TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Heather Breiner A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Steve Olson TI - Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18274 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18274/challenges-and-opportunities-for-change-in-food-marketing-to-children-and-youth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The childhood obesity epidemic is an urgent public health problem. The most recent data available show that nearly 19 percent of boys and about 15 percent of girls aged 2-19 are obese, and almost a third of U.S. children and adolescents are overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2012). The obesity epidemic will continue to take a substantial toll on the health of Americans. In the midst of this epidemic, children are exposed to an enormous amount of commercial advertising and marketing for food. In 2009, children aged 2-11 saw an average of more than 10 television food ads per day (Powell et al., 2011). Children see and hear advertising and marketing messages for food through many other channels as well, including radio, movies, billboards, and print media. Most notably, many new digital media venues and vehicles for food marketing have emerged in recent years, including Internet-based advergames, couponing on cell phones, and marketing on social networks, and much of this advertising is invisible to parents. The marketing of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and beverages is linked to overweight and obesity. A major 2006 report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) documents evidence that television advertising influences the food and beverage preferences, requests, and short-term consumption of children aged 2-11 (IOM, 2006). Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth also documents a body of evidence showing an association of television advertising with the adiposity of children and adolescents aged 2-18. The report notes the prevailing pattern that food and beverage products marketed to children and youth are often high in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium; are of low nutritional value; and tend to be from food groups Americans are already overconsuming. Furthermore, marketing messages that promote nutrition, healthful foods, or physical activity are scarce (IOM, 2006). To review progress and explore opportunities for action on food and beverage marketing that targets children and youth, the IOM's Standing Committee on Childhood Obesity Prevention held a workshop in Washington, DC, on November 5, 2012, titled "New Challenges and Opportunities in Food Marketing to Children and Youth." ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - J. Michael McGinnis A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman A2 - Vivica I. Kraak TI - Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? SN - DO - 10.17226/11514 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11514/food-marketing-to-children-and-youth-threat-or-opportunity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children’s dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factors—their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environments—all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth. This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Matthew Spear A2 - Nicole Ferring Holovach A2 - Stephen Olson TI - Legal Strategies in Childhood Obesity Prevention: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13123 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13123/legal-strategies-in-childhood-obesity-prevention-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since 1980, childhood obesity rates have more than tripled in the United States. Recent data show that almost one-third of children over 2 years of age are already overweight or obese. While the prevalence of childhood obesity appears to have plateaued in recent years, the magnitude of the problem remains unsustainably high and represents an enormous public health concern. All options for addressing the childhood obesity epidemic must therefore be explored. In the United States, legal approaches have successfully reduced other threats to public health, such as the lack of passive restraints in automobiles and the use of tobacco. The question then arises of whether laws, regulations, and litigation can likewise be used to change practices and policies that contribute to obesity. On October 21, 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) held a workshop to bring together stakeholders to discuss the current and future legal strategies aimed at combating childhood obesity. Legal Strategies in Childhood Obesity Prevention summarizes the proceedings of that workshop. The report examines the challenges involved in implementing public health initiatives by using legal strategies to elicit change. It also discusses circumstances in which legal strategies are needed and effective. This workshop was created only to explore the boundaries of potential legal approaches to address childhood obesity, and therefore, does not contain recommendations for the use of such approaches. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Paul R. Sackett A2 - Anne S. Mavor TI - Evaluating Military Advertising and Recruiting: Theory and Methodology SN - DO - 10.17226/10867 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10867/evaluating-military-advertising-and-recruiting-theory-and-methodology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - It is anticipated that in the coming decade the Department of Defense (DoD) will field and test new advertising and recruiting initiatives designed to improve the recruiting outlook. The DoD needs a comprehensive research and evaluation strategy based on sound research principles that will ensure valid, reliable, and relevant results to discover the most promising policies. The primary objective of this book is to help the DoD improve its research on advertising and recruiting policies. Evaluating Military Advertising and Recruiting: Theory and Methodology presents a framework for evaluation that links different types of research questions to various research methodologies. The framework identifies four major categories of research questions and four broad methodological approaches. The first category of research question asks “What does a target audience see as attractive or unattractive features of a program?” It is well suited to examination via qualitative methods, such as focus groups, unstructured or open-ended surveys, and interviews. The second category of research question asks “What is the effect of a program on specified attitudes or behavioral intentions?” It is well suited to examination via surveys, experiments, and quasi experiments. The third category of research question asks “What is the effect of a proposed new program on enlistment?” It is well suited to examination via experiments and quasi experiments. The final category of research question asks “What is the effect of an existing program on enlistment?” It is well suited to examination via econometric modeling. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Practical Measures to Increase Transit Advertising Revenues DO - 10.17226/14269 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14269/practical-measures-to-increase-transit-advertising-revenues PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 133: Practical Measures to Increase Transit Advertising Revenues explores strategies designed to significantly increase transit’s share of total advertising expenditures. The report examines advertising decision makers’ perceptions about current and future transit advertising products and highlights a strategic responsive communications plan designed to improve those perceptions and increase transit revenue.An executive summary and PowerPoint presentation on this report are available online. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Marketing Guidebook for Small Airports DO - 10.17226/14353 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14353/marketing-guidebook-for-small-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 28: Marketing Guidebook for Small Airports explores development of a marketing program for general aviation or commercial service airports on a small or minimal budget.View information about the TRB webinar on ACRP Report 28: Marketing Guidebook for Small Airports Tuesday, April 6, 2010 at 2 PM EDT.The November 2013 ACRP Impacts on Practice highlights how the Fort Wayne International Airport in Indiana used ACRP Report 28 to create a marketing plan. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Marketing Transit Services to Business DO - 10.17226/9437 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9437/marketing-transit-services-to-business PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Dean R. Gerstein A2 - Elizabeth Hanford Dole TI - Alcohol in America: Taking Action to Prevent Abuse SN - DO - 10.17226/605 PY - 1985 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/605/alcohol-in-america-taking-action-to-prevent-abuse PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Alcohol is a killer—1 of every 13 deaths in the United States is alcohol-related. In addition, 5 percent of the population consumes 50 percent of the alcohol. The authors take a close look at the problem in a "classy little study," as The Washington Post called this book. The Library Journal states, "...[T]his is one book that addresses solutions....And it's enjoyably readable....This is an excellent review for anyone in the alcoholism prevention business, and good background reading for the interested layperson." The Washington Post agrees: the book "...likely will wind up on the bookshelves of counselors, politicians, judges, medical professionals, and law enforcement officials throughout the country." ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth: Improving Methods and Measures: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11706 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11706/studying-media-effects-on-children-and-youth-improving-methods-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The presence and intensity of media influences television, radio, music, computers, films, videos, and the Internet are increasingly recognized as an important part of the social ecology of children and youth, and these influences have become more visible and volatile in recent decades. Research that explores the level and effects of media influences calls for measurements of the quantity and character of exposure to a variety of potentially overlapping media sources, an analysis of the content of the media output, and examination of the social context and relationships that are associated with the media experience. Recognizing the importance of this research, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, under the auspices of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, and with the sponsorship of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, held a workshop in March 2006. Its purpose was twofold: to examine the quality of the measures used in studies of the effects of media on children's health and development and to identify gaps in both research and practice. The goal was for a variety of experts to consider steps and strategies that could move this research forward and improve its utility for helping parents, practitioners, and policy makers guide young people in navigating a media-rich environment. Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth provides a summary of that discussion, supplemented with information from two papers prepared for the workshop. It begins with an examination of the potential impact of media exposure, followed by a description of the basic research questions and the methods currently used to study them. Methodological questions and challenges and theoretical approaches are described; they are discussed from the perspective of other kinds of epidemiological research. This report closes with a discussion of future directions for the field. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Dean R. Gerstein TI - Toward the Prevention of Alcohol Problems: Government, Business, and Community Action DO - 10.17226/18637 PY - 1984 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18637/toward-the-prevention-of-alcohol-problems-government-business-and-community PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Measuring Progress in Obesity Prevention: Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/13287 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13287/measuring-progress-in-obesity-prevention-workshop-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nearly 69 percent of U.S. adults and 32 percent of children are either overweight or obese, creating an annual medical cost burden that may reach $147 billion. Researchers and policy makers are eager to identify improved measures of environmental and policy factors that contribute to obesity prevention. The IOM formed the Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention to review the IOM's past obesity-related recommendations, identify a set of recommendations for future action, and recommend indicators of progress in implementing these actions. The committee held a workshop in March 2011 about how to improve measurement of progress in obesity prevention. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Leann L. Birch A2 - Lynn Parker A2 - Annina Burns TI - Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies SN - DO - 10.17226/13124 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13124/early-childhood-obesity-prevention-policies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Childhood obesity is a serious health problem that has adverse and long-lasting consequences for individuals, families, and communities. The magnitude of the problem has increased dramatically during the last three decades and, despite some indications of a plateau in this growth, the numbers remain stubbornly high. Efforts to prevent childhood obesity to date have focused largely on school-aged children, with relatively little attention to children under age 5. However, there is a growing awareness that efforts to prevent childhood obesity must begin before children ever enter the school system. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies reviews factors related to overweight and obese children from birth to age 5, with a focus on nutrition, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, and recommends policies that can alter children's environments to promote the maintenance of healthy weight. Because the first years of life are important to health and well-being throughout the life span, preventing obesity in infants and young children can contribute to reversing the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. The book recommends that health care providers make parents aware of their child's excess weight early. It also suggests that parents and child care providers keep children active throughout the day, provide them with healthy diets, limit screen time, and ensure children get adequate sleep. In addition to providing comprehensive solutions to tackle the problem of obesity in infants and young children, Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies identifies potential actions that could be taken to implement those recommendations. The recommendations can inform the decisions of state and local child care regulators, child care providers, health care providers, directors of federal and local child care and nutrition programs, and government officials at all levels. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Paul R. Thomas TI - Improving America's Diet and Health: From Recommendations to Action SN - DO - 10.17226/1452 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1452/improving-americas-diet-and-health-from-recommendations-to-action PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - Written and organized to be accessible to a wide range of readers, Improving America's Diet and Health explores how Americans can be persuaded to adopt healthier eating habits. Moving well beyond the "pamphlet and public service announcement" approach to dietary change, this volume investigates current eating patterns in this country, consumers' beliefs and attitudes about food and nutrition, the theory and practice of promoting healthy behaviors, and needs for further research. The core of the volume consists of strategies and actions targeted to sectors of society—government, the private sector, the health professions, the education community—that have special responsibilities for encouraging and enabling consumers to eat better. These recommendations form the basis for three principal strategies necessary to further the implementation of dietary recommendations in the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Transit Fare Arrangements for Public Employees DO - 10.17226/14383 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14383/transit-fare-arrangements-for-public-employees PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 82: Transit Fare Arrangements for Public Employees explores the state of the practice for transit agencies in terms of fare arrangements for public employees. The report examines issues such as leadership of the program; barriers, obstacles, and constraints; administrative procedures; implementation; lessons learned; cost, financing, and pricing; and program evaluation.ErrataOn p. iv, under Topic Panel, the affiliation for Tom Strader should read TOM STRADER, Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District, Portland, Oregon. The online version of the report has been corrected. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeanne C. Rivard A2 - Adrienne Stith Butler TI - Lessons Learned from Diverse Efforts to Change Social Norms and Opportunities and Strategies to Promote Behavior Change in Behavioral Health: Proceedings of Two Workshops SN - DO - 10.17226/24824 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24824/lessons-learned-from-diverse-efforts-to-change-social-norms-and-opportunities-and-strategies-to-promote-behavior-change-in-behavioral-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened two workshops with oversight from the Committee on the Science of Changing Behavioral Health Social Norms. The workshops provided input to the committee’s deliberations and contributed to the development of the report Ending Discrimination against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders. That report was issued to help the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, utilize the scientific evidence base in improving public attitudes toward and understanding of behavioral health, specifically in the areas of mental health and substance use disorders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions at the two workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Examples of Best Practices for Communicating the Economic Benefits of Transportation DO - 10.17226/23151 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23151/examples-of-best-practices-for-communicating-the-economic-benefits-of-transportation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 100: Examples of Best Practices for Communicating the Economic Benefits of Transportation explores strategies and techniques that have been employed in the field to effectively communicate transportation's importance to the economy. The report also examines the circumstances under which the strategies and techniques were used, and why they may or may not have been successful. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evaluation of Recent Ridership Increases DO - 10.17226/23320 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23320/evaluation-of-recent-ridership-increases PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 69: Evaluation of Recent Ridership Increases assesses key factors and initiatives that led to ridership increases at 28 transit agencies, nationwide, for the period 2000 to 2002. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Steve Olson TI - The Current State of Obesity Solutions in the United States: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18742 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18742/the-current-state-of-obesity-solutions-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - For the first time in decades, promising news has emerged regarding efforts to curb the obesity crisis in the United States. Obesity rates have fallen among low-income children in 18 states, the prevalence of obesity has plateaued among girls, regardless of ethnicity, and targeted efforts in states such as Massachusetts have demonstrably reduced the prevalence of obesity among children. Although the reasons for this turnaround are as complex and multifaceted as the reasons for the dramatic rise in obesity rates in recent decades, interventions to improve nutrition and increase physical activity are almost certainly major contributors. Yet major problems remain. Diseases associated with obesity continue to incur substantial costs and cause widespread human suffering. Moreover, substantial disparities in obesity rates exist among population groups, and in some cases these disparities are widening. Some groups and regions are continuing to experience increases in obesity rates, and the prevalence of severe obesity is continuing to rise. The Current State of Obesity Solutions in the United States is the summary of a workshop convened in January 2014 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Obesity Solutions to foster an ongoing dialogue on critical and emerging implementation, policy, and research issues to accelerate progress in obesity prevention and care. Representatives of public health, health care, government, the food industry, education, philanthropy, the nonprofit sector, and academia met to discuss interventions designed to prevent and treat obesity. The workshop focused on early care and education, schools, worksites, health care institutions, communities and states, the federal government, and business and industry. For each of these groups, this report provides an overview of current efforts to improve nutrition, increase physical activity, and reduce disparities among populations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Messaging for Engineering: From Research to Action SN - DO - 10.17226/13463 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13463/messaging-for-engineering-from-research-to-action PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - For those in the broad engineering community--those who employ, work with, and/or educate engineers, and engineers themselves--there is no need to explain the importance and value of engineering. They understand that engineers help make the world a better place for all, that they regularly grapple with important societal and environmental issues, and that the engineering process is every bit as creative as composing a symphony or crafting a piece of art. But the situation outside the engineering community is quite different. Studies have shown that most K-12 students and teachers have a limited appreciation of all the ways that engineering makes their lives better and, furthermore, that they have little understanding of what engineers do or of the opportunities that an engineering education offers. Messaging for Engineering supports efforts by the engineering community to communicate more effectively about the profession and those who practice it. This report builds on the 2008 NAE publication, Changing the Conversation: Messages for Improving Public Understanding of Engineering (CTC), which presented the results of a research-based effort to develop and test new, more effective messages about engineering. The new messages cast engineering as inherently creative and concerned with human welfare, as well as an emotionally satisfying calling. This report summarizes progress in implementing the CTC messages, but also recognizes that there is potential to galvanize additional action and thus suggests specific steps for major players in the engineering community to continue and build on progress to date. Many of the report's recommendations resulted from discussion at a December 2010 committee workshop that involved several dozen high-level decision makers representing key stakeholder groups in the engineering community. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Mary Ellen O'Connell TI - Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility SN - DO - 10.17226/10729 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10729/reducing-underage-drinking-a-collective-responsibility PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Alcohol use by young people is extremely dangerous - both to themselves and society at large. Underage alcohol use is associated with traffic fatalities, violence, unsafe sex, suicide, educational failure, and other problem behaviors that diminish the prospects of future success, as well as health risks – and the earlier teens start drinking, the greater the danger. Despite these serious concerns, the media continues to make drinking look attractive to youth, and it remains possible and even easy for teenagers to get access to alcohol. Why is this dangerous behavior so pervasive? What can be done to prevent it? What will work and who is responsible for making sure it happens? Reducing Underage Drinking addresses these questions and proposes a new way to combat underage alcohol use. It explores the ways in which may different individuals and groups contribute to the problem and how they can be enlisted to prevent it. Reducing Underage Drinking will serve as both a game plan and a call to arms for anyone with an investment in youth health and safety. ER -