%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stratton, Kathleen %E Gable, Alicia %E Shetty, Padma %E McCormick, Marie %T Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism %@ 978-0-309-07447-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10101/immunization-safety-review-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10101/immunization-safety-review-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 102 %X Immunization is widely regarded as one of the most effective and beneficial tools for protecting the public's health. In the United States, immunization programs have resulted in the eradication of smallpox, the elimination of polio, and the control and near elimination of once-common, often debilitating and potentially life-threatening diseases, including measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenza type b. Along with the benefits of widespread immunization, however, have come concerns about the safety of vaccines. No vaccine is perfectly safe or effective, and vaccines may lead to serious adverse effects in some instances. Furthermore, if a serious illness is observed after vaccination, it is often unclear whether that sequence is coincidental or causal, and it can be difficult to determine the true nature of the relationship, if any, between the vaccination and the illness. Ironically, the successes of vaccine coverage in the United States have made it more difficult for the public to weigh the benefits and complications of vaccines because the now-controlled diseases and their often-serious risks are no longer familiar. However, because vaccines are so widely used-and because state laws require that children be vaccinated before entering daycare and school, in part to protect others-it is essential that safety concerns be fully and carefully studied. Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism, the first of a series from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Immunization Safety Review Committee, presents an assessment of the evidence regarding a hypothesized causal association between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism, an assessment of the broader significance for society of the issues surrounding the MMR-autism hypothesis, and the committee's conclusions and recommendations based on those assessments. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices %@ 978-0-309-07029-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9836/calling-the-shots-immunization-finance-policies-and-practices %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9836/calling-the-shots-immunization-finance-policies-and-practices %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 328 %X Calling the Shots examines the basic strategies that finance the national immunization system in the current health care climate. It is a comprehensive volume, rich with data and highlighted examples, that explores: The evolution of the system in light of changing U.S. demographics, development of new vaccines, and other factors. The effectiveness of public health and health insurance strategies, with special emphasis on the performance of the "Section 317" program. The condition of the infrastructure for control and prevention of infectious disease, surveillance of vaccines rates and safety, and efforts to sustain high coverage. Calling the Shots will be an indispensable resource to those responsible for maintaining our nation's vaccine vigilance. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Setting the Course: A Strategic Vision for Immunization: Part 2: Summary of the Austin Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08517-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10495/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-2 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10495/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-2 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 66 %X Immunization is essential to disease prevention efforts in public health, but the U.S. health care system faces financial challenges that are affecting the delivery of immunization services. An earlier report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices, pointed to the instability of the fundamental infrastructure that supports immunization programs throughout the United States, including growing financial burdens and operational complexities in immunization services, shortcomings in public- and private-sector investments in vaccine purchases and immunization programs, and fluctuations in insurance plans in the public and private health care sectors that create uncertainties regarding coverage of vaccine purchase and service delivery arrangements. In October 2001, a group of about 50 health officials, public health experts, health care providers, health plan representatives and purchasers, state legislative officials, and community leaders met at the Texas Medical Association in Austin to explore the implications of the IOM findings and recommendations for Texas. The 1-day workshop was the second in a series of four meetings organized by IOM with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to foster informed discussions about challenges for immunization finance and future strategies for strengthening immunization activities and the public health infrastructure that supports those activities.This report of the Austin workshop summarizes the findings of the previous IOM report and reviews continuing challenges in immunization finance for the nation and for individual states, with a particular focus on Texas. The report also highlights strategies proposed by individual workshop participants that can be used to address those challenges. Several presenters and discussants emphasized that adequate funding is necessary for immunization programs but that financial resources alone are not sufficient to guarantee success. Similarly, they indicated that no single agency or group in the public or the private sector should expect, or should be expected, to solve immunization problems. Speakers from both public and private health agencies observed that collaboration, consultation, and partnership efforts across levels of government and between the public and private sectors are essential. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Liao, Julie %E Minicucci, Charles %E Nicholson, Anna %T The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46156-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26134/the-critical-public-health-value-of-vaccines-tackling-issues-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26134/the-critical-public-health-value-of-vaccines-tackling-issues-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 230 %X Immunization against disease is among the most successful global health efforts of the modern era, and substantial gains in vaccination coverage rates have been achieved worldwide. However, that progress has stagnated in recent years, leaving an estimated 20 million children worldwide either undervaccinated or completely unvaccinated. The determinants of vaccination uptake are complex, mutable, and context specific. A primary driver is vaccine hesitancy - defined as a "delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services". The majority of vaccine-hesitant people fall somewhere on a spectrum from vaccine acceptance to vaccine denial. Vaccine uptake is also hampered by socioeconomic or structural barriers to access. On August 17-20, 2020, the Forum on Microbial Threats at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 4-day virtual workshop titled The Critical Public Health Value of Vaccines: Tackling Issues of Access and Hesitancy. The workshop focused on two main areas (vaccine access and vaccine confidence) and gave particular consideration to health systems, research opportunities, communication strategies, and policies that could be considered to address access, perception, attitudes, and behaviors toward vaccination. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Madhavan, Guruprasad %E Sangha, Kinpritma %E Phelps, Charles %E Fryback, Dennis %E Rappuoli, Rino %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E King, Lonnie %T Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool: Phase II: Prototype of a Decision-Support System %@ 978-0-309-26638-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13531/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-ii-prototype-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13531/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-ii-prototype-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 160 %X SMART Vaccines—Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines—is a prioritization software tool developed by the Institute of Medicine that utilizes decision science and modeling to help inform choices among candidates for new vaccine development. A blueprint for this computer-based guide was presented in the 2012 report Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework: Phase I. Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool,Phase II extends the proof-of-concept presented in the Phase I report, which was based on multi-attribute utility theory. This report refines a beta version of the model developed in the Phase I report and presents its next iteration, SMART Vaccines 1.0. Ranking Vaccines: Phase II discusses the methods underlying the development, validation, and evaluation of SMART Vaccines 1.0. It also discusses how SMART Vaccines should—and, just as importantly, should not—be used. The report also offers ideas for future enhancements for SMART Vaccines as well as for ideas for expanded uses and considerations and possibilities for the future. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Preliminary Considerations Regarding Federal Investments in Vaccine Purchase and Immunization Services: Interim Report on Immunization Finance Policies and Practices %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9593/preliminary-considerations-regarding-federal-investments-in-vaccine-purchase-and-immunization-services %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9593/preliminary-considerations-regarding-federal-investments-in-vaccine-purchase-and-immunization-services %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 28 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %A National Academy of Medicine %E Anupindi, Ravi %E Yadav, Prashant %E Jefferson, Kenisha M.P. %E Ashby, Elizabeth %T Globally Resilient Supply Chains for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines %@ 978-0-309-08915-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26285/globally-resilient-supply-chains-for-seasonal-and-pandemic-influenza-vaccines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26285/globally-resilient-supply-chains-for-seasonal-and-pandemic-influenza-vaccines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 264 %X Influenza viruses, both seasonal and pandemic, have the potential to disrupt the health and well-being of populations around the world. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic and prior public health emergencies of international concern illustrate the importance of global preparedness and coordination among governments, academia, scientists, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and the public to address the threat of pandemic influenza. These health emergencies have revealed opportunities to enhance global vaccine infrastructure, manufacturing, distribution, and administration. Globally Resilient Supply Chains for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines outlines key findings and recommendations to bolster vaccine distribution, manufacturing, and supply chains for future seasonal and pandemic influenza events. This report addresses the challenges of manufacturing and distributing vaccines for both seasonal and pandemic influenza, highlighting the critical components of vaccine manufacturing and distribution and offering recommendations that would address gaps in the current global vaccine infrastructure. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Madharan, Guruprasad %E Sangha, Kinpritma %E Phelps, Charles %E Fryback, Dennis %E Lieu, Tracy %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E King, Lonnie %T Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework: Phase I: Demonstration of Concept and a Software Blueprint %@ 978-0-309-25525-7 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13382/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-framework-phase-i-demonstration-of-concept %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13382/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-framework-phase-i-demonstration-of-concept %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 188 %X As a number of diseases emerge or reemerge thus stimulating new vaccine development opportunities to help prevent those diseases, it can be especially difficult for decision makers to know where to invest their limited resources. Therefore, it is increasingly important for decision makers to have the tools that can assist and inform their vaccine prioritization efforts. In this first phase report, the IOM offers a framework and proof of concept to account for various factors influencing vaccine prioritization-demographic, economic, health, scientific, business, programmatic, social, policy factors and public concerns. Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework describes a decision-support model and the blueprint of a software-called Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines or SMART Vaccines. SMART Vaccines should be of help to decision makers. SMART Vaccines Beta is not available for public use, but SMART Vaccines 1.0 is expected to be released at the end of the second phase of this study, when it will be fully operational and capable of guiding discussions about prioritizing the development and introduction of new vaccines. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Initial Guidance for an Update of the National Vaccine Plan: A Letter Report to the National Vaccine Program Office %@ 978-0-309-12198-9 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12257/initial-guidance-for-an-update-of-the-national-vaccine-plan %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12257/initial-guidance-for-an-update-of-the-national-vaccine-plan %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 38 %X This book is the Institute of Medicine's response to the first part of the statement of task asking for a review of the 1994 National Vaccine Plan. The Committee on the Review of Priorities in the National Vaccine Plan reviewed the goals, objectives, strategies, and anticipated outcomes presented in the plan; their findings are contained in this book. In the first section of the book, the committee examines what has changed in the broader social, policy, and economic context of vaccine development and immunization, and highlights several areas where noteworthy progress has been made, particularly by federal agencies. The committee acknowledges that progress in developing and delivering vaccines has benefited from essential contributions by other stakeholders, including researchers, manufacturers, state and local public health agencies, and health care providers. In the second section of the book, the committee uses what it learned from reviewing the 1994 plan and the process of preparing it to distill key elements. Based on these elements, the committee offers guidance to NVPO and its partners on developing the update to the national vaccine plan. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cervenka, Nicole %E Pavlin, Julie %E Biffl, Claire %T The Utility, Feasibility, Security, and Ethics of Verifiable COVID-19 Credentials for International Travel: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26409/the-utility-feasibility-security-and-ethics-of-verifiable-covid-19-credentials-for-international-travel %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26409/the-utility-feasibility-security-and-ethics-of-verifiable-covid-19-credentials-for-international-travel %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 12 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop on August 3-5, 2021 to explore effective, feasible, and secure ways to document and provide health information for safe international travel in a way that is ethical and does not exacerbate inequities. Experts considered the use of COVID-19 travel credentials, denoting the traveler’s vaccination, testing, and/or recovery status. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the discussion on possibilities for employing COVID-19 travel credentials, including how to overcome practical and ethical challenges and their potential role in preventing the spread of disease. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability %@ 978-0-309-08979-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10782/financing-vaccines-in-the-21st-century-assuring-access-and-availability %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10782/financing-vaccines-in-the-21st-century-assuring-access-and-availability %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 264 %X The national immunization system has achieved high levels of immunization, particularly for children. However, this system faces difficult challenges for the future. Significant disparities remain in assuring access to recommended vaccines across geographic and demographic populations. These disparities result, in part, from fragmented public–private financing in which a large number of children and adults face limited access to immunization services. Access for adults lags well behind that of children, and rates of immunizations for those who are especially vulnerable because of chronic health conditions such as diabetes or heart and lung disease, remain low. Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability addresses these challenges by proposing new strategies for assuring access to vaccines and sustaining the supply of current and future vaccines. The book recommends changes to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-the entity that currently recommends vaccines-and calls for a series of public meetings, a post-implementation evaluation study, and development of a research agenda to facilitate implementation of the plan. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Davis, Jonathan R. %E Lederberg, Joshua %T Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective: A Summary of a Workshop of the Forum on Emerging Infections %@ 978-0-309-07184-0 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10084/emerging-infectious-diseases-from-the-global-to-the-local-perspective %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10084/emerging-infectious-diseases-from-the-global-to-the-local-perspective %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 134 %X In October 1999, the Forum on Emerging Infections of the Institute of Medicine convened a two-day workshop titled “International Aspects of Emerging Infections.” Key representatives from the international community explored the forces that drive emerging infectious diseases to prominence. Representatives from the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe made formal presentations and engaged in panel discussions. Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective includes summaries of the formal presentations and suggests an agenda for future action. The topics addressed cover a wide range of issues, including trends in the incidence of infectious diseases around the world, descriptions of the wide variety of factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of these diseases, efforts to coordinate surveillance activities and responses within and across borders, and the resource, research, and international needs that remain to be addressed. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Colvin, Heather M. %E Mitchell, Abigail E. %T Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C %@ 978-0-309-14628-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12793/hepatitis-and-liver-cancer-a-national-strategy-for-prevention-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12793/hepatitis-and-liver-cancer-a-national-strategy-for-prevention-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 252 %X The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care. Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Setting the Course: A Strategic Vision for Immunization Finance: Part 1: Summary of the Chicago Workshop %@ 978-0-309-08307-2 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10276/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-finance-part %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10276/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-finance-part %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 60 %X The federal and state partnership in supporting immunization programs that benefit the general population evolved over the last half of the 20th century from a simple cost-sharing arrangement for vaccine purchase for disadvantaged children to a more complicated mix of programs, health care coverage benefits, and public-private partnerships. The mix of financial arrangements that support immunization efforts was the subject of a study by the Institute of Medicine, resulting in the publication of the report Calling the Shots. In June 2001, a group of 50 health officials, public health experts, health care providers, health plan representatives, and community leaders met at the University of Illinois in Chicago to explore the implications of the IOM findings and recommendations for the states of Illinois and Michigan. The one-day workshop was the first in a series of four meetings organized by IOM with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to foster informed discussions about future financing strategies for the public health infrastructure that supports immunization efforts.This report of the Chicago workshop summarizes the findings of the IOM study and reviews the challenges that remain in establishing a reliable financial base for the U.S. immunization system. The report high-lights strategies presented by workshop speakers and discussants for achieving immunization goals, including increases in state and federal public health budgets, the addition of quality improvement measures in health plans, performance-based contracting, public policy actions, and the creation of public-private partnerships. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies %@ 978-0-309-26702-1 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13563/the-childhood-immunization-schedule-and-safety-stakeholder-concerns-scientific-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13563/the-childhood-immunization-schedule-and-safety-stakeholder-concerns-scientific-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 236 %X Vaccines are among the most safe and effective public health interventions to prevent serious disease and death. Because of the success of vaccines, most Americans today have no firsthand experience with such devastating illnesses as polio or diphtheria. Health care providers who vaccinate young children follow a schedule prepared by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Under the current schedule, children younger than six may receive as many as 24 immunizations by their second birthday. New vaccines undergo rigorous testing prior to receiving FDA approval; however, like all medicines and medical interventions, vaccines carry some risk. Driven largely by concerns about potential side effects, there has been a shift in some parents' attitudes toward the child immunization schedule. The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety identifies research approaches, methodologies, and study designs that could address questions about the safety of the current schedule. This report is the most comprehensive examination of the immunization schedule to date. The IOM authoring committee uncovered no evidence of major safety concerns associated with adherence to the childhood immunization schedule. Should signals arise that there may be need for investigation, however, the report offers a framework for conducting safety research using existing or new data collection systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Plewes, Thomas J. %E Kinsella, Kevin %T The Continuing Epidemiological Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26648-2 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13533/the-continuing-epidemiological-transition-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13533/the-continuing-epidemiological-transition-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 47 %X Among the poorest and least developed regions in the world, sub-Saharan Africa has long faced a heavy burden of disease, with malaria, tuberculosis, and, more recently, HIV being among the most prominent contributors to that burden. Yet in most parts of Africa-and especially in those areas with the greatest health care needs-the data available to health planners to better understand and address these problems are extremely limited. The vast majority of Africans are born and will die without being recorded in any document or spearing in official statistics. With few exceptions, African countries have no civil registration systems in place and hence are unable to continuously generate vital statistics or to provide systematic information on patterns of cause of death, relying instead on periodic household-level surveys or intense and continuous monitoring of small demographic surveillance sites to provide a partial epidemiological and demographic profile of the population. In 1991 the Committee on Population of the National Academy of Sciences organized a workshop on the epidemiological transition in developing countries. The workshop brought together medical experts, epidemiologists, demographers, and other social scientists involved in research on the epidemiological transition in developing countries to discuss the nature of the ongoing transition, identify the most important contributors to the overall burden of disease, and discuss how such information could be used to assist policy makers in those countries to establish priorities with respect to the prevention and management of the main causes of ill health. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from a workshop convened in October 2011 that featured invited speakers on the topic of epidemiological transition in sub-Saharan Africa. The workshop was organized by a National Research Council panel of experts in various aspects of the study of epidemiological transition and of sub-Saharan data sources. The Continuing Epidemiological Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa serves as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop in October 2011. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Evans, Geoffrey %E Bostrom, Ann %E Johnston, Richard B. %E Fisher, Barbara Loe %E Stoto, Michael A. %T Risk Communication and Vaccination: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-05790-5 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5861/risk-communication-and-vaccination-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5861/risk-communication-and-vaccination-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 44 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Increasing Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination Through Requirement and Incentive Programs %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26545/increasing-uptake-of-covid-19-vaccination-through-requirement-and-incentive-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26545/increasing-uptake-of-covid-19-vaccination-through-requirement-and-incentive-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 22 %X As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its third year, the emergence of highly transmissible variants has elevated the urgency of increasing vaccine uptake. Accordingly, decision makers nationwide have been implementing various interventions, such as COVID-19 vaccine requirement and incentive programs for specific populations, to increase vaccine uptake. It is important to stress that such programs need to address equitable access to vaccines. Further, while incentives have not proven consistently to be effective in the United States as a means of promoting uptake of first doses of the COVID-19 vaccines, they may have potential for impact if used for booster doses. This rapid expert consultation draws on the fields of behavioral economics, health behavior, risk communication, and psychology to identify actionable guidance for state and local decision makers engaged in designing COVID-19 vaccine requirement and incentive programs to increase uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Continuing Activities %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9103/the-childrens-vaccine-initiative-continuing-activities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9103/the-childrens-vaccine-initiative-continuing-activities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 66 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Setting the Course: A Strategic Vision for Immunization: Part 4: Summary of the Washington, D.C., Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09068-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10856/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-4 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10856/setting-the-course-a-strategic-vision-for-immunization-part-4 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 60 %X In 2000, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) produced a report Calling the Shots: Immunization Finance Policies and Practices (IOM, 2000a) that illustrated the uncertainties and instability of the public health infrastructure that supports U.S. immunization programs. The IOM report proposed several strategies to address these concerns and to strengthen the immunization infrastructure. In March 2002, a group of 50 health officials, public health experts, health care providers, health plan representatives, health care purchasers, and community leaders met at The National Academies in Washington, DC to explore the implications of the IOM findings and recommendations for the federal and state governments. Private health plans and business sector representatives also participated in the meeting to discuss their role in fostering high levels of immunization coverage. The one-day workshop was the fourth and last in a series of meetings organized by IOM with support from the CDC to foster informed discussions about future financing strategies for immunization and the public health infrastructure. This report of the Washington, DC workshop summarizes the findings of the IOM study, reviews the implementation of the IOM recommendations, and highlights continuing immunization finance challenges for the nation as a whole as well as state and local health departments.