TY - BOOK TI - (NAS Colloquium) Genetic Engineering of Viruses and Viral Vectors DO - 10.17226/5708 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5708/nas-colloquium-genetic-engineering-of-viruses-and-viral-vectors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Live Variola Virus SN - DO - 10.17226/6445 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6445/assessment-of-future-scientific-needs-for-live-variola-virus PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared that smallpox had been eradicated. In 1986, WHO's international Ad Hoc Committee on Orthopox Virus Infections unanimously recommended destruction of the two remaining official stocks of variola virus, one at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the other at the VECTOR laboratory in Siberia. In June 1999, WHO decided to delay the destruction of these stocks. Informing that decision was Assessment of Future Scientific Needs for Variola Virus, which examines: Whether the sequenced variola genome, vaccinia, and monkey pox virus are adequate for future research or whether the live variola virus itself is needed to assist in the development of antiviral therapies. What further benefits, if any, would likely be gained through the use of variola in research and development efforts related to agent detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. What unique potential benefits, if any, the study of variola would have in increasing our fundamental understanding of the biology, host-agent interactions, pathogenesis, and immune mechanisms of viral diseases. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Exploring the Role of Antiviral Drugs in the Eradication of Polio: Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/11599 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11599/exploring-the-role-of-antiviral-drugs-in-the-eradication-of-polio PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Justin Snair A2 - Jack Hermann A2 - Lisa Brown A2 - Scott Wollek A2 - Erin Balogh A2 - Kimberly Maxfield TI - Potential Research Priorities to Inform Public Health and Medical Practice for Domestic Zika Virus: Workshop in Brief DO - 10.17226/23404 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23404/potential-research-priorities-to-inform-public-health-and-medical-practice-for-domestic-zika-virus PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Given the recent rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) throughout the Americas and the presence of its vector mosquito species within parts of the United States, RADM Nicole Lurie, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, determined an urgent need for additional research to better characterize ZIKV, especially those issues related to the means of transmission and infection during pregnancy. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 1-day public workshop on February 16, 2016, to discuss and explore key factors associated with ZIKV. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Marilee K. Shelton-Davenport A2 - Jeffrey P. Kahn TI - Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity SN - DO - 10.17226/13257 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13257/chimpanzees-in-biomedical-and-behavioral-research-assessing-the-necessity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Health and Medicine KW - Agriculture AB - For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Ann M. Arvin A2 - Deepali M. Patel TI - Live Variola Virus: Considerations for Continuing Research SN - DO - 10.17226/12616 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12616/live-variola-virus-considerations-for-continuing-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Smallpox was a devastating disease that decimated human populations for centuries, and its eradication in 1980 was a monumental achievement for the global health community. Since then the remaining known strains of its causative agent, variola virus, have been contained in two World Health Organization (WHO)-approved repositories. In 1999, the World Health Assembly (WHA) debated the issue of destroying these remaining strains. Arguments were presented on the need to retain the live virus for use in additional important research, and the decision to destroy the virus was deferred until this research could be completed. In that same year, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a consensus committee to explore scientific needs for the live virus. In the ten years since the first IOM report, the scientific, political, and regulatory environments have changed. In this new climate, the IOM was once again tasked to consider scientific needs for live variola virus. The committee evaluated the scientific need for live variola virus in four areas: development of therapeutics, development of vaccines, genomic analysis, and discovery research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents: A Brighter Line SN - DO - 10.17226/12970 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12970/sequence-based-classification-of-select-agents-a-brighter-line PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Select Agents are defined in regulations through a list of names of particularly dangerous known bacteria, viruses, toxins, and fungi. However, natural variation and intentional genetic modification blur the boundaries of any discrete Select Agent list based on names. Access to technologies that can generate or 'synthesize' any DNA sequence is expanding, making it easier and less expensive for researchers, industry scientists, and amateur users to create organisms without needing to obtain samples of existing stocks or cultures. This has led to growing concerns that these DNA synthesis technologies might be used to synthesize Select Agents, modify such agents by introducing small changes to the genetic sequence, or create entirely new pathogens. Amid these concerns, the National Institutes of Health requested that the Research Council investigate the science and technology needed to replace the current Select Agent list with an oversight system that predicts if a DNA sequence could be used to produce an organism that should be regulated as a Select Agent. A DNA sequence-based system to better define when a pathogen or toxin is subject to Select Agent regulations could be developed. This could be coupled with a 'yellow flag' system that would recognize requests to synthesize suspicious sequences and serve as a reference to anyone with relevant questions, allowing for appropriate follow-up. Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents finds that replacing the current list of Select Agents with a system that could predict if fragments of DNA sequences could be used to produce novel pathogens with Select Agent characteristics is not feasible. However, it emphasized that for the foreseeable future, any threat from synthetic biology and synthetic genomics is far more likely to come from assembling known Select Agents, or modifications of them, rather than construction of previously unknown agents. Therefore, the book recommends modernizing the regulations to define Select Agents in terms of their gene sequences, not by their names, and called this 'sequence-based classification.' ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Karin Matchett A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza A2 - Steven Kendall TI - Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Inquiry, Communication, Controversy: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/18255 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18255/perspectives-on-research-with-h5n1-avian-influenza-scientific-inquiry-communication PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - When, in late 2011, it became public knowledge that two research groups had submitted for publication manuscripts that reported on their work on mammalian transmissibility of a lethal H5N1 avian influenza strain, the information caused an international debate about the appropriateness and communication of the researchers' work, the risks associated with the work, partial or complete censorship of scientific publications, and dual-use research of concern in general. Recognizing that the H5N1 research is only the most recent scientific activity subject to widespread attention due to safety and security concerns, on May 1, 2012, the National Research Council's Committee on Science, Technology and Law, in conjunction with the Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, convened a one-day public workshop for the purposes of 1) discussing the H5N1 controversy; 2) considering responses by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which had funded this research, the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), scientific publishers, and members of the international research community; and 3) providing a forum wherein the concerns and interests of the broader community of stakeholders, including policy makers, biosafety and biosecurity experts, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and the general public might be articulated. Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Enquiry, Communication, Controversy summarizes the proceedings of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey L. Knobler A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley M. Lemon TI - The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11150 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11150/the-threat-of-pandemic-influenza-are-we-ready-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 90 SN - DO - 10.17226/12562 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12562/biographical-memoirs-volume-90 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Biographic Memoirs Volume 90 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes A2 - Alison Mack TI - Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18975 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18975/emerging-viral-diseases-the-one-health-connection-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Microphysiological Systems: Bridging Human and Animal Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26124 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex, multi-cellular in vitro systems that commonly include three-dimensional aspects, fluid flow, changing pressure or stretch, and multi-organ interactions. These systems are being developed to better mimic some aspects of specific organ systems or combinations of organ systems to improve upon standard two-dimensional cell systems, with the goal of eventually replacing animal models being used for hazard identification, risk assessment, and disease modeling, among other uses. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a workshop to discuss current progress in developing MPS that realistically model in vivo animal and human physiology and to strategize about the potential to establish sustainable human and animal MPS banks. Speakers discussed how MPS fit within the portfolio of tools used in their fields of expertise, the limitations and areas of needed improvement for MPS, and how MPS may be used in the future as the technology develops. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies SN - DO - 10.17226/25879 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In December 2019, new cases of severe pneumonia were first detected in Wuhan, China, and the cause was determined to be a novel beta coronavirus related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged from a bat reservoir in 2002. Within six months, this new virus—SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has spread worldwide, infecting at least 10 million people with an estimated 500,000 deaths. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. To date, there is no approved effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, and it continues to spread in many countries. Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies lays out a framework to define and describe the data needs for a system to track and correlate viral genome sequences with clinical and epidemiological data. Such a system would help ensure the integration of data on viral evolution with detection, diagnostic, and countermeasure efforts. This report also explores data collection mechanisms to ensure a representative global sample set of all relevant extant sequences and considers challenges and opportunities for coordination across existing domestic, global, and regional data sources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Mack TI - Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21792 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21792/global-health-impacts-of-vector-borne-diseases-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases – including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague – together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology SN - DO - 10.17226/24890 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24890/biodefense-in-the-age-of-synthetic-biology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Scientific advances over the past several decades have accelerated the ability to engineer existing organisms and to potentially create novel ones not found in nature. Synthetic biology, which collectively refers to concepts, approaches, and tools that enable the modification or creation of biological organisms, is being pursued overwhelmingly for beneficial purposes ranging from reducing the burden of disease to improving agricultural yields to remediating pollution. Although the contributions synthetic biology can make in these and other areas hold great promise, it is also possible to imagine malicious uses that could threaten U.S. citizens and military personnel. Making informed decisions about how to address such concerns requires a realistic assessment of the capabilities that could be misused. Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology explores and envisions potential misuses of synthetic biology. This report develops a framework to guide an assessment of the security concerns related to advances in synthetic biology, assesses the levels of concern warranted for such advances, and identifies options that could help mitigate those concerns. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Confronting AIDS: Directions for Public Health, Health Care, and Research SN - DO - 10.17226/938 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/938/confronting-aids-directions-for-public-health-health-care-and-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This volume examines the complex medical, social, ethical, financial, and scientific problems arising from the AIDS epidemic and offers dozens of public policy and research recommendations for an appropriate national response to this dread disease. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences A2 - Dean H. Hamer A2 - Shain-dow Kung TI - Biotechnology in China SN - DO - 10.17226/2074 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2074/biotechnology-in-china PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats SN - DO - 10.17226/1429 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1429/infectious-diseases-of-mice-and-rats PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - This new edition—a must for all researchers who use these lab animals—provides practical suggestions for breeding, keeping, and identifying pathogen-free laboratory rodents. It contains three informative sections. The first, Principles of Rodent Disease Prevention, summarizes methods for eliminating infectious agents. It offers information on pathogen terminology; pathogen status of rodents; and breeding, transporting, isolating, testing, and diagnosing rodents. The second section, Individual Disease Agents and Their Effects on Research, describes the diagnosis and control of each infectious agent, and the last section, Diagnostic Indexes: Clinical Signs, Pathology, and Research Complications, contains informative tables covering all the diseases listed in the volume, arranged to help in the diagnosis of infected animals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia SN - DO - 10.17226/12455 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12455/emerging-technologies-to-benefit-farmers-in-sub-saharan-africa-and-south-asia PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - Increased agricultural productivity is a major stepping stone on the path out of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, but farmers there face tremendous challenges improving production. Poor soil, inefficient water use, and a lack of access to plant breeding resources, nutritious animal feed, high quality seed, and fuel and electricity-combined with some of the most extreme environmental conditions on Earth-have made yields in crop and animal production far lower in these regions than world averages. Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia identifies sixty emerging technologies with the potential to significantly improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Eighteen technologies are recommended for immediate development or further exploration. Scientists from all backgrounds have an opportunity to become involved in bringing these and other technologies to fruition. The opportunities suggested in this book offer new approaches that can synergize with each other and with many other activities to transform agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26189 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore lessons learned at animal research institutions in response to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert scientists conducting COVID-19 research, as well as institutional leadership responsible for oversight in areas such as, veterinary medical care, occupational health, risk assessment and biosafety, and public messaging and communications presented and participated in panel discussions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER -