TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers DO - 10.17226/27155 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data DO - 10.17226/27520 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Data are at the forefront of efforts to solve many of today's greatest problems, including climate change, misinformation and disinformation, the threat of future global pandemics, and the quest by people everywhere to lead better lives. But if researchers are going to use data to contribute to the solutions of problems, data need to be available for them to use. Over time, data have become increasingly voluminous, complex, and heterogeneous. Massive volumes of data are being generated by new devices and methods, and many of these data are not easy to analyze, interpret, or share. Groups that generate data may be reluctant to share them for a variety of professional, personal, financial, regulatory, and statutory reasons.These issues were addressed during the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data held in Washington, DC, on September 12–13, 2023. Organized by the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, the forum examined the constellation of issues surrounding researchers' access to data, best practices and lessons learned from exemplary research disciplines, and new ideas and techniques that could drive research forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the forum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Susan J. Curry A2 - Crystal J. Bell TI - Essential Health Care Services Addressing Intimate Partner Violence SN - DO - 10.17226/27425 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27425/essential-health-care-services-addressing-intimate-partner-violence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A National Academies committee was tasked with identifying essential health care services for women related to intimate partner violence (IPV) during steady state conditions, determining whether the essential health care services related to IPV differ during public health emergencies (PHEs), and identifying strategies to sustain access to those essential health care services during PHEs. This report, Essential Health Care Services Addressing Intimate Partner Violence, presents findings from research and deliberations and lays out recommendations for leaders of health care systems, federal agencies, health care providers, emergency planners, and those involved in IPV research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jamie Durana TI - Harassment and Violence Against Health Professionals Who Provide Reproductive Care: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27518 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27518/harassment-and-violence-against-health-professionals-who-provide-reproductive-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In December 2023, the National Academies hosted a public webinar in which medical and human rights experts explored concerns related to harassment, threats, and physical attacks against health care professionals working to provide essential reproductive health care. The event was the fourth in a webinar series designed to consider society-wide effects of limits to reproductive health care access in the U.S. following the 2022 Supreme Court Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Womens Health Organization. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the webinar. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola A2 - Liza Hamilton TI - Managing, Reducing, and Preventing Fear of Violence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26038 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26038/managing-reducing-and-preventing-fear-of-violence-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a virtual workshop on July 21-23, 2020, to discuss the biological impacts, cultural influences, prevalent causes, and intervention strategies related to fear of violence. This publication highlights the presentations of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Louise Flavahan TI - Means of Violence: Workshop in Brief DO - 10.17226/21814 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21814/means-of-violence-workshop-in-brief PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In an average day, there are approximately 4,000 violent deaths across the globe. In 1 week, there are 26,000 and in 1 month, 120,000. Workshop speaker James Mercy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlighted that these figures are directly influenced by the means and methods selected as tools of violence and their degree of lethality; simply put, means matter. The more lethal a given mean or method of violence, the more likely that it will cause a higher burden of both self-directed and interpersonal lethal violence. In order to explore this relationship in greater depth, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop on December 18-19, 2014, with the aim of illuminating the lethal means and methods of both self-directed and interpersonal violence. Means of Violence highlights the workshop proceedings outside of the commissioned papers in greater detail while allowing the papers and corresponding presentations to speak for themselves. The commissioned papers referenced in this report can be found on the Resources tab of this catalog page. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Melissa A. Simon A2 - Rachel M. Taylor TI - Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13489 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13489/contagion-of-violence-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The past 25 years have seen a major paradigm shift in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the recognition that violence is preventable. Part of this shift has occurred in thinking about why violence occurs, and where intervention points might lie. In exploring the occurrence of violence, researchers have recognized the tendency for violent acts to cluster, to spread from place to place, and to mutate from one type to another. Furthermore, violent acts are often preceded or followed by other violent acts. In the field of public health, such a process has also been seen in the infectious disease model, in which an agent or vector initiates a specific biological pathway leading to symptoms of disease and infectivity. The agent transmits from individual to individual, and levels of the disease in the population above the baseline constitute an epidemic. Although violence does not have a readily observable biological agent as an initiator, it can follow similar epidemiological pathways. On April 30-May 1, 2012, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop to explore the contagious nature of violence. Part of the Forum's mandate is to engage in multisectoral, multidirectional dialogue that explores crosscutting, evidence-based approaches to violence prevention, and the Forum has convened four workshops to this point exploring various elements of violence prevention. The workshops are designed to examine such approaches from multiple perspectives and at multiple levels of society. In particular, the workshop on the contagion of violence focused on exploring the epidemiology of the contagion, describing possible processes and mechanisms by which violence is transmitted, examining how contextual factors mitigate or exacerbate the issue. Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary covers the major topics that arose during the 2-day workshop. It is organized by important elements of the infectious disease model so as to present the contagion of violence in a larger context and in a more compelling and comprehensive way. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ronald Daniels A2 - Lida Beninson TI - The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through SN - DO - 10.17226/25008 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry. Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan I. Leshner A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Arlene F. Lee A2 - Margaret A. McCoy A2 - Patrick W. Kelley TI - Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence SN - DO - 10.17226/18319 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2010, more than 105,000 people were injured or killed in the United States as the result of a firearm-related incident. Recent, highly publicized, tragic mass shootings in Newtown, CT; Aurora, CO; Oak Creek, WI; and Tucson, AZ, have sharpened the American public's interest in protecting our children and communities from the harmful effects of firearm violence. While many Americans legally use firearms for a variety of activities, fatal and nonfatal firearm violence poses a serious threat to public safety and welfare. In January 2013, President Barack Obama issued 23 executive orders directing federal agencies to improve knowledge of the causes of firearm violence, what might help prevent it, and how to minimize its burden on public health. One of these orders directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to, along with other federal agencies, immediately begin identifying the most pressing problems in firearm violence research. The CDC and the CDC Foundation asked the IOM, in collaboration with the National Research Council, to convene a committee tasked with developing a potential research agenda that focuses on the causes of, possible interventions to, and strategies to minimize the burden of firearm-related violence. Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence focuses on the characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors, interventions and strategies, the impact of gun safety technology, and the influence of video games and other media. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age SN - DO - 10.17226/10100 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Liza Hamilton A2 - Alison Mack TI - Interpersonal Violence Syndemics and Co-Occurring Epidemics: Preventing Violence in the Context of Opioid Misuse, Suicide, Social Disparities, and HIV: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25634 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25634/interpersonal-violence-syndemics-and-co-occurring-epidemics-preventing-violence-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - The syndemics model is used to describe co-occurring epidemics that have a multiplicative effect on bodily systems through the adverse interaction of two or more diseases or health conditions. Additionally, in these situations, interactions with social conditions exacerbate both the prognosis and the burden of disease. There are two layers of interaction in this model—the way diseases interact with each other and the way diseases are promoted by the social conditions in which people are living. It is important to understand this concept in order to create and implement effective multilevel preventive and intervention strategies that address these global public health issues by moving beyond the traditional silos of focusing on one epidemic. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop on May 16-17, 2019 to explore the syndemic model and three syndemics/co-occuring epidemics. This includes 1) opioid use disorder (OUD), violence, suicide, and mental health in the United States, 2) adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and childhood trauma; adult violence and victimization; and health outcomes from a global perspective, and 3) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and violence. The workshop participants considered the perspectives of survivors, researchers studying these interactions, public health professionals engaged with affected communities and in the creation and implementation of prevention and intervention measures, and policy makers who are seeking multilevel interventions. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelyn Tomaszewski TI - The Neurocognitive and Psychosocial Impacts of Violence and Trauma: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25077 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25077/the-neurocognitive-and-psychosocial-impacts-of-violence-and-trauma-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Childhood experiences, both positive and negative, can affect an individual’s health and opportunities as an adult and have far-reaching effects on future violence victimization and perpetration. To better understand the impact of violence and trauma on neurocognitive functions and psychosocial well-being, the Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a 2-day workshop on July 31– August 1, 2017. The workshop approached childhood experiences, violence, and trauma from a broad range of perspectives and participants heard from survivors of trauma, researchers, and practitioners. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Deepali M. Patel TI - Preventing Violence Against Women and Children: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13139 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13139/preventing-violence-against-women-and-children-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Violence against women and children is a serious public health concern, with costs at multiple levels of society. Although violence is a threat to everyone, women and children are particularly susceptible to victimization because they often have fewer rights or lack appropriate means of protection. In some societies certain types of violence are deemed socially or legally acceptable, thereby contributing further to the risk to women and children. In the past decade research has documented the growing magnitude of such violence, but gaps in the data still remain. Victims of violence of any type fear stigmatization or societal condemnation and thus often hesitate to report crimes. The issue is compounded by the fact that for women and children the perpetrators are often people they know and because some countries lack laws or regulations protecting victims. Some of the data that have been collected suggest that rates of violence against women range from 15 to 71 percent in some countries and that rates of violence against children top 80 percent. These data demonstrate that violence poses a high burden on global health and that violence against women and children is common and universal. Preventing Violence Against Women and Children focuses on these elements of the cycle as they relate to interrupting this transmission of violence. Intervention strategies include preventing violence before it starts as well as preventing recurrence, preventing adverse effects (such as trauma or the consequences of trauma), and preventing the spread of violence to the next generation or social level. Successful strategies consider the context of the violence, such as family, school, community, national, or regional settings, in order to determine the best programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Leigh Carroll A2 - Megan M. Perez A2 - Rachel M. Taylor TI - The Evidence for Violence Prevention Across the Lifespan and Around the World: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18399 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18399/the-evidence-for-violence-prevention-across-the-lifespan-and-around-the-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Evidence for Violence Prevention Across the Lifespan and Around the World is the summary of a workshop convened in January 2013 by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Global Violence Prevention to explore value and application of the evidence for violence prevention across the lifespan and around the world. As part of the Forum's mandate is to engage in multisectoral, multidirectional dialogue that explores crosscutting approaches to violence prevention, this workshop examined how existing evidence for violence prevention can continue to be expanded, disseminated, and implemented in ways that further the ultimate aims of improved individual well-being and safer communities. This report examines violence prevention interventions that have been proven to reduce different types of violence (e.g., child and elder abuse, intimate partner and sexual violence, youth and collective violence, and self-directed violence), identifies the common approaches most lacking in evidentiary support, and discusses ways that proven effective interventions can be integrated or otherwise linked with other prevention programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Evelyn Tomaszewski TI - Addressing the Social and Cultural Norms That Underlie the Acceptance of Violence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25075 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25075/addressing-the-social-and-cultural-norms-that-underlie-the-acceptance-of-violence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Social and cultural norms are rules or expectations of behavior and thoughts based on shared beliefs within a specific cultural or social group. While often unspoken, norms offer social standards for appropriate and inappropriate behavior that govern what is (and is not) acceptable in interactions among people. Social and cultural norms are highly influential over individual behavior in a broad variety of contexts, including violence and its prevention, because norms can create an environment that can either foster or mitigate violence and its deleterious effects. To better understand how social and cultural norms are related to violence and violence prevention, the Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop on October 29–30, 2015, to explore the social and cultural norms that underlie the acceptance of violence, with a focus on violence against women across the lifespan, violence against children, and youth violence. The workshop addressed causes, effects, characteristics, and contextual variations related to social and cultural norms related to violence; what is known about the effectiveness of efforts to alter those norms in order to prevent and mitigate such violence; and the role of multiple sectors and stakeholders in the prevention of this violence. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Katherine M. Blakeslee A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Melissa A. Simon TI - Communications and Technology for Violence Prevention: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13352 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13352/communications-and-technology-for-violence-prevention-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - In the last 25 years, a major shift has occurred in the field of violence prevention, from the assumption that violence is inevitable to the realization that violence is preventable. As we learn more about what works to reduce violence, the challenge facing those who work in the field is how to use all of this new information to rapidly deploy or enhance new programs. At the same time, new communications technologies and distribution channels have altered traditional means of communications, and have made community-based efforts to prevent violence possible by making information readily available. How can these new technologies be successfully applied to the field of violence prevention? On December 8-9, 2011, the IOM's Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to explore the intersection of violence prevention and information and communications technology. The workshop - called "mPreventViolence" - provided an opportunity for practitioners to engage in new and innovative thinking concerning these two fields with the goal of bridging gaps in language, processes, and mechanisms. The workshop focused on exploring the potential applications of technology to violence prevention, drawing on experience in development, health, and the social sector as well as from industry and the private sector. Communication and Technology for Violence Prevention: Workshop Summary is the report that fully explains this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Louise Flavahan A2 - Joan Romaine TI - Public Policy Approaches to Violence Prevention: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25031 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25031/public-policy-approaches-to-violence-prevention-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on December 1–2, 2016, with the aim of illuminating the ways in which violence prevention practitioners can effectively share their evidenced-based research findings with policy makers in order to positively affect and amplify violence prevention efforts. The workshop explored this topic through three lenses: (1) economics and costing, (2) research and evidence, and (3) effective communications and messaging. This approach underscored the fact that violence prevention is a complex and multi-faceted issue that requires an interdisciplinary approach. This 2-day workshop brought together a diverse group of experts from various domains and backgrounds to foster multi-sectoral dialogues on the topic. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Darla Thompson TI - Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/23668 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23668/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In June 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on public health approaches to reducing and preventing community violence. Participants discussed the effects of trauma and violence on communities and explored approaches that communities and multi-sector partners are using to build safe, resilient, and healthy communities. They also explored community- and hospital-based anti-violence programs, community policing, blight reduction, and the community’s participation in initiatives, including the youth and adults at risk or responsible for much of the violence in communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Rachel M. Taylor TI - Social and Economic Costs of Violence: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13254 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13254/social-and-economic-costs-of-violence-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Measuring the social and economic costs of violence can be difficult, and most estimates only consider direct economic effects, such as productivity loss or the use of health care services. Communities and societies feel the effects of violence through loss of social cohesion, financial divestment, and the increased burden on the healthcare and justice systems. Initial estimates show that early violence prevention intervention has economic benefits. The IOM Forum on Global Violence Prevention held a workshop to examine the successes and challenges of calculating direct and indirect costs of violence, as well as the potential cost-effectiveness of intervention. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Deepali Patel TI - Violence and Mental Health: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Detection: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24916 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24916/violence-and-mental-health-opportunities-for-prevention-and-early-detection PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - On February 26–27, 2014, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop titled Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention. The workshop brought together advocates and experts in public health and mental health, anthropology, biomedical science, criminal justice, global health and development, and neuroscience to examine experience, evidence, and practice at the intersection of mental health and violence. Participants explored how violence impacts mental health and how mental health influences violence and discussed approaches to improve research and practice in both domains. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER -