TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carol Berkower A2 - Abigail Ulman A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26435 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events. On October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Katie Thomas A2 - Laurie Geller TI - Urban Forestry: Toward an Ecosystem Services Research Agenda: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18370 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18370/urban-forestry-toward-an-ecosystem-services-research-agenda-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Much of the ecological research in the past decades has focused on rural or wilderness areas. Today, however, ecological research has been taking place in our cities, where our everyday decisions can have profound effects on our environment. This research, or urban ecology, includes an important element, trees. Trees have had a variety of environmental benefits for our environment including the sequestering carbon, reducing urban heat island effects, providing vital habitat for wildlife, and making nature accessible. These benefits have important impacts on the physical, socio-economic, and mental health of humans as well. Being exposed to trees has been shown to enhance social cohesion, improve health and recreational opportunities, and increase real estate values. In order to gain more knowledge into this urban forestry, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) held a workshop February 25-26, 2013. The workshop brought together more than 100 people with various interests in urban forestry research to share information and perspectives, foster communication across specific areas of ecosystem service research, and consider integrated approaches that cut across these realms. The workshop specifically examined current capabilities to characterize and quantify the benefits, key gaps in our understanding, the challenges of planning urban forests in a way that optimizes multiple ecosystem services and more. Urban Forestry: Toward an Ecosystem Services Research Agenda: A Workshop Summary presents an overview of the issues discussed by the workshop's breakout groups; summarizes presentations from the four panels which included Biophysical Services of the Urban Forest; and context for the study with introductory material from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ben A. Wender A2 - K. John Holmes A2 - Elizabeth Zeitler TI - Making Climate Assessments Work: Learning from California and Other Subnational Climate Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25324 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25324/making-climate-assessments-work-learning-from-california-and-other-subnational PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Climate assessment activities are increasingly driven by subnational organizations—city, county, and state governments; utilities and private companies; and stakeholder groups and engaged publics—trying to better serve their constituents, customers, and members by understanding and preparing for how climate change will impact them locally. Whether the threats are drought and wildfires, storm surge and sea level rise, or heat waves and urban heat islands, the warming climate is affecting people and communities across the country. To explore the growing role of subnational climate assessments and action, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the 2-day workshop on August 14-15, 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/13328 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13328/urban-meteorology-forecasting-monitoring-and-meeting-users-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - According to the United Nations, three out of five people will be living in cities worldwide by the year 2030. The United States continues to experience urbanization with its vast urban corridors on the east and west coasts. Although urban weather is driven by large synoptic and meso-scale features, weather events unique to the urban environment arise from the characteristics of the typical urban setting, such as large areas covered by buildings of a variety of heights; paved streets and parking areas; means to supply electricity, natural gas, water, and raw materials; and generation of waste heat and materials. Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs is based largely on the information provided at a Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate community workshop. This book describes the needs for end user communities, focusing in particular on needs that are not being met by current urban-level forecasting and monitoring. Urban Meteorology also describes current and emerging meteorological forecasting and monitoring capabilities that have had and will likely have the most impact on urban areas, some of which are not being utilized by the relevant end user communities. Urban Meteorology explains that users of urban meteorological information need high-quality information available in a wide variety of formats that foster its use and within time constraints set by users' decision processes. By advancing the science and technology related to urban meteorology with input from key end user communities, urban meteorologists can better meet the needs of diverse end users. To continue the advancement within the field of urban meteorology, there are both short-term needs-which might be addressed with small investments but promise large, quick returns-as well as future challenges that could require significant efforts and investments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson A2 - Audrey Thévenon A2 - Sabina Vadnais TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27204 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27204/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-lessons-learned-in-addressing-inequities-in-heat-related-climate-change-impacts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Extreme heat is a pervasive and critical hazard of climate change. While heat poses a significant threat to large swaths of the human population, it is not affecting all people or all communities equally. To explore what it takes to prevent and mitigate inequitable health impacts from extreme heat, the National Academies Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) organized a workshop on June 20-21, 2023, titled Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts. The workshop was the third in a series of EHMI events exploring the state of knowledge about climate-related health disparities. This hybrid event convened people with lived experience in communities affected by extreme heat; experts in environmental health, economic, and racial justice; climate scientists; energy specialists; and people involved in sustainable planning and disaster relief. Through presentations, shared stories, and interactive discussions, participants explored real-world challenges related to extreme heat, along with actions being pursued to prevent, adapt to, or mitigate the health consequences. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alina Baciu A2 - Kathleen Stratton TI - Protecting the Health and Well-Being of Communities in a Changing Climate: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/24797 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24797/protecting-the-health-and-well-being-of-communities-in-a-changing-climate PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - On March 13, 2017, the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement held a 1-day public workshop at the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, DC. Participants discussed regional, state, and local efforts to mitigate and adapt to health challenges arising from climate change, ranging from heat to rising water. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Vinu Ilakkuvan TI - Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26858 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26858/spatial-justice-as-a-driver-of-health-in-the-context-of-societal-emergencies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Spatial justice is about equitable access to parks, housing, and more. During societal emergencies, including pandemics and climate change, the relationship between people and places requires greater attention and action to integrate the knowledge of people with lived experience, especially historically marginalized communities. On September 20 and 21, 2021, the National Academies Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted a virtual workshop to explore the nature, use, design of, threats, and changes to places as a resource for health and public spaces as a shared resource. This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Protecting the Health and Well-Being of Communities in a Changing Climate: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24846 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24846/protecting-the-health-and-well-being-of-communities-in-a-changing-climate PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - On March 13, 2017, the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine and the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement jointly convened a 1-day public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore potential strategies for public health, environmental health, health care, and related stakeholders to help communities and regions to address and mitigate the health effects of climate change. Participants discussed the perspectives of civic, government, business, and health-sector leaders, and existing research, best practices, and examples that inform stakeholders and practitioners on approaches to support mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and its effects on population health. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - District Heating and Cooling in the United States: Prospects and Issues SN - DO - 10.17226/263 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/263/district-heating-and-cooling-in-the-united-states-prospects-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - Used historically in urban areas but now mainly in institutions, district heating and cooling systems—efficient centralized energy systems that may use energy sources other than petroleum—have gained renewed interest. This volume is a nontechnical examination of the history and current extent of district heating and cooling systems in the United States, their costs and benefits, technical requirements, market demand for them, and European experience with such systems, with major focus on the problems of financing, regulation, and taxation. Appendixes provide case studies of cities and towns currently using district heating and cooling systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Research and Development on Urban Systems: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12969 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12969/pathways-to-urban-sustainability-research-and-development-on-urban-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - More than half of the world's people now live in cities. In the United States, the figure is 80 percent. It is worthwhile to consider how this trend of increased urbanization, if inevitable, could be made more sustainable. One fundamental shortcoming of urban research and programs is that they sometimes fail to recognize urban areas as systems. Current institutions and actors are not accustomed to exploring human-environment interactions, particularly at an urban-scale. The fact is that these issues involve complex interactions, many of which are not yet fully understood. Thus a key challenge for the 21st century is this: How can we develop sustainable urban systems that provide healthy, safe and affordable environments for the growing number of Americans living in cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas? To address this question, the National Research Council organized a workshop exploring the landscape of urban sustainability research programs in the United States. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to allow participants to share information about the activities and planning efforts of federal agencies, along with related initiatives by universities, the private sector, nongovernmental groups, state and local agencies, and international organizations. Participants were encouraged to explore how urban sustainability can move beyond analyses devoted to single disciplines and sectors to systems-level thinking and effective interagency cooperation. To do this, participants examined areas of potential coordination among different R&D programs, with special consideration given to how the efforts of federal agencies can best complement and leverage the efforts of other key stakeholders. Pathways to Urban Sustainability offers a broad contextual summary of workshop presentations and discussions for distribution to federal agencies, regional organizations, academic institutions, think tanks and other groups engaged in urban research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sustainability for the Nation: Resource Connections and Governance Linkages SN - DO - 10.17226/13471 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13471/sustainability-for-the-nation-resource-connections-and-governance-linkages PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - A "sustainable society," according to one definition, "is one that can persist over generations; one that is far-seeing enough, flexible enough, and wise enough not to undermine either its physical or its social system of support." As the government sector works hard to ensure sufficient fresh water, food, energy, housing, health, and education for the nation without limiting resources for the future generations, it's clear that there is no sufficient organization to deal with sustainability issues. Each federal agency appears to have a single mandate or a single area of expertise making it difficult to tackle issues such as managing the ecosystem. Key resource domains, which include water, land, energy, and nonrenewable resources, for example, are nearly-completely connected yet different agencies exist to address only one aspect of these domains. The legendary ecologist John Muir wrote in 1911 that "when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." Thus, in order for the nation to be successful in sustaining its resources, "linkages" will need to be built among federal, state, and local governments; nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and the private sector. The National Research Council (NRC) was asked by several federal agencies, foundations, and the private sector to provide guidance to the federal government on issues related to sustainability linkages. The NRC assigned the task to as committee with a wide range of expertise in government, academia, and business. The committee held public fact-finding meetings to hear from agencies and stakeholder groups; examined sustainability management examples; conducted extensive literature reviews; and more to address the issue. Sustainability for the Nation: Resource Connection and Governance Linkages is the committee's report on the issue. The report includes insight into high-priority areas for governance linkages, the challenges of managing connected systems, impediments to successful government linkages, and more. The report also features examples of government linkages which include Adaptive Management on the Platte River, Philadelphia's Green Stormwater Infrastructure, and Managing Land Use in the Mojave. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Rusch TI - Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization: Workshop in Brief DO - 10.17226/21847 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21847/bringing-public-health-into-urban-revitalization-workshop-in-brief PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On November 10, 2014, the Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine held a 1-day workshop titled "Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization." The purpose of the workshop was to explore public health issues related to the redesign of major U.S. cities, focusing on recent examples from Detroit, Michigan; New York City; and Washington, DC. Workshop speakers showed how rebuilding efforts provide an opportunity to reimagine the built environment, increase a sense of community, increase the role of public health departments and health systems, and increase the use of green technologies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Understanding the Changing Planet: Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences SN - DO - 10.17226/12860 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12860/understanding-the-changing-planet-strategic-directions-for-the-geographical-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Education AB - From the oceans to continental heartlands, human activities have altered the physical characteristics of Earth's surface. With Earth's population projected to peak at 8 to 12 billion people by 2050 and the additional stress of climate change, it is more important than ever to understand how and where these changes are happening. Innovation in the geographical sciences has the potential to advance knowledge of place-based environmental change, sustainability, and the impacts of a rapidly changing economy and society. Understanding the Changing Planet outlines eleven strategic directions to focus research and leverage new technologies to harness the potential that the geographical sciences offer. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Howard Frumkin A2 - Richard J. Jackson A2 - Christine M. Coussens TI - Health and the Environment in the Southeastern United States: Rebuilding Unity: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10535 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10535/health-and-the-environment-in-the-southeastern-united-states-rebuilding PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - The purpose of this regional workshop in the Southeast was to broaden the environmental health perspective from its typical focus on environmental toxicology to a view that included the impact of the natural, built, and social environments on human health. Early in the planning, Roundtable members realized that the process of engaging speakers and developing an agenda for the workshop would be nearly as instructive as the workshop itself. In their efforts to encourage a wide scope of participation, Roundtable members sought input from individuals from a broad range of diverse fields-urban planners, transportation engineers, landscape architects, developers, clergy, local elected officials, heads of industry, and others. This workshop summary captures the discussions that occurred during the two-day meeting. During this workshop, four main themes were explored: (1) environmental and individual health are intrinsically intertwined; (2) traditional methods of ensuring environmental health protection, such as regulations, should be balanced by more cooperative approaches to problem solving; (3) environmental health efforts should be holistic and interdisciplinary; and (4) technological advances, along with coordinated action across educational, business, social, and political spheres, offer great hope for protecting environmental health. This workshop report is an informational document that provides a summary of the regional meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Enhancing Urban Sustainability with Data, Modeling, and Simulation: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25480 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25480/enhancing-urban-sustainability-with-data-modeling-and-simulation-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - On January 30-31, 2019 the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, in collaboration with the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, convened a workshop in Washington, D.C. to explore the frontiers of mathematics and data science needs for sustainable urban communities. The workshop strengthened the emerging interdisciplinary network of practitioners, business leaders, government officials, nonprofit stakeholders, academics, and policy makers using data, modeling, and simulation for urban and community sustainability, and addressed common challenges that the community faces. Presentations highlighted urban sustainability research efforts and programs under way, including research into air quality, water management, waste disposal, and social equity and discussed promising urban sustainability research questions that improved use of big data, modeling, and simulation can help address. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Monitoring Climate Change Impacts: Metrics at the Intersection of the Human and Earth Systems SN - DO - 10.17226/12965 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12965/monitoring-climate-change-impacts-metrics-at-the-intersection-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - The stresses associated with climate change are expected to be felt keenly as human population grows to a projected 9 billion by the middle of this century, increasing the demand for resources and supporting infrastructure. Therefore, information to assess vulnerabilities to climate change is needed to support policies and investments designed to increase resilience in human and Earth systems. There are currently many observing systems that capture elements of how climate is changing, for example, direct measurements of atmospheric and ocean temperature. Although those measurements are essential for understanding the scale and nature of climate change, they do not necessarily provide information about the impacts of climate change on humans that are especially relevant for political and economic planning and decision making. Monitoring Climate Change Impacts tackles the challenge of developing an illustrative suite of indicators, measurements (and the locations around the globe where the measurements can be applied), and metrics that are important for understanding global climate change and providing insight into environmental sustainability. Eight panels provided input on: cryosphere, land-surface and terrestrial ecosystems, hydrology and water resources, atmosphere, human health and other dimensions, oceans (both physical and biological/chemical), and natural disasters. The book also provides an illustrative set of metrics that are likely to be affected by climate change over the next 20-25 years and, when taken together, can potentially give advance warning of climate-related changes to the human and environment systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Twins in Atmospheric and Climate Sciences: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26921 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26921/opportunities-and-challenges-for-digital-twins-in-atmospheric-and-climate-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The digital twin is an emerging technology that builds on the convergence of computer science, mathematics, engineering, and the life sciences. Digital twins have the potential to revolutionize atmospheric and climate sciences in particular, as they could be used, for example, to create global-scale interactive models of Earth to predict future weather and climate conditions over longer timescales. On February 1-2, 2023, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a public, virtual workshop to discuss characterizations of digital twins within the context of atmospheric, climate, and sustainability sciences and to identify methods for their development and use. Workshop panelists presented varied definitions and taxonomies of digital twins and highlighted key challenges as well as opportunities to translate promising practices to other fields. The second in a three-part series, this evidence-gathering workshop will inform a National Academies consensus study on research gaps and future directions to advance the mathematical, statistical, and computational foundations of digital twins in applications across science, medicine, engineering, and society. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges SN - DO - 10.17226/25121 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25121/environmental-engineering-for-the-21st-century-addressing-grand-challenges PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Earth Sciences AB - Environmental engineers support the well-being of people and the planet in areas where the two intersect. Over the decades the field has improved countless lives through innovative systems for delivering water, treating waste, and preventing and remediating pollution in air, water, and soil. These achievements are a testament to the multidisciplinary, pragmatic, systems-oriented approach that characterizes environmental engineering. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges outlines the crucial role for environmental engineers in this period of dramatic growth and change. The report identifies five pressing challenges of the 21st century that environmental engineers are uniquely poised to help advance: sustainably supply food, water, and energy; curb climate change and adapt to its impacts; design a future without pollution and waste; create efficient, healthy, resilient cities; and foster informed decisions and actions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Critical Issues in Transportation 2019 DO - 10.17226/25314 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25314/critical-issues-in-transportation-2019 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and equity issues will be included soon in Critical Issues in Transportation 2019. In this report, which is updated periodically by the TRB Executive Committee, a series of challenging questions are posed to explore issues and opportunities that may arise 10 to 20 years into the future. These questions, 63 in all, have been organized into 12 topic areas and provide a way to frame future areas of research, policy analysis, and debate.Critical issues identified in this report deserve attention because of transportation’s central role in serving individuals and society. This document serves to sharpen society's collective understanding of transportation and its ramifications, while informing decisions by individual citizens and officials in both the public and private sectors. The issues have been identified and documented from a U.S. perspective, and are also common across developed nations.Download the executive overview, Critical Issues in Transportation: Policy Snapshot and or visit www.TRB.org/criticalissues from your mobile device. On March 5, 2019, TRB and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) cohosted a webinar that covered TRB’s Critical Issues in Transportation 2019 report and the 2019-2020 NTSB’s Most Wanted List. Presenters focused on issues of safety and security across all modes of transportation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Climate Change and Ecosystems DO - 10.17226/25504 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25504/climate-change-and-ecosystems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The National Academies convened a forum on November 8-9, 2018 to highlight current research frontiers such as the effects of climate extremes, interactions among climate and other stressors, the timing, sequence, and clustering of climate-related events, and tipping points for abrupt change. Topics of discussion at the forum pertained to the changes ecosystems are currently undergoing, sustaining ecosystems, the impact of ecosystems on global climate change, societal adaptation to climate change, and priorities for future research. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the forum. ER -