@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Speed Reduction Techniques for Rural High-to-Low Speed Transitions", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 412: Speed Reduction Techniques for Rural High-to-Low Speed Transitions explores techniques for lowering traffic speeds in rural transition zones. Transition zones are those portions of high-speed roads that have lower posted speed limits as the roadway approaches a settlement.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22890/speed-reduction-techniques-for-rural-high-to-low-speed-transitions", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits -- Special Report 254", abstract = "TRB Special Report 254 - Managing Speed: Review of Current Practices for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits reviews practices for setting and enforcing speed limits on all types of roads and provides guidance to state and local governments on appropriate methods of setting speed limits and related enforcement strategies. Following an executive summary, the report is presented in six chapters and five appendices.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11387/managing-speed-review-of-current-practices-for-setting-and-enforcing", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "John W. Shaw and Madhav V. Chitturi and William Bremer and David A. Noyce", title = "Work Zone Speed Management", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 482: Work Zone Speed Management documents the current state of practice for work zone speed management, including data, procedures, techniques, and technical issues related to observing and comparing work zone speeds.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21901/work-zone-speed-management", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Rebecca L. Sanders, Arizona State University and Belinda Judelman, Sara Schooley, Toole Design Group, LLC", title = "Pedestrian Safety Relative to Traffic-Speed Management", abstract = "Measures that are effective at reducing speed, such as speed humps and mini traffic circles, are sometimes used in low-speed areas such as school zones. But they are often not recommended or allowed (via local policy) on the higher-speed streets typically associated with the highest injury severity for pedestrians.For those higher-speed streets, redesigning them to communicate lower speed, such as through a roadway-reconfiguration effort, can effectively accomplish the goal of lowering speed. In the absence of street redesign, however, another effective current solution is enforcement, and particularly automated speed enforcement (ASE) that frees police to focus on other issues and that is free from implicit or explicit bias. It is important to carefully consider community context when selecting locations to employ ASE, to avoid disproportionately burdening any historically disadvantaged communities that surround the typically high-speed streets that need to be addressed.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 535: Pedestrian Safety Relative to Traffic-Speed Management aims to document what is known about strategies and countermeasures to address pedestrian safety via traffic-speed management in urban environments. For example, the City of San Francisco regularly uses curb extensions as traffic-calming devices on its streets. However, the political and land use context of each city heavily influences the types of treatments that are considered feasible for each city. Thus, the City of Los Angeles has had to find alternatives to both ASE and road diets, the latter of which have been the subject of intense public backlash in some cases.These realities\u2014that speed management can be fraught with difficulty\u2014have spurred creative thinking about how to work within contextual confines, resulting in some particularly noteworthy and promising practices. For example, the City of Nashville anticipated potential backlash against speed-management efforts and thus chose to work with advocacy groups to identify areas of the city desiring walkability improvements. By installing walkability improvements in those areas first, city leaders created instant wins that could be used as leverage for future projects.The authors of the synthesis found there may be a need for greater clarity about the speed-limit-setting process, as well as for greater collaboration between local and state agencies when state roads run through urban areas. In particular, it may be worth exploring whether there is a need for a framework that will foster collaboration between local and state staff on safety initiatives such as achieving flexibility in roadway design, changing laws or regulations that govern speed-limit setting, and finding a balance between local safety needs and regional mobility needs. Such a framework may support both local and state agencies attempting to address safety issues and reach larger goals as articulated through movements like Vision Zero.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25618/pedestrian-safety-relative-to-traffic-speed-management", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Beverly Kuhn and Laura Higgins and Alicia Nelson and Melisa Finley and Gerald Ullman and Susan Chrysler and Karl Wunderlich and Vaishali Shah and Conrad Dudek", title = "Lexicon for Conveying Travel Time Reliability Information", abstract = "TRB\u2019s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-L14-RW-2: Lexicon for Conveying Travel Time Reliability Information includes a glossary of terms designed to convey travel time reliability information to travelers so that such information can be understood and used in a way that influences their travel choices, but does not present a safety hazard.Reliability Project L14 also produced a report title, Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability, that provides recommendations on appropriate ways to introduce and provide travel time reliability information to travelers so that such information can be understood and used in a way that influences their travel choices but does not present a safety hazard.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22604/lexicon-for-conveying-travel-time-reliability-information", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Snow and Ice Control: Guidelines for Materials and Methods", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 526: Snow and Ice Control: Guidelines for Materials and Methods provides guidance for selecting roadway snow and ice control strategies, and tactics for a wide range of winter maintenance operating conditions. This guidance applies to highways, roads, streets, and other paved surfaces that carry motor vehicles\u2014under state or local jurisdictions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13776/snow-and-ice-control-guidelines-for-materials-and-methods", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Long-Term Infrastructure Program Letter Report: January 31, 2022", abstract = "A January 31, 2022 letter report from TRB's Committee for the Review of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Infrastructure R&D Program's Long-Term Infrastructure Program (LTIP) summarizes recent program progress, strategic issues, and committee recommendations for future actions. The program has produced some useful products and results over the past year and continued to improve user accessibility to data and information.Although FHWA\u2019s infrastructure research and development is considerably broader than the LTIP, the latter is the sole focus of this committee\u2019s efforts. The LTIP collects long-term performance data on the condition of bridges and pavements that are valuable for guiding decisions regarding the maintenance, repair, and replacement of vital transportation infrastructure assets.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26483/long-term-infrastructure-program-letter-report-january-31-2022", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Peter Martin and Herbert S. Levinson", title = "A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 151: A Guide for Implementing Bus on Shoulder (BOS) Systems provides guidelines for the planning, design, and implementation of BOS operations along urban freeways and major arterials.The project that developed TCRP Report 151 also produced a PowerPoint presentation that describes the process that was used to develop the report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22809/a-guide-for-implementing-bus-on-shoulder-bos-systems", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", editor = "Ingrid B. Potts and Douglas W. Harwood and Chris A. Fees and Karin M. Bauer and Christopher S. Kinzel", title = "Further Development of the Safety and Congestion Relationship for Urban Freeways", abstract = "TRB\u2019s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-L07-RR-3: Further Development of the Safety and Congestion Relationship for Urban Freeways explores the relationship between safety and congestion and tests the relationship among various nonrecurrent congestion scenarios.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22283/further-development-of-the-safety-and-congestion-relationship-for-urban-freeways", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Maren Outwater and Kevin Hathaway", title = "Method Selection for Travel Forecasting", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 852: Method Selection for Travel Forecasting presents guidelines for travel-forecasting practitioners to assess the suitability and limitations of their travel-forecasting methods and techniques to address specific policy and planning questions. The report also provides practitioners with the ability to scope model development or improvements so as to attain the desired policy sensitivity within constraints such as institutional, budget, model development time, and resources.The report is accompanied by a software tool, TFGuide, which illustratively and systematically \u201cguides\u201d the practitioner through the selection of travel-forecasting methods and techniques based on application needs, resource constraints, available data, and existing model structure. NCHRP Web-Only Document 234: Developing a Method Selection Tool for Travel Forecasting documents research efforts and methodology used to produce the report and tool.Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \"TRB\") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24929/method-selection-for-travel-forecasting", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Bus Use of Shoulders", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 64: Bus Use of Shoulders explores transit agencies' experiences with policies and regulations that permit buses to use shoulders on arterial roads or freeways to bypass congestion either as interim or long-term treatments. The report examines the issue from the transit and highway perspectives.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13950/bus-use-of-shoulders", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Nikiforos Stamatiadis and Adam Kirk and Don Hartman and Jeff Jasper and Samantha Wright and Michael King and Rick Chellman", title = "An Expanded Functional Classification System for Highways and Streets", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 855: An Expanded Functional Classification System for Highways and Streets builds upon preliminary engineering of a design project, including developing the purpose and need. In particular, it provides additional contexts beyond urban and rural, facilitates accommodation of modes other than personal vehicles and adds overlays for transit and freight. Two case studies illustrating an application of the expanded system to actual projects are included. Accompanying the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 230: Developing an Expanded Functional Classification System for More Flexibility in Geometric Design, which documents the methodology of NCHRP Research Report 855.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24775/an-expanded-functional-classification-system-for-highways-and-streets", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Safety Impacts and Other Implications of Raised Speed Limits on High-Speed Roads", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 303: Safety Impacts and Other Implications of Raised Speed Limits on High-Speed Roads explores the effects of raised speed limits from 55 miles per hour or greater on freeways and non-freeways in rural and urban settings. The effects considered included impacts on safety and operations, as well as socioeconomic and environmental effects. The full report is available on the TRB website as NCHRP Web-Only Document 90.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23259/safety-impacts-and-other-implications-of-raised-speed-limits-on-high-speed-roads", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "LuAnn Theiss, and Gerald L. Ullman", title = "Very Short Duration Work Zone Safety for Maintenance and Other Activities", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 533 identifies the current state of practice among state departments of transportation (DOTs) regarding selection and setup of very short duration work zone (VSDWZ).The report presents case examples of four state DOTs along with an in-depth analysis of the VSDWZ policies of these states. The case example agencies have developed specific guidance on the topic for their jurisdictions.VSDWZ activities are those activities not defined in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) under short duration work zone or temporary traffic control (TTC) zones. These activities are usually 1 to 20 minutes long and include maintenance activities (e.g., performing temporary patching, picking up debris, or placing traffic count tubes) where TTC is not set up.VSDWZ activities reduce the exposure of workers to risk and the inconvenience to traffic that standard TTC zones would create. Current policies and practices in place at various agencies for VSDWZ activities vary substantially. The work-zone setup also varies by the type of maintenance or other very short duration activity and roadway classification (e.g., speed, AADT, and number of lanes). Historically, during those activities, a large number of worker fatalities have occurred.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25512/very-short-duration-work-zone-safety-for-maintenance-and-other-activities", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Conor Semler and Meredyth Sanders and Camilla Dartnell and Mike Alston and Sophia Semensky and Laura Ahramjian and Katie Taylor and Rebecca Sanders and Mary Elbech and Zach Vanderkooy", title = "Roadway Cross-Section Reallocation: A Guide", abstract = "Streets make up more than 80 percent of public space in cities and towns. From one edge of the right-of-way to the other, planners, engineers, and community groups are coming together to decide how they want to allocate this precious resource.NCHRP Research Report 1036: Roadway Cross-Section Reallocation: A Guide, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, describes how street design decisions impact communities and clarifies how different street elements influence not just transportation outcomes, but livability, economic and environmental health, equity, and many other concerns.Supplemental to the report are NCHRP Web-Only Document 342: Roadway Cross-Section Reallocation: Conduct of Research Report and two Decision-Making Spreadsheet Tools, one on Reconstruction and another on Repaving.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26788/roadway-cross-section-reallocation-a-guide", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Karen Dixon and Kay Fitzpatrick and Dominique Lord and Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny and Raul Avelar and Bahar Dadashova and Fred Mannering and Nawaf Alnawmasi and Jennifer Atkinson and Joseph Jones and Adil Cheema and K.C. Matthews", title = "Guide to Understanding Effects of Raising Speed Limits", abstract = "Over the past decade, there has been a trend toward higher speed limits, especially on rural interstates and freeways. Eleven states have increased speed limits to 75 mph, with some of them raising the limit as high as 85 mph on freeways and 75 mph on other roads.\nThe TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1006: Guide to Understanding Effects of Raising Speed Limits provides a better understanding of the expected safety implications of increasing speed limits to 75 mph or higher.\nSupplemental to the report are a presentation and NCHRP Web-Only Document 328: Safety Effects of Raising Speed Limits to 75 mph and Higher.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26769/guide-to-understanding-effects-of-raising-speed-limits", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Expanding Metropolitan Highways: Implications for Air Quality and Energy Use -- Special Report 245", abstract = "TRB Special Report 245 - Expanding Metropolitan Highways: Implications for Air Quality and Energy Use reviews existing research on the links among highway capacity, traffic flow characteristics, travel demand, land use, vehicle emissions, air quality, and energy use in metropolitan areas; Identifies the conditions most likely to affect emissions and energy use; reviews the reliability of models and analyses that regional and state planning agencies use to forecast travel demand and land use, emission levels, and energy consumption; and recommends research strategies, modeling improvements, and data collection efforts to improve analytic capabilities.There are few more difficult or vexing local issues than the siting of a new highway or the expansion of an existing one. Local debates revolve around the trade-offs between easing congestion and increasing air pollution, noise, and sprawl. For many years, officials have attempted to respond to traffic congestion by adding highway capacity. Beyond meeting the public\u2019s demand for roads, local and state officials view highway improvements as an integral part of their economic development strategies. Moreover, because vehicles in highly congested traffic operate inefficiently, it is believed that improving traffic flow would reduce emissions. On the other hand, opponents of new capacity contend that it induces more trips; that traffic in free-flow conditions also generates high emissions of some pollutants, particularly ozone precursors; and that the long-term effect of adding capacity is to support sprawling development. Examining these claims and counterclaims with technical evidence requires computer modeling of travel preferences, the resulting vehicle emissions, regional air quality, and the effects of new highway capacity on longterm land development.For decades, federal funding assistance created an incentive to build new highways. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 represented an attempt to balance this incentive. Once these amendments became effective, metropolitan areas risked losing a share of their federal transportation funding if adding highway capacity would contribute to their failing to meet national air quality standards. Even though the regulations implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments require metropolitan areas to model the consequences of new capacity, the committee that conducted this study concluded that the existing analytical tools are inadequate for the task specified in the regulations. Whether new capacity is better or worse for air quality depends on local conditions. Relatively modest expansions probably have little effect, positive or negative, on air quality or land development in the urban periphery, whereas significant new capacity can, over a period of many years, contribute to increased travel, emissions, and low-density development patterns. Attempting to meet air quality goals through constraints on travel is an indirect policy measure. More direct benefits would accrue from improvements in vehicle technology, effective pricing or taxation of vehicle use, and more effective land development controls, although such measures are not without controversy and involve trade-offs of their own.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9676/expanding-metropolitan-highways-implications-for-air-quality-and-energy-use", year = 1995, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Research and Technology Coordinating Committee Letter Report: September 29, 2022", abstract = "A September 29, 2022 letter report from TRB's Research and Technology Coordinating Committee (RTCC) summarizes 2021 and 2022 meetings between the committee and the Federal Highway Administration\u2019s Office of Research, Development, and Technology with a focus on Complete Streets activities. FHWA asked the committee for advice on this topic because it is an emphasis area in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) that FHWA is intent on supporting through the development of research-informed guidance tools and training for state and local transportation agencies.\nAfter two meetings of in-depth discussion on FHWA\u2019s plans and progress in this topic area, RTCC members welcomed the opportunity to provide their observations and impressions on the scope and direction of the work and to offer suggestions and options for next steps.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26758/research-and-technology-coordinating-committee-letter-report-september-29-2022", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Marc Butorac and James Bonneson and Kristine Connolly and Paul Ryus and Bastian Schroeder and Kristine Williams and Zhenyu Wang and Seckin Ozkul and Jerome Gluck", title = "Guide for the Analysis of Multimodal Corridor Access Management", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 900: Guide for the Analysis of Multimodal Corridor Access Management describes operational and safety relationships between access management techniques and the automobile, pedestrian, bicycle, public transit, and truck modes. This report may help assist in the selection of alternative access management techniques based on the safety and operation performance of each affected travel mode.The roadway system must accommodate many types of users\u2014bicyclists, passenger cars, pedestrians, transit, and trucks. This report examines the interactions between multimodal operations and access management techniques and treatments, and the trade-off decisions that are necessary.NCHRP Web-Only Document 256, the contractor's report, accompanies this report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25342/guide-for-the-analysis-of-multimodal-corridor-access-management", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Douglas W. Harwood and Jessica M. Hutton and Chris Fees and Karin M. Bauer and Alan Glen and Heidi Ouren and Quincy Engineering and Inc. HQE", title = "Evaluation of the 13 Controlling Criteria for Geometric Design", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 783: Evaluation of the 13 Controlling Criteria for Geometric Design describes the impact of the controlling roadway design criteria on safety and operations for urban and rural roads.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22291/evaluation-of-the-13-controlling-criteria-for-geometric-design", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }