Academy of Sciences book. It is the result of an intensive multidisciplinary effort to assess the problems relating to petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Specifically, it examines the inputs, analytical methods, fates, and effects of petroleum in the marine environment. The section on effects has been expanded significantly, reflecting the extensive scientific effort put forth in determining the effects of petroleum on marine organisms. Other topics discussed include petroleum contamination in specific geographical areas, the potential hazards of this contamination to human health, the impact of oil-related activities in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the potential impact of petroleum on fisheries.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/314/oil-in-the-sea-inputs-fates-and-effects", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }