@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Timothy M. Smeeding and David S. Johnson and Constance F. Citro", title = "Creating an Integrated System of Data and Statistics on Household Income, Consumption, and Wealth: Time to Build", isbn = "978-0-309-71231-6", abstract = "Many federal agencies provide data and statistics on inequality and related aspects of household income, consumption, and wealth (ICW). However, because the information provided by these agencies is often produced using different concepts, underlying data, and methods, the resulting estimates of poverty, inequality, mean and median household income, consumption, and wealth, as well as other statistics, do not always tell a consistent or easily interpretable story. Measures also differ in their accuracy, timeliness, and relevance so that it is difficult to address such questions as the effects of the Great Recession on household finances or of the Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing relief efforts on household income and consumption. The presence of multiple, sometimes conflicting statistics at best muddies the waters of policy debates and, at worst, enable advocates with different policy perspectives to cherry-pick their preferred set of estimates. Achieving an integrated system of relevant, high-quality, and transparent household ICW data and statistics should go far to reduce disagreement about who has how much, and from what sources. Further, such data are essential to advance research on economic wellbeing and to ensure that policies are well targeted to achieve societal goals.\nCreating an Integrated System of Data and Statistics on Household Income, Consumption, and Wealth reviews the major household ICW statistics currently produced by U.S. statistical agencies and provides guidance for modernizing the information to better inform policy and research, such as understanding trends in inequality and mobility. This report provides recommendations for developing an improved 21st century data system for measuring the extent to which economic prosperity is shared by households throughout the population and for understanding how the distribution of resources is affected by government policy and economic events. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27333/creating-an-integrated-system-of-data-and-statistics-on-household-income-consumption-and-wealth", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "A Plan for Evaluating the District of Columbia's Public Schools: From Impressions to Evidence", isbn = "978-0-309-20936-6", abstract = "The District of Columbia (DC) has struggled for decades to improve its public education system. In 2007 the DC government made a bold change in the way it governs public education with the goal of shaking up the system and bringing new energy to efforts to improve outcomes for students. The Public Education Reform Amendment Act (PERAA) shifted control of the city's public schools from an elected school board to the mayor, developed a new state department of education, created the position of chancellor, and made other significant management changes. \n\nA Plan for Evaluating the District of Columbia's Public Schools offers a framework for evaluating the effects of PERAA on DC's public schools. The book recommends an evaluation program that includes a systematic yearly public reporting of key data as well as in-depth studies of high-priority issues including: quality of teachers, principals, and other personnel; quality of classroom teaching and learning; capacity to serve vulnerable children and youth; promotion of family and community engagement; and quality and equity of operations, management, and facilities. As part of the evaluation program, the Mayor's Office should produce an annual report to the city on the status of the public schools, including an analysis of trends and all the underlying data.\n\nA Plan for Evaluating the District of Columbia's Public Schools suggests that D.C. engage local universities, philanthropic organizations, and other institutions to develop and sustain an infrastructure for ongoing research and evaluation of its public schools. Any effective evaluation program must be independent of school and city leaders and responsive to the needs of all stakeholders. Additionally, its research should meet the highest standards for technical quality.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13114/a-plan-for-evaluating-the-district-of-columbias-public-schools", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Dominic Brose and Yasmin Romitti and Ryan Anderson and Alison Macalady", title = "Transitioning Toward Sustainability: Advancing the Scientific Foundation: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-44375-3", abstract = "In 1999 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a landmark report, Our Common Journey: A Transition toward Sustainability, which attempted to \u201creinvigorate the essential strategic connections between scientific research, technological development, and societies\u2019 efforts to achieve environmentally sustainable improvements in human well-being.\u201d1 The report emphasized the need for place-based and systems approaches to sustainability, proposed a research strategy for using scientific and technical knowledge to better inform the field, and highlighted a number of priorities for actions that could contribute to a sustainable future. \n\nThe past 15 years have brought significant advances in observational and predictive capabilities for a range of natural and social systems, as well as development of other tools and approaches useful for sustainability planning. In addition, other frameworks for environmental decision making, such as those that focus on climate adaptation or resilience, have become increasingly prominent. A careful consideration of how these other approaches might intersect with sustainability is warranted, particularly in that they may affect similar resources or rely on similar underlying scientific data and models. \u2028\n\nTo further the discussion on these outstanding issues, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on January 14\u201315, 2016. Participants discussed progress in sustainability science during the last 15 years, potential opportunities for advancing the research and use of scientific knowledge to support a transition toward sustainability, and challenges specifically related to establishing indicators and observations to support sustainability research and practice. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23533/transitioning-toward-sustainability-advancing-the-scientific-foundation-proceedings-of-a", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Gooloo S. Wunderlich", title = "Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-15976-0", abstract = "Developing credible short-term and long-term projections of Medicare health care costs is critical for public- and private-sector policy planning, but faces challenges and uncertainties. There is uncertainty not only in the underlying economic and demographic assumptions used in projection models, but also in what a policy modeler assumes about future changes in the health status of the population and the factors affecting health status , the extent and pace of scientific and technological breakthroughs in medical care, the preferences of the population for particular kinds of care, the likelihood that policy makers will alter current law and regulations, and how each of these factors relates to health care costs for the elderly population. \n\nGiven the substantial growth in the Medicare population and the continued increases in Medicare, Medicaid, and private health insurance spending, the availability of well-specified models and analyses that can provide useful information on the likely cost implications of health care policy alternatives is essential. It is therefore timely to review the capabilities and limitations of extant health care cost models and to identify areas for research that offer the most promise to improve modeling, not only of current U.S. health care programs, but also of policy alternatives that may be considered in the coming years. \n\nThe National Research Council conducted a public workshop focusing on areas of research needed to improve health care cost projections for the Medicare population, and on the strengths and weaknesses of competing frameworks for projecting health care expenditures for the elderly. The workshop considered major classes of projection and simulation models that are currently used and the underlying data sources and research inputs for these models. It also explored areas in which additional research and data are needed to inform model development and health care policy analysis more broadly. The workshop, summarized in this volume, drew people from a wide variety of disciplines and perspectives, including federal agencies, academia, and nongovernmental organizations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12985/improving-health-care-cost-projections-for-the-medicare-population-summary", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis", isbn = "978-0-309-28778-4", abstract = "Data mining of massive data sets is transforming the way we think about crisis response, marketing, entertainment, cybersecurity and national intelligence. Collections of documents, images, videos, and networks are being thought of not merely as bit strings to be stored, indexed, and retrieved, but as potential sources of discovery and knowledge, requiring sophisticated analysis techniques that go far beyond classical indexing and keyword counting, aiming to find relational and semantic interpretations of the phenomena underlying the data.\nFrontiers in Massive Data Analysis examines the frontier of analyzing massive amounts of data, whether in a static database or streaming through a system. Data at that scale--terabytes and petabytes--is increasingly common in science (e.g., particle physics, remote sensing, genomics), Internet commerce, business analytics, national security, communications, and elsewhere. The tools that work to infer knowledge from data at smaller scales do not necessarily work, or work well, at such massive scale. New tools, skills, and approaches are necessary, and this report identifies many of them, plus promising research directions to explore. Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis discusses pitfalls in trying to infer knowledge from massive data, and it characterizes seven major classes of computation that are common in the analysis of massive data. Overall, this report illustrates the cross-disciplinary knowledge--from computer science, statistics, machine learning, and application disciplines--that must be brought to bear to make useful inferences from massive data.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18374/frontiers-in-massive-data-analysis", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Assessment of Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon: Phase 1 Report on a Near-Term Update", isbn = "978-0-309-39145-0", abstract = "The social cost of carbon (SCC) for a given year is an estimate, in dollars, of the present discounted value of the damage caused by a 1-metric ton increase in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere in that year; or equivalently, the benefits of reducing CO2 emissions by the same amount in that given year. The SCC is intended to provide a comprehensive measure of the monetized value of the net damages from global climate change from an additional unit of CO2, including, but not limited to, changes in net agricultural productivity, energy use, human health effects, and property damages from increased flood risk. Federal agencies use the SCC to value the CO2 emissions impacts of various policies including emission and fuel economy standards for vehicles, regulations of industrial air pollutants from industrial manufacturing, emission standards for power plants and solid waste incineration, and appliance energy efficiency standards. \n\nThere are significant challenges to estimating a dollar value that reflects all the physical, human, ecological, and economic impacts of climate change. Recognizing that the models and scientific data underlying the SCC estimates evolve and improve over time, the federal government made a commitment to provide regular updates to the estimates. To assist with future revisions of the SCC, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Carbon (IWG) requested the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine complete a study that assessed the merits and challenges of a limited near-term update to the SCC and of a comprehensive update of the SCC to ensure that the estimates reflect the best available science. This interim report focuses on near-term updates to the SCC estimates. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21898/assessment-of-approaches-to-updating-the-social-cost-of-carbon", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials", isbn = "978-0-309-15814-5", abstract = "Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. \n\nMissing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. \n\nThe Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12955/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-missing-data-in-clinical-trials", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Measuring What Matters: Allocation, Planning, and Quality Assessment for the Ryan White CARE Act", isbn = "978-0-309-09115-2", abstract = "The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act gives funding\nto cities, states, and other public and private entities to provide care and support\nservices to individuals with HIV and AIDS who have low-incomes and little or no\ninsurance. The CARE Act is a discretionary program that relies on annual appropriations\nfrom Congress to provide care for low-income, uninsured, or underinsured\nindividuals who have no other resources to pay for care. Despite its successes, funding\nhas been insufficient to address all of the inequalities and gaps in coverage for\npeople with HIV.\n\nIn response to a congressional mandate, an Institute of Medicine committee was\nformed to reevaluate whether CARE allocation strategies are an equitable and efficient\nway of distributing resources to jurisdictions with the greatest needs and to\nassess whether quality of care can be refined and expanded. Measuring What\nMatters: Allocation, Planning, and Quality Assessment for the Ryan White CARE Act proposes\nseveral types of analyses that could be used to guide the evaluation and\nimprovement of allocation formulas, as well as a framework for assessing quality of\ncare provided to HIV-infected persons.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10855/measuring-what-matters-allocation-planning-and-quality-assessment-for-the", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Letter Report on the Freight Analysis Framework", abstract = "A letter report from TRB\u2019s Committee on the Future of the Federal Highway Administration\u2019s (FHWA\u2019s) Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) summarizes the outcomes of the committee\u2019s October 2003 workshop on the FAF. The report recommends that FHWA\u2019s Freight Office focus its resources on developing a national freight data program that builds on lessons learned in the FAF project. Further work on the FAF itself should be restricted to short-term documentation and clarification efforts and some limited updating.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22023/letter-report-on-the-freight-analysis-framework", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Letter Report to Review and Comment on the Phase II Draft Report Prepared for the CDC by the Risk Assessment Corporation (RAC) Titled "Savannah River Site Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project Phase II"", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9872/letter-report-to-review-and-comment-on-the-phase-ii-draft-report-prepared-for-the-cdc-by-the-risk-assessment-corporation-rac-titled-savannah-river-site-environmental-dose-reconstruction-project-phase-ii", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steven Kendall and Joe S. Cecil and Jason A. Cantone and Meghan Dunn and Aaron Wolf", title = "Emerging Areas of Science, Engineering, and Medicine for the Courts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "On February 24-25, 2021, an ad hoc planning committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Science, Technology, and Law hosted a workshop titled Emerging Areas of Science, Engineering, and Medicine for the Courts. The workshop was organized to explore emerging issues in science, technology, and medicine that might be the basis of new chapters in a fourth edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence. The Reference Manual, a primary resource for federal judges on questions of science in litigation, is a joint publication of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Federal Judicial Center, the research and education arm of the federal judiciary.\nOver the course of the workshop, judges discussed how they evaluate scientific evidence in court and scientists and others spoke about emerging issues in science and technology that may come before the courts in coming years. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26231/emerging-areas-of-science-engineering-and-medicine-for-the-courts", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Access to Research Data in the 21st Century: An Ongoing Dialogue Among Interested Parties: Report of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-08329-4", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10302/access-to-research-data-in-the-21st-century-an-ongoing", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Robert Pool and Erin Rusch", title = "Principles and Obstacles for Sharing Data from Environmental Health Research: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-37085-1", abstract = "On March 19, 2014, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on the topic of the sharing of data from environmental health research. Experts in the field of environmental health agree that there are benefits to sharing research data, but questions remain regarding how to effectively make these data available. The sharing of data derived from human subjects\u2014making them both transparent and accessible to others\u2014raises a host of ethical, scientific, and process questions that are not always present in other areas of science, such as physics, geology, or chemistry. The workshop participants explored key concerns, principles, and obstacles to the responsible sharing of data used in support of environmental health research and policy making while focusing on protecting the privacy of human subjects and addressing the concerns of the research community. Principles and Obstacles for Sharing Data from Environmental Health Research summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21703/principles-and-obstacles-for-sharing-data-from-environmental-health-research", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Thomas Arrison and Franklin Carrero-Martinez and Jennifer Saunders and Emi Kameyama", title = "Data-Informed Societies Achieving Sustainability: Tasks for the Global Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by all United Nations Member States, offers a \"shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.\" The Agenda outlines 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which address a range of global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation, among others. Advances in technology and the proliferation of data are providing new opportunities for monitoring and tracking the progress of the SDGs. Yet, with these advances come significant challenges, such as a lack infrastructure, knowledge, and capacity to support big data.\nTo further examine how the global scientific, engineering, and medical communities can better facilitate the effective use of data to advance sustainability in the context of the SDGs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u2019s Board on Research Data and Information and the Science and Technology for Sustainability Program convened a virtual public workshop on September 9-10, 2021. The workshop examined current efforts and initiatives to harness data and data-driven services to advance sustainability around the world. Workshop discussions also explored crosscutting issues, including strengthening the engagement of scientific, engineering, and medical communities on data-related issues, addressing disparities in the ability of societies to utilize data, and lessons learned from global experience with the COVID-19 pandemic. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26513/data-informed-societies-achieving-sustainability-tasks-for-the-global-scientific-engineering-and-medical-communities", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "A Convergence of Science and Law: A Summary Report of the First Meeting of the Science, Technology, and Law Panel", isbn = "978-0-309-07584-8", abstract = "This report is a summary of the first meeting of the Science, Technology, and Law Panel. The Policy Division of the National Research Council established the panel to bring the science and engineering community and the legal community together on a regular basis to explore pressing issues, to improve communication, and to help resolve such issues between these communities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10174/a-convergence-of-science-and-law-a-summary-report-of", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Brendan Roach", title = "Assessing and Improving AI Trustworthiness: Current Contexts and Concerns: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "On March 3-4, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop to explore both current assessments and current approaches to understanding and enhancing trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) and to identify potential paths to contribute to improved assessments of AI trustworthiness. A series of five panel discussions and one keynote address provided an overview of current practices in AI trustworthiness and then focused on attributes of trustworthy systems and tools and assessments to better understand and communicate a system's trustworthiness. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26208/assessing-and-improving-ai-trustworthiness-current-contexts-and-concerns-proceedings", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Resolving Conflicts Arising from the Privatization of Environmental Data", isbn = "978-0-309-07583-1", abstract = "Reliable collections of science-based environmental information are vital for many groups of users and for a number of purposes. For example, electric utility companies predict demand during heat waves, structural engineers design buildings to withstand hurricanes and earthquakes, water managers monitor each winter's snow pack, and farmers plant and harvest crops based on daily weather predictions. Understanding the impact of human activities on climate, water, ecosystems, and species diversity, and assessing how natural systems may respond in the future are becoming increasingly important for public policy decisions.\nEnvironmental information systems gather factual information, transform it into information products, and distribute the products to users. Typical uses of the information require long-term consistency; hence the operation of the information system requires a long-term commitment from an institution, agency, or corporation. The need to keep costs down provides a strong motivation for creating multipurpose information systems that satisfy scientific, commercial and operational requirements, rather than systems that address narrow objectives. Resolving Conflicts Arising from the Privatization of Environmental Data focuses on such shared systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10237/resolving-conflicts-arising-from-the-privatization-of-environmental-data", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", title = "Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age", isbn = "978-0-309-13684-6", abstract = "As digital technologies are expanding the power and reach of research, they are also raising complex issues. These include complications in ensuring the validity of research data; standards that do not keep pace with the high rate of innovation; restrictions on data sharing that reduce the ability of researchers to verify results and build on previous research; and huge increases in the amount of data being generated, creating severe challenges in preserving that data for long-term use.\nEnsuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age examines the consequences of the changes affecting research data with respect to three issues - integrity, accessibility, and stewardship-and finds a need for a new approach to the design and the management of research projects. The report recommends that all researchers receive appropriate training in the management of research data, and calls on researchers to make all research data, methods, and other information underlying results publicly accessible in a timely manner. The book also sees the stewardship of research data as a critical long-term task for the research enterprise and its stakeholders. Individual researchers, research institutions, research sponsors, professional societies, and journals involved in scientific, engineering, and medical research will find this book an essential guide to the principles affecting research data in the digital age.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12615/ensuring-the-integrity-accessibility-and-stewardship-of-research-data-in-the-digital-age", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Glen Weisbrod Cecilia Viggiano, EBP and Shan Jiang, Emma Homstad, Tufts University and Kendril Melissa Chan, LLC and Steptoe & Johnson Sarah Nural, LLP", title = "Data Sharing Guidance for Public Transit Agencies—Now and in the Future", abstract = "Transit agencies are beginning to harness the value of external data, but challenges remain.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 213: Data Sharing Guidance for Public Transit Agencies \u2013 Now and in the Future is designed to help agencies make decisions about sharing their data, including how to evaluate benefits, costs, and risks.Many transit agencies have realized benefits from sharing their internal data sets, ranging from improved customer information, to innovative research findings that help the transit agency improve performance.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25696/data-sharing-guidance-for-public-transit-agencies-now-and-in-the-future", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Licensing Geographic Data and Services", isbn = "978-0-309-09267-8", abstract = "Geographic data are used in all sectors of society to support a huge range of applications ranging from emergency response to land-use planning to location-based services. In the past, government agencies typically acquired ownership of such data from private-sector and other data producers and distributed these data without restriction. Licensing--whereby the producer may restrict redistribution--has emerged as an alternative business model that agencies must now consider among a suite of procurement options. The report highlights licensing perspectives and experiences of major stakeholder groups and examines the pros and cons of licensing. It concludes that licensing may be a viable option in some instances and advises agencies on how to best serve societal interests. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11079/licensing-geographic-data-and-services", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }