@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-07456-8", abstract = "This comprehensive book examines the recent research investigating the characteristics and composition of different types of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and discusses possible health effects of ETS. The volume presents an overview of methods used to determine exposures to environmental smoke and reviews both chronic and acute health effects. Many recommendations are made for areas of further research, including the differences between smokers and nonsmokers in absorbing, metabolizing, and excreting the components of ETS, and the possible effects of ETS exposure during childhood and fetal life.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/943/environmental-tobacco-smoke-measuring-exposures-and-assessing-health-effects", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence", isbn = "978-0-309-13839-0", abstract = "Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question.\n\nSecondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong.\n\nPublic health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12649/secondhand-smoke-exposure-and-cardiovascular-effects-making-sense-of-the", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Kathleen Stratton and Leslie Y. Kwan and David L. Eaton", title = "Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes", isbn = "978-0-309-46834-3", abstract = "Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes.\nPublic Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures", isbn = "978-0-309-06496-5", abstract = "Since about 1980, asthma prevalence and asthma-related hospitalizations and deaths have increased substantially, especially among children. Of particular concern is the high mortality rate among African Americans with asthma.\nRecent studies have suggested that indoor exposures\u2014to dust mites, cockroaches, mold, pet dander, tobacco smoke, and other biological and chemical pollutants\u2014may influence the disease course of asthma. To ensure an appropriate response, public health and education officials have sought a science-based assessment of asthma and its relationship to indoor air exposures.\nClearing the Air meets this need. This book examines how indoor pollutants contribute to asthma\u2014its causation, prevalence, triggering, and severity. The committee discusses asthma among the general population and in sensitive subpopulations including children, low-income individuals, and urban residents. Based on the most current findings, the book also evaluates the scientific basis for mitigating the effects of indoor air pollutants implicated in asthma. The committee identifies priorities for public health policy, public education outreach, preventive intervention, and further research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9610/clearing-the-air-asthma-and-indoor-air-exposures", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities", isbn = "978-0-309-04284-0", abstract = "Most people in the United States spend far more time indoors than outdoors. Yet, many air pollution regulations and risk assessments focus on outdoor air. These often overlook contact with harmful contaminants that may be at their most dangerous concentrations indoors.\nA new book from the National Research Council explores the need for strategies to address indoor and outdoor exposures and examines the methods and tools available for finding out where and when significant exposures occur.\nThe volume includes:\n\n A conceptual framework and common terminology that investigators from different disciplines can use to make more accurate assessments of human exposure to airborne contaminants.\n An update of important developments in assessing exposure to airborne contaminants: ambient air sampling and physical chemical measurements, biological markers, questionnaires, time-activity diaries, and modeling.\n A series of examples of how exposure assessments have been applied\u2014properly and improperly\u2014to public health issues and how the committee's suggested framework can be brought into practice.\n\nThis volume will provide important insights to improve risk assessment, risk management, pollution control, and regulatory programs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1544/human-exposure-assessment-for-airborne-pollutants-advances-and-opportunities", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Stuart Bondurant and Roberta Wedge", title = "Combating Tobacco Use in Military and Veteran Populations", isbn = "978-0-309-13767-6", abstract = "The health and economic costs of tobacco use in military and veteran populations are high. In 2007, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) make recommendations on how to reduce tobacco initiation and encourage cessation in both military and veteran populations. In its 2009 report, Combating Tobacco in Military and Veteran Populations, the authoring committee concludes that to prevent tobacco initiation and encourage cessation, both DoD and VA should implement comprehensive tobacco-control programs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12632/combating-tobacco-use-in-military-and-veteran-populations", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Donald R. Mattison and Samuel Wilson and Christine Coussens and Dalia Gilbert", title = "The Role of Environmental Hazards in Premature Birth: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-09065-0", abstract = "Each year in the United States approximately 440,000 babies are born premature. These infants are at greater risk of death, and are more likely to suffer lifelong medical complications than full-term infants. Clinicians and researchers have made vast improvements in treating preterm birth; however, little success has been attained in understanding and preventing preterm birth. Understanding the complexity of interactions underlying preterm birth will be needed if further gains in outcomes are expected.\n\nThe Institute of Medicine\u2019s Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine sponsored a workshop to understand the biological mechanism of normal labor and delivery, and how environmental influences, as broadly defined, can interact with the processes of normal pregnancy to result in preterm birth. This report is a summary of the main themes presented by the speakers and participants.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10842/the-role-of-environmental-hazards-in-premature-birth-workshop-summary", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Scientific Standards for Studies on Modified Risk Tobacco Products", isbn = "978-0-309-22398-0", abstract = "Smoking-related diseases kill more Americans than alcohol, illegal drugs, murder and suicide combined. The passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 gave the FDA authority to regulate \"modified risk tobacco products\" (MRTPs), tobacco products that are either designed or advertised to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease. MRTPs must submit to the FDA scientific evidence to demonstrate the product has the potential to reduce tobacco related harms as compared to conventional tobacco products. The IOM identifies minimum standards for scientific studies that an applicant would need to complete to obtain an order to market the product from the FDA.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13294/scientific-standards-for-studies-on-modified-risk-tobacco-products", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Airliner Cabin Environment: Air Quality and Safety", isbn = "978-0-309-03690-0", abstract = "Each year Americans take more than 300 million plane trips staffed by a total of some 70,000 flight attendants. The health and safety of these individuals are the focus of this volume from the Committee on Airliner Cabin Air Quality. The book examines such topics as cabin air quality, the health effects of reduced pressure and cosmic radiation, emergency procedures, regulations established by U.S. and foreign agencies, records on airline maintenance and operation procedures, and medical statistics on air travel. Numerous recommendations are presented, including a ban on smoking on all domestic commercial flights to lessen discomfort to passengers and crew, to eliminate the possibility of fire caused by cigarettes, and to bring the cabin air quality into line with established standards for other closed environments.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/913/the-airliner-cabin-environment-air-quality-and-safety", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council and Institute of Medicine", editor = "Bernard Lo and Mary Ellen O'Connell", title = "Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children", isbn = "978-0-309-09726-0", abstract = "Ethical Considerations for Research on Housing-Related Health Hazards Involving Children\nexplores the ethical issues posed when conducting research designed to identify,\nunderstand, or ameliorate housing-related health hazards among children. Such\nresearch involves children as subjects and is conducted in the home and in communities.\nIt is often conducted with children in low-income families given the disproportionate\nprevalence of housing-related conditions such as lead poisoning, asthma,\nand fatal injuries among these children. This book emphasizes five key elements to\naddress the particular ethical concerns raised by these characteristics: involving the\naffected community in the research and responding to their concerns; ensuring that\nparents understand the essential elements of the research; adopting uniform federal\nguidelines for such research by all sponsors (Subpart D of 45 CFR 46); providing guidance\non key terms in the regulations; and viewing research oversight as a system with\nimportant roles for researchers, IRBs and their research institutions, sponsors and regulators\nof research, and the community.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11450/ethical-considerations-for-research-on-housing-related-health-hazards-involving-children", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Mortimer L. Mendelsohn and Lawrence C. Mohr and John P. Peeters", title = "Biomarkers: Medical and Workplace Applications", abstract = "A 38-year-old man who works in a factory applying coatings reports progressive breathing difficulties. A 45-year-old woman attributes her cough to copier \"fumes.\"\nWhat are the prospects that compound-specific or diagnostically useful biomarkers can be developed and used for the benefit of workers like these and their employers? What promise do biomarkers of susceptibility offer for reducing risk to occupational exposures? What are the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of such biomarkers?\nThese questions are explored in detail in this volume, which provides a comprehensive report on current and anticipated development in the application of biomarkers.\nLeading investigators present data, provide expert analyses, and make recommendations in the areas of:\n\n Dosimetry and physical measurement of exposure.\n Use of chromosome aberrations, adducts, and gene mutations as measurement of exposure and response.\n Metabolic susceptibility.\n Organ- and system-specific biomarkers.\n What biomarkers may reveal about carcinogenesis.\n\nThe book also explores the societal and ethical issues of using biomarkers in the workplace, military, courtroom, and other settings.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6033/biomarkers-medical-and-workplace-applications", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steven M. Teutsch and Amy B. Geller and Aimee M. Mead", title = "Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-09106-0", abstract = "The early to mid-1990s saw a large surge in U.S. cigar consumption, including premium cigars. Based on recent import data, premium cigar use may be increasing, though they currently make up a small percent of the total U.S. cigar market. Premium cigars have also been the subject of legal and regulatory efforts for the past decade. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a comprehensive review of available knowledge about cigars - the only one to date. The resulting research recommendations have largely not been addressed, and many of the identified information gaps persist. Furthermore, there is no single, consistent definition of premium cigars, making research challenging. \nIn response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee of experts to address this issue. The resulting report, Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects, includes 13 findings, 24 conclusions, and nine priority research recommendations and assesses the state of evidence on premium cigar characteristics, current patterns of use, marketing and perceptions of the product, and short- long-term health effects. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals", isbn = "978-0-309-10272-8", abstract = "Biomonitoring—a method for measuring amounts of toxic chemicals in human tissues—is a valuable tool for studying potentially harmful environmental chemicals. Biomonitoring data have been used to confirm exposures to chemicals and validate public health policies. For example, population biomonitoring data showing high blood lead concentrations resulted in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory reduction of lead in gasoline; biomonitoring data confirmed a resultant drop in blood lead concentrations. Despite recent advances, the science needed to understand the implications of the biomonitoring data for human health is still in its nascent stages. Use of the data also raises communication and ethical challenges. In response to a congressional request, EPA asked the National Research Council to address those challenges in an independent study. Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals provides a framework for improving the use of biomonitoring data including developing and using biomarkers (measures of exposure), research to improve the interpretation of data, ways to communicate findings to the public, and a review of ethical issues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11700/human-biomonitoring-for-environmental-chemicals", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Richard J. Bonnie and Kathleen Stratton and Leslie Y. Kwan", title = "Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products", isbn = "978-0-309-31624-8", abstract = "Tobacco use by adolescents and young adults poses serious concerns. Nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 26 years of age. Current cigarette use among adults is highest among persons aged 21 to 25 years. The parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine.\nAt the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products considers the likely public health impact of raising the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products. The report reviews the existing literature on tobacco use patterns, developmental biology and psychology, health effects of tobacco use, and the current landscape regarding youth access laws, including minimum age laws and their enforcement. Based on this literature, the report makes conclusions about the likely effect of raising the minimum age to 19, 21, and 25 years on tobacco use initiation. The report also quantifies the accompanying public health outcomes based on findings from two tobacco use simulation models. According to the report, raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products, particularly to ages 21 and 25, will lead to substantial reductions in tobacco use, improve the health of Americans across the lifespan, and save lives. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products will be a valuable reference for federal policy makers and state and local health departments and legislators.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18997/public-health-implications-of-raising-the-minimum-age-of-legal-access-to-tobacco-products", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Breast Cancer and the Environment: A Life Course Approach", isbn = "978-0-309-22069-9", abstract = "Breast cancer remains the most common invasive cancer among women. The primary patients of breast cancer are adult women who are approaching or have reached menopause; 90 percent of new cases in U.S. women in 2009 were diagnosed at age 45 or older. Growing knowledge of the complexity of breast cancer stimulated a transition in breast cancer research toward elucidating how external factors may influence the etiology of breast cancer.\nBreast Cancer and the Environment reviews the current evidence on a selection of environmental risk factors for breast cancer, considers gene-environment interactions in breast cancer, and explores evidence-based actions that might reduce the risk of breast cancer. The book also recommends further integrative research into the elements of the biology of breast development and carcinogenesis, including the influence of exposure to a variety of environmental factors during potential windows of susceptibility during the full life course, potential interventions to reduce risk, and better tools for assessing the carcinogenicity of environmental factors. For a limited set of risk factors, evidence suggests that action can be taken in ways that may reduce risk for breast cancer for many women: avoiding unnecessary medical radiation throughout life, avoiding the use of some forms of postmenopausal hormone therapy, avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing physical activity, and minimizing weight gain.\nBreast Cancer and the Environment sets a direction and a focus for future research efforts. The book will be of special interest to medical researchers, patient advocacy groups, and public health professionals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13263/breast-cancer-and-the-environment-a-life-course-approach", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012", isbn = "978-0-309-28886-6", abstract = "From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam.\nBecause of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010--September 2012 and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18395/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2012", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014", isbn = "978-0-309-38066-9", abstract = "From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam.\nBecause of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014 is a cumulative report of the series thus far.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21845/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2014", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }