@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Regulation of Weights, Lengths, and Widths of Commercial Motor Vehicles: Special Report 267", abstract = "TRB Special Report 267 - Regulation of Weights, Lengths, and Widths of Commercial Motor Vehicles recommends the creation of an independent public organization to evaluate the effects of truck traffic, pilot studies of new truck designs, and a change in federal law authorizing states to issue permits for operation of larger trucks on the Interstates.\n\nIn 1991, Congress placed a freeze on maximum truck weights and dimensions. Some safety groups were protesting against the safety implications of increased truck size and weight, and the railroads were objecting to the introduction of vehicles they deemed to have an unfair advantage. Railroads, unlike trucking firms, must pay for the capital costs of their infrastructure. The railroads contend that large trucks do not pay sufficient taxes to compensate for the highway damage they cause and the environmental costs they generate. Although Congress apparently hoped it had placed a cap on maximum truck dimensions in 1991, such has not proven to be the case.\n\nCarriers operating under specific conditions have been able to seek and obtain special exceptions from the federal freeze by appealing directly to Congress (without any formal review of the possible consequences), thereby encouraging additional firms to seek similar exceptions. In the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, Congress requested a TRB study to review federal policies on commercial vehicle dimensions.\n\nThe committee that undertook the study that resulted in Special Report 267 found that regulatory analyses of the benefits and costs of changes in truck dimensions are hampered by a lack of information. Regulatory decisions on such matters will always entail a degree of risk and uncertainty, but the degree of uncertainty surrounding truck issues is uunusually high and unnecessary. The committee concluded that the uncertainty could be alleviated if procedures were established for carrying out a program oof basic and applied research, and if evaluation and monitoring were permanent components of the administration of trucking regulations.\n\nThe committee recommended immediate changes in federal regulations that would allow for a federally supervised permit program. The program would permit the operation of vehicles heavier than would normally be allowed, provided that the changes applied only to vehicles with a maximum weight of 90,000 pounds, double trailer configurations with each trailer up to 33 feet, and an overall weight limit governed by the federal bridge formula. Moreover, enforcement of trucks operating under such a program should be strengthened, and the permits should require that users pay the costs they occasion. States should be free to choose whether to participate in the permit program. Those that elected to do so would be required to have in place a program of bridge management, safety monitoring, enforcement, and cost recovery, overseen by the federal government.\n\nThe fundamental problem involved in evaluating proposals for changes in truck dimensions is that their effects can often only be estimated or modeled. The data available for estimating safety consequences in particular are inadequate and probably always will be. Thus, the committee that conducted this study concluded that the resulting analyses usually involve a high degree of uncertainty. What is needed is some way to evaluate potential changes through limited and carefully controlled trials, much as proposed new drugs are tested before being allowed in widespread use.\n\nThe committee recommended that a new independent entity be created to work with private industry in evaluating new concepts and recommending changes to regulatory agencies. Limited pilot tests would be required, which would need to be carefully designed to avoid undue risks and ensure proper evaluation. Special vehicles could be allowed to operate under carefully controlled circumstances, just as oversize and overweight vehicles are allowed to operate under special permits in many states. Changes in federal laws and regulations would be required to allow states to issue such permits on an expanded network of highways, under the condition that a rigorous program of monitoring and evaluation be instituted.Special Report 269 Summary\n\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10382/regulation-of-weights-lengths-and-widths-of-commercial-motor-vehicles", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Operational Differences and Similarities Among the Motorcoach, School Bus, and Trucking Industries", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 6: Operational Differences and Similarities Among the Motorcoach, School Bus, and Trucking Industries is designed as a single resource for information on profiles, safety statistics, and general business operations for these three commercial vehicle industries.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13809/operational-differences-and-similarities-among-the-motorcoach-school-bus-and-trucking-industries", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Alon Bassok and Chris Johnson and Matthew Kitchen and Rebeccah Maskin and Kris Overby and Daniel Carlson and Anne Goodchild and Edward McCormack and Erica Wygonik", title = "Smart Growth and Urban Goods Movement", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) Report 24: Smart Growth and Urban Goods Movement identifies the interrelationships between goods movement and smart growth applications, in particular, the relationship between the transportation of goods in the urban environment and land-use patterns.The report is designed to help promote a better understanding of urban goods movement demand, relevant performance metrics, and the limitations of current modeling frameworks for addressing smart growth and urban goods movement.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22522/smart-growth-and-urban-goods-movement", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Frank Southworth and Jolene Hayes and Shannon McLeod and Anne Strauss-Wieder", title = "Making U.S. Ports Resilient as Part of Extended Intermodal Supply Chains", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) Report 30: Making U.S. Ports Resilient as Part of Extended Intermodal Supply Chains focuses on identifying and elaborating on the steps needed to coordinate freight movements through ports in times of severe stress on existing operating infrastructures and services.This report builds on NCHRP Report 732: Methodologies to Estimate the Economic Impacts of Disruptions to the Goods Movement System to provide a set of high-level guidelines to help seaport authorities with minimizing lost throughput capacity resulting from a major disruption.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23428/making-us-ports-resilient-as-part-of-extended-intermodal-supply-chains", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Truck Weight Limits: Issues and Options -- Special Report 225", abstract = "TRB Special Report 225 - Truck Weight Limits: Issues and Options examines various proposals for changes in truck weight regulations. Truck weight limits have always been controversial. They involve trade-offs between the cost to build and maintain highways and the cost to transport goods by truck, and they have implications for highway safety, traffic flow, and highway finance.Improvements in highway design and vehicle performance have allowed truck weight limits to be revised periodically and generally adjusted upward, and proposals for further revisions appear inevitable. Because of the competitiveness of freight transportation and the ever-increasing demands of shippers, carriers have strong incentives to enhance productivity. Increasing weight is one means to this end. Moreover, there are many specialized trucking configurations that would be within maximum gross weight and axle weight limits, but would not be permitted under the federal bridge formula, which is designed to prevent overstressing of bridges on the Interstates. Heavy, short-wheel-base vehicles, such as dump trucks, can be limited in this way.The committee that conducted this study concluded that, within limits, the savings in goods movement that would result from allowing heavier trucks would exceed the increased costs for pavements and bridges. A major impediment to making incremental changes in the weight limits, however, is the difficulty highway agencies experience in recouping fees from trucking firms to compensate for the damages they cause. The inability to charge users directly makes most states reluctant to support higher weight limits, even though society as a whole might benefit from the resulting productivity gains. Heavier trucks can also constrict traffic flow and increase risk, but their net effect depends on the extent to which allowing heavier weights might reduce total truck traffic.The committee found that incremental changes to policies limiting vehicle weights, with attendant net benefits to society, could be achieved with relatively minor adjustments to the federal bridge formula (to allow heavier dump trucks to operate) and with a special permit program. The latter would allow states to permit the operation of heavier trucks provided the carrier followed new safety criteria and the fees collected compensated for the potential infrastructure damage. Moreover, a portion of the fees could be used to enhance enforcement against illegal overloads, which are a serious problem. At the same time, a complicating feature of policies designed to rationalize trucking regulations is that certain types of trucking operations compete head-to-head with railroads, and unless the fees charged are appropriate, such operators can have an unfair advantage that would compromise the viability of rail.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11349/truck-weight-limits-issues-and-options-special-report-225", year = 1990, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "David C. Mowery", title = "U.S. Industry in 2000: Studies in Competitive Performance", isbn = "978-0-309-06179-7", abstract = "U.S. industry faced a gloomy outlook in the late 1980s. Then, industrial performance improved dramatically through the 1990s and appears pervasively brighter today. A look at any group of industries, however, reveals important differences in the factors behind the resurgence\u2014in industry structure and strategy, research performance, and location of activities\u2014as well as similarities in the national policy environment, impact of information technology, and other factors.\nU.S. Industry in 2000 examines eleven key manufacturing and service industries and explores how they arrived at the present and what they face in the future. It assesses changing practices in research and innovation, technology adoption, and international operations.\nIndustry analyses shed light on how science and technology are applied in the marketplace, how workers fare as jobs require greater knowledge, and how U.S. firms responded to their chief competitors in Europe and Asia. The book will be important to a wide range of readers with a stake in U.S. industrial performance: corporate executives, investors, labor representatives, faculty and students in business and economics, and public policymakers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6313/us-industry-in-2000-studies-in-competitive-performance", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Truck Drayage Productivity Guide", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) Report 11: Truck Drayage Productivity Guide is designed to help improve drayage productivity and capacity while reducing emissions, costs, and port-area congestion at deepwater ports.The guide includes suggestions designed to help shippers, receivers, draymen, marine terminal operators, ocean carriers, and port authorities address inefficiencies, control costs, and reduce associated environmental impacts of truck drayage.The guide identifies and quantifies the impacts of bottlenecks, associated gate processes, exceptions (trouble tickets), chassis logistics, congestion, and disruption at marine container terminals. The impacts are described in terms of hours, costs, and emissions that were estimated using the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s DrayFLEET model.A CD-ROM, which contains the final report on the development of NCFRP Report 11 and its appendices, is included with the print version of NCFRP Report 11.The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB\u2019s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning a .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \u201cTRB\u2019) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operations of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14536/truck-drayage-productivity-guide", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Twin Trailer Trucks: Special Report 211", abstract = "TRB Special Report 211: Twin Trailer Trucks examines the potential safety effects of the new federal truck size rules (the Surface Transportation Act of 1982 requires states to permit twin 28-ft trailers on Interstate highways and on principal roads). The study also addressed other effects of the new rules on highway transportation including the trucking industry use of twins, safety consequences of twins, pavement wear and other highway features affected by twins, and safety and pavement wear affected by 48-ft long semitrailers and 102- in. wide trucks.The use of twin trailer trucks will be concentrated in the general freight common carriers sector and will result in a 9% reduction in combination-truck miles in the portion of their hauling that is switched from tractor-semitrailers to twins. It is not expected that either the scope of the current highway network or restrictions on access to that network will have an impact on travel by twins. The increased use of twins will have little overall effect on highway safety. However, twins will accelerate pavement wear and increase rehabilitation costs. The use of 102-in. wide trucks and 48- ft semitrailers (also permitted by the 1982 law) also increases pavement wear. Recommendations are presented that would help coordinate the efforts of various data producers and users of programs that collect nationwide information on truck travel, safety, and highway impact, and thus enhance their ability to provide data addressing policy questions. Recommendations are also made for improving the safety of the vehicles. The various chapters of the book cover the study method and report organization; the historical and regulatory background; use characteristics and cost impacts; safety impacts; highway condition, operation and design impacts; long-term monitoring; and conclusions drawn from the study.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11364/twin-trailer-trucks-special-report-211", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Truck Tolling: Understanding Industry Tradeoffs When Using or Avoiding Toll Facilities", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) have jointly released NCFRP Web-Only Document 3\/NCHRP Web-Only Document 185: Truck Tolling: Understanding Industry Tradeoffs When Using or Avoiding Toll Facilities. The report explores the value that shippers, trucking companies, and truck drivers seek from toll roads.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22831/truck-tolling-understanding-industry-tradeoffs-when-using-or-avoiding-toll-facilities", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Truck Tolling: Understanding Industry Tradeoffs When Using or Avoiding Toll Facilities", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) have jointly released NCFRP Web-Only Document 3\/NCHRP Web-Only Document 185: Truck Tolling: Understanding Industry Tradeoffs When Using or Avoiding Toll Facilities. The report explores the value that shippers, trucking companies, and truck drivers seek from toll roads.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22832/truck-tolling-understanding-industry-tradeoffs-when-using-or-avoiding-toll-facilities", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Cambridge Systematics, Inc.", title = "Integrating Freight Considerations into Collaborative Decision Making for Additions to Highway Capacity", abstract = "TRB\u2019s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-C15-RW-1: Integrating Freight Considerations into Collaborative Decision Making for Additions to Highway Capacity summarizes the process and outcomes of a practitioner's guide that explores ways for transportation agencies to collaborate with private-sector freight stakeholders in planning and developing future highway capacity.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22364/integrating-freight-considerations-into-collaborative-decision-making-for-additions-to-highway-capacity", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Review of Mexican Experience with the Regulation of Large Commercial Motor Vehicles", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 362: Review of Mexican Experience with the Regulation of Large Commercial Motor Vehicles reviews and summarizes the Mexican experience with changes in truck size and weight limits. The report also evaluates the potential applicability to size and weight limits in the United States.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13335/review-of-mexican-experience-with-the-regulation-of-large-commercial-motor-vehicles", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Impacts of Public Policy on the Freight Transportation System", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Freight Research Program (NCFRP) Report 6: Impacts of Public Policy on the Freight Transportation System describes the numerous ways that government policy decisions can affect the freight system and, in turn, how understanding the differing concerns and priorities of governments is crucial to better consideration of the potential impacts of public policy. The report identifies current and recent policy issues with potential freight system impacts, evaluates the magnitude of the impacts, and assesses the extent to which the impacts were unexpected.Among the types of impacts identified are changes in costs and revenues to freight carriers and shippers, changes in freight volumes or shifts in mode, changes in freight service quality, and changes to freight system operations and safety.Editor's Note: NCFRP Report 6 (Revised): Impacts of Public Policy on the Freight Transportation System replaces NCFRP Report 6 of the same title, previously distributed. Revisions have been made to two sections of the report, as follows:\u2022 The section on \u201cTruck Size and Weight Rules,\u201d in Chapter 4, has been corrected and updated.\u2022 The second paragraph of \u201cOperations and Maintenance Policy,\u201d in Chapter 6 under Summary Discussion, has been revised.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14453/impacts-of-public-policy-on-the-freight-transportation-system", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Methodology for Estimating the Value of Travel Time Reliability for Truck Freight System Users", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 824: Methodology for Estimating the Value of Travel Time Reliability for Truck Freight System Users describes a survey methodology and develops a Truck Freight Reliability Valuation Model to estimate the value of travel time reliability for truck freight system users for evaluating proposed highway infrastructure and operations investments. It provides a research approach to conduct a more detailed survey and modeling protocol to collect direct schedule delay and cost information.This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \"TRB\") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23547/methodology-for-estimating-the-value-of-travel-time-reliability-for-truck-freight-system-users", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Zero Alcohol and Other Options: Limits for Truck and Bus Drivers -- Special Report 216", abstract = "TRB Special Report 216: Zero Alcohol and Other Options: Limits for Truck and Bus Drivers includes a majority recommendations for the of the members of the committee that produced this report that a zero tolerance policy be adopted, with penalties ranging from 30 days\u2019 suspension below 0.04 percent BAC to license revocation for BAC above 0.04. USDOT subsequently adopted a 0.04 percent BAC standard, with a 1-year revocation for offenses at or above that level on the first offense.Roughly 15 percent of commercial operators involved in fatal crashes had been drinking, according to the best available information in the early 1980s. While commercial operators fare better in this regard than the average motorist involved in alcohol-related crashes, there is considerably less tolerance for any alcohol impairment among drivers while working. The victims of crashes involving heavy trucks, regardless of which driver is at fault, are most often the operators of the smaller vehicles.Performance on driving-related tasks decreases at any BAC above zero, and crash risk increases sharply as BAC rises. Enforcement at low BAC levels is problematic, however, because assessing driver impairment, even with the assistance of breath analysis devices, is more difficult than at higher BAC levels.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11356/zero-alcohol-and-other-options-limits-for-truck-and-bus", year = 1987, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors, Volume 1: Research Overview", abstract = "Connected vehicle technology has garnered substantial consideration and analysis in urban areas but less in rural settings due to infrastructure constraints.The National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 978: Initiating the Systems Engineering Process for Rural Connected Vehicle Corridors, Volume 1: Research Overview identifies good starting points for these projects and also develops a model concept of operations (Volume 2), a model system requirements specification (Volume 3), and a PowerPoint presentation of context diagrams.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26389/initiating-the-systems-engineering-process-for-rural-connected-vehicle-corridors-volume-1-research-overview", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of Mexican Experience with the Regulation of Large Commercial Motor Vehicles", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 362: Review of Mexican Experience with the Regulation of Large Commercial Motor Vehicles reviews and summarizes the Mexican experience with changes in truck size and weight limits. The report also evaluates the potential applicability to size and weight limits in the United States.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14677/review-of-mexican-experience-with-the-regulation-of-large-commercial-motor-vehicles", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Role of Safety Culture in Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes", abstract = "TRB's Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 14: The Role of Safety Culture in Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes explores practices on developing and enhancing a culture of safety among commercial motor vehicle drivers. The report also examines suggested steps for increasing a safety culture through a series of best practices.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23162/the-role-of-safety-culture-in-preventing-commercial-motor-vehicle-crashes", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Landside Access to U.S. Ports: Special Report 238", abstract = "TRB Special Report 238 - Landside Access to U.S. Ports examines the nature of port access problems and appropriate strategies for responding to them. The report covers four broad subject areas that influence landside transportation access to ports: physical impediments, land use policies, regulatory constraints, and institutional issues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11403/landside-access-to-us-ports-special-report-238", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Methodologies to Estimate the Economic Impacts of Disruptions to the Goods Movement System", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 732: Methodologies to Estimate the Economic Impacts of Disruptions to the Goods Movement System describes the impacts of bottlenecks and interruptions to the flow of goods through the nation\u2019s major freight corridors and intermodal connectors, the dynamics of that flow in response to disruptions, and the full economic impact on public and private entities beyond just the critical infrastructure and the carriers that depend on that flow.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22702/methodologies-to-estimate-the-economic-impacts-of-disruptions-to-the-goods-movement-system", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }