%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Friedman, Douglas %E Alper, Joe %T Technological Challenges in Antibiotic Discovery and Development: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-29814-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18616/technological-challenges-in-antibiotic-discovery-and-development-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18616/technological-challenges-in-antibiotic-discovery-and-development-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 48 %X Technological Challenges in Antibiotic Discovery and Development is the summary of a workshop convened by the Chemical Sciences Roundtable in September 2013 to explore the current state of antibiotic discovery and examine the technology available to facilitate development. Through formal presentations and panel discussions, participants from academia, industry, federal research agencies discussed the technical challenges present and the incentives and disincentives industry faces in antibiotic development, and identified novel approaches to antibiotic discovery. Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing problem in modern medicine and it is emerging as a pre-eminent public health threat. Each year in the United States alone, at least two million acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to one or more antibiotics, and at least 23,000 people die annually as a direct result of these antibiotic-resistant infections. In addition to the toll on human life, antibiotic-resistant infections add considerable and avoidable costs to the already overburdened U.S. health care system. This report explores the challenges in overcoming antibiotic resistance, screening for new antibiotics, and delivering them to the sites of infection in the body. The report also discusses a path forward to develop the next generation of potent antimicrobial compounds capable of once again tilting the battle against microbial pathogens in favor of humans. Technological Challenges in Antibiotic Discovery and Development gives a broad view of the landscape of antibiotic development and the technological challenges and barriers to be overcome. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Minicucci, Charles %E Liao, Julie %T Innovations for Tackling Tuberculosis in the Time of COVID-19: Current Tools and Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26404/innovations-for-tackling-tuberculosis-in-the-time-of-covid-19 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26404/innovations-for-tackling-tuberculosis-in-the-time-of-covid-19 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 12 %X The Forum on Microbial Threats of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Health and Medicine Division hosted a virtual workshop on July 22, 2021 to evaluate the current status in tuberculosis (TB) eradication and the impact that COVID-19 has had on the global fight against TB. With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the workshop examined technological and strategic innovations that can be leveraged to meet the targets set by the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis and the END TB Strategy from the World Health Organization. Workshop discussions comprised four main topics: gaps and challenges in diagnostic technologies, including point-of-care testing; promising potentials of vaccination approaches, including existing tools in the development pipeline and new vaccine platforms; possibilities and encouraging progress toward achieving a shorter, non-toxic treatment regimen; and opportunities for engaging increased and sustained commitments to achieve targets for ending TB in the face of challenges from COVID-19 and future disease threats. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Romitti, Yasmin %T Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage Approaches for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25170/bioenergy-with-carbon-capture-and-storage-approaches-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-and-reliable-sequestration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25170/bioenergy-with-carbon-capture-and-storage-approaches-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-and-reliable-sequestration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 11 %X Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a technology that integrates biomass conversion to heat, electricity, or liquid or gas fuels with carbon capture and sequestration. BECCS could provide a significant portion of the global energy supply if deployed to its theoretical maximum feasible amount. The future role of BECCS is a subject that divides researchers as estimates of potential future biomass supply vary widely due to differences in approaches used to consider factors such as population development, consumption patterns (e.g., diet), economic and technological development, climate change, and societal priorities concerning conservation versus production objectives. Nevertheless, many integrated assessment models use large-scale deployment of BECCS in scenarios that limit climate change to below 2°C. On October 23, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a third meeting in Irvine, California, to explore the state of knowledge and research needs related to the potential of BECCS as a CDR approach. Invited speakers gave an overview of biomass production pathways and capacities, implications of various feedstocks, advanced conversion technologies, and capture and storage strategies. Presenters at the workshop also discussed cross-cutting issues that include life cycle impacts of large-scale BECCS deployment, policies and incentives for the implementation of these approaches, and social acceptability barriers. The workshop was preceded by an introductory webinar on October 16, 2017, where invited speakers provided a primer on the prospects of BECCS for negative emissions capacity; the capacity for biomass to meet stationary generation and transportation fuel needs; and the status, challenges, and costs of implemented bioenergy and biofuels. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from both the webinar and workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Brose, Dominic %E Romitti, Yasmin %E Anderson, Ryan %E Macalady, Alison %T Transitioning Toward Sustainability: Advancing the Scientific Foundation: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-44375-3 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23533/transitioning-toward-sustainability-advancing-the-scientific-foundation-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23533/transitioning-toward-sustainability-advancing-the-scientific-foundation-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 82 %X In 1999 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a landmark report, Our Common Journey: A Transition toward Sustainability, which attempted to “reinvigorate the essential strategic connections between scientific research, technological development, and societies’ efforts to achieve environmentally sustainable improvements in human well-being.”1 The report emphasized the need for place-based and systems approaches to sustainability, proposed a research strategy for using scientific and technical knowledge to better inform the field, and highlighted a number of priorities for actions that could contribute to a sustainable future. The past 15 years have brought significant advances in observational and predictive capabilities for a range of natural and social systems, as well as development of other tools and approaches useful for sustainability planning. In addition, other frameworks for environmental decision making, such as those that focus on climate adaptation or resilience, have become increasingly prominent. A careful consideration of how these other approaches might intersect with sustainability is warranted, particularly in that they may affect similar resources or rely on similar underlying scientific data and models. 
 To further the discussion on these outstanding issues, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on January 14–15, 2016. Participants discussed progress in sustainability science during the last 15 years, potential opportunities for advancing the research and use of scientific knowledge to support a transition toward sustainability, and challenges specifically related to establishing indicators and observations to support sustainability research and practice. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Carter, Sarah %E Childers, Eva %E Norris, Sheena M. Posey %T Multimodal Biomarkers for Central Nervous System Disorders: Development, Validation, and Clinical Integration: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-70847-0 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27208/multimodal-biomarkers-for-central-nervous-system-disorders-development-validation-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27208/multimodal-biomarkers-for-central-nervous-system-disorders-development-validation-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 82 %X A key step towards reducing the burden of central nervous system (CNS) disorders is the identification of disease-specific biomarkers that can help predict, monitor, and guide treatment development. Recent technological advances have led to an increased number of biomarkers for different CNS disorders, providing the opportunity to generate multimodal biomarkers. While multimodal biomarkers can serve as promising tools to better diagnose and make accurate disease assessments, there remain challenges in current data collection, standardization, and validation practices that impede in their development. Recognizing the need for increased CNS biomarker integration, the National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a public workshop in March 2023 to explore steps toward this goal, including data collection for biomarker discovery, development, validation, and assessment of clinical utility. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %E Garmire, Elsa %E Pearson, Greg %T Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy %@ 978-0-309-10183-7 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11691/tech-tally-approaches-to-assessing-technological-literacy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11691/tech-tally-approaches-to-assessing-technological-literacy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Education %P 378 %X In a broad sense, technology is any modification of the natural world made to fulfill human needs or desires. Although people tend to focus on the most recent technological inventions, technology includes a myriad of devices and systems that profoundly affect everyone in modern society. Technology is pervasive; an informed citizenship needs to know what technology is, how it works, how it is created, how it shapes our society, and how society influences technological development. This understanding depends in large part on an individual level of technological literacy. Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy determines the most viable approaches to assessing technological literacy for students, teachers, and out-of-school adults. The book examines opportunities and obstacles to developing scientifically valid and broadly applicable assessment instruments for technological literacy in the three target populations. The book offers findings and 12 related recommendations that address five critical areas: instrument development; research on learning; computer-based assessment methods, framework development, and public perceptions of technology. This book will be of special interest to individuals and groups promoting technological literacy in the United States, education and government policy makers in federal and state agencies, as well as the education research community. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Understanding the Educational and Career Pathways of Engineers %@ 978-0-309-48560-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25284/understanding-the-educational-and-career-pathways-of-engineers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25284/understanding-the-educational-and-career-pathways-of-engineers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 222 %X Engineering skills and knowledge are foundational to technological innovation and development that drive long-term economic growth and help solve societal challenges. Therefore, to ensure national competitiveness and quality of life it is important to understand and to continuously adapt and improve the educational and career pathways of engineers in the United States. To gather this understanding it is necessary to study the people with the engineering skills and knowledge as well as the evolving system of institutions, policies, markets, people, and other resources that together prepare, deploy, and replenish the nation's engineering workforce. This report explores the characteristics and career choices of engineering graduates, particularly those with a BS or MS degree, who constitute the vast majority of degreed engineers, as well as the characteristics of those with non-engineering degrees who are employed as engineers in the United States. It provides insight into their educational and career pathways and related decision making, the forces that influence their decisions, and the implications for major elements of engineering education-to-workforce pathways. %0 Book %T Philippines-U.S. Workshop on Scientific and Technological Cooperation and Development %D 1966 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21374/philippines-us-workshop-on-scientific-and-technological-cooperation-and-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21374/philippines-us-workshop-on-scientific-and-technological-cooperation-and-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Agriculture %P 172 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Schweitzer, Glen %T Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings %@ 978-0-309-11927-6 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12185/science-and-technology-and-the-future-development-of-societies-international %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12185/science-and-technology-and-the-future-development-of-societies-international %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 142 %X In June 2006, seventeen scientists and educators selected by the National Academies, the Academy of Sciences of Iran, and the Académie des Sciences of France held a workshop at the estate of the Fondation des Treilles in Toutour, France, to discuss issues concerning the role of science in the development of modern societies. Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies includes the presentations made at the workshop and summarizes the discussions that followed the presentations. Topics of the workshop included science and society issues, the role of science and engineering in development; obstacles and opportunities in the application of science and technology to development; scientific thinking of decision makers; management and utilization of scientific knowledge; and science, society, and education. This book also provides useful background for the further development of interactions of Western scientists and educators with Iranian specialists. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T S&T Strategies of Six Countries: Implications for the United States %@ 978-0-309-15571-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12920/st-strategies-of-six-countries-implications-for-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12920/st-strategies-of-six-countries-implications-for-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 126 %X An increase in global access to goods and knowledge is transforming world-class science and technology (S&T) by bringing it within the capability of an unprecedented number of global parties who must compete for resources, markets, and talent. In particular, globalization has facilitated the success of formal S&T plans in many developing countries, where traditional limitations can now be overcome through the accumulation and global trade of a wide variety of goods, skills, and knowledge. As a result, centers for technological research and development (R&D) are now globally dispersed, setting the stage for greater uncertainty in the political, economic, and security arenas. These changes will have a potentially enormous impact for the U.S. national security policy, which for the past half century was premised on U.S. economic and technological dominance. As the U.S. monopoly on talent and innovation wanes, arms export regulations and restrictions on visas for foreign S&T workers are becoming less useful as security strategies. The acute level of S&T competition among leading countries in the world today suggests that countries that fail to exploit new technologies or that lose the capability for proprietary use of their own new technologies will find their existing industries uncompetitive or obsolete. The increased access to information has transformed the 1950s' paradigm of "control and isolation" of information for innovation control into the current one of "engagement and partnerships" between innovators for innovation creation. Current and future strategies for S&T development need to be considered in light of these new realities. This book analyzes the S&T strategies of Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Singapore (JBRICS), six countries that have either undergone or are undergoing remarkable growth in their S&T capabilities for the purpose of identifying unique national features and how they are utilized in the evolving global S&T environment. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics %@ 978-0-309-15799-5 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12951/new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12951/new-worlds-new-horizons-in-astronomy-and-astrophysics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 324 %X Driven by discoveries, and enabled by leaps in technology and imagination, our understanding of the universe has changed dramatically during the course of the last few decades. The fields of astronomy and astrophysics are making new connections to physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science. Based on a broad and comprehensive survey of scientific opportunities, infrastructure, and organization in a national and international context, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics outlines a plan for ground- and space- based astronomy and astrophysics for the decade of the 2010's. Realizing these scientific opportunities is contingent upon maintaining and strengthening the foundations of the research enterprise including technological development, theory, computation and data handling, laboratory experiments, and human resources. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics proposes enhancing innovative but moderate-cost programs in space and on the ground that will enable the community to respond rapidly and flexibly to new scientific discoveries. The book recommends beginning construction on survey telescopes in space and on the ground to investigate the nature of dark energy, as well as the next generation of large ground-based giant optical telescopes and a new class of space-based gravitational observatory to observe the merging of distant black holes and precisely test theories of gravity. New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics recommends a balanced and executable program that will support research surrounding the most profound questions about the cosmos. The discoveries ahead will facilitate the search for habitable planets, shed light on dark energy and dark matter, and aid our understanding of the history of the universe and how the earliest stars and galaxies formed. The book is a useful resource for agencies supporting the field of astronomy and astrophysics, the Congressional committees with jurisdiction over those agencies, the scientific community, and the public. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum %@ 978-0-309-37305-0 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21729/a-strategy-for-active-remote-sensing-amid-increased-demand-for-radio-spectrum %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21729/a-strategy-for-active-remote-sensing-amid-increased-demand-for-radio-spectrum %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 247 %X Active remote sensing is the principal tool used to study and to predict short- and long-term changes in the environment of Earth - the atmosphere, the oceans and the land surfaces - as well as the near space environment of Earth. All of these measurements are essential to understanding terrestrial weather, climate change, space weather hazards, and threats from asteroids. Active remote sensing measurements are of inestimable benefit to society, as we pursue the development of a technological civilization that is economically viable, and seek to maintain the quality of our life. A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Spectrum describes the threats, both current and future, to the effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum required for active remote sensing. This report offers specific recommendations for protecting and making effective use of the spectrum required for active remote sensing. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Physics in a New Era: An Overview %@ 978-0-309-07342-4 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10118/physics-in-a-new-era-an-overview %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10118/physics-in-a-new-era-an-overview %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 202 %X Physics at the beginning of the twenty-first century has reached new levels of accomplishment and impact in a society and nation that are changing rapidly. Accomplishments have led us into the information age and fueled broad technological and economic development. The pace of discovery is quickening and stronger links with other fields such as the biological sciences are being developed. The intellectual reach has never been greater, and the questions being asked are more ambitious than ever before. Physics in a New Era is the final report of the NRC’s six-volume decadal physics survey. The book reviews the frontiers of physics research, examines the role of physics in our society, and makes recommendations designed to strengthen physics and its ability to serve important needs such as national security, the economy, information technology, and education. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Construction Productivity: Proposed Actions by the Federal Government to Promote Increased Efficiency in Construction %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18929/construction-productivity-proposed-actions-by-the-federal-government-to-promote %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18929/construction-productivity-proposed-actions-by-the-federal-government-to-promote %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Industry and Labor %P 93 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Partnerships for Emerging Research Institutions: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-13083-7 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12577/partnerships-for-emerging-research-institutions-report-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12577/partnerships-for-emerging-research-institutions-report-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 78 %X Constituting one-third of all U.S. institutions of higher education, emerging research institutions (ERIs) are crucial to sustaining the nation's technological competitiveness through innovation and workforce development. Many, however, are not fully engaged in sustained sponsored research. This book summarizes the discussions at a workshop that examined the barriers ERIs face in building more robust research enterprises and approaches for overcoming those barriers. The book includes a description of federal programs that focus on capacity building and institutional collaborations. %0 Book %T U.S.-China Conference on Science Policy: Conference Papers %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19288/us-china-conference-on-science-policy-conference-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19288/us-china-conference-on-science-policy-conference-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Industry and Labor %P 324 %0 Book %T Appropriate Technologies for Developing Countries %D 1977 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19922/appropriate-technologies-for-developing-countries %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19922/appropriate-technologies-for-developing-countries %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Agriculture %P 161 %0 Book %T Science and Brazilian Development: Report of a Workshop on Contribution of Science and Technology to Development, Part I %D 1966 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20718/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-a-workshop-on-contribution %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20718/science-and-brazilian-development-report-of-a-workshop-on-contribution %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 50 %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Ausubel, Jesse H. %E Sladovich, Hedy E. %T Technology and Environment %@ 978-0-309-04426-4 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1407/technology-and-environment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1407/technology-and-environment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 235 %X Technology and Environment is one of a series of publications designed to bring national attention to issues of the greatest importance in engineering and technology during the 25th year of the National Academy of Engineering. A "paradox of technology" is that it can be both the source of environmental damage and our best hope for repairing such damage today and avoiding it in the future. Technology and Environment addresses this paradox and the blind spot it creates in our understanding of environmental crises. The book considers the proximate causes of environmental damage—machines, factories, cities, and so on—in a larger societal context, from which the will to devise and implement solutions must arise. It helps explain the depth and difficulty of such issues as global warming and hazardous wastes but also demonstrates the potential of technological innovation to have a constructive impact on the planet. With a range of data and examples, the authors cover such topics as the "industrial metabolism" of production and consumption, the environmental consequences of the information era, and design of environmentally compatible technologies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Aeronautics 2050: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25005/aeronautics-2050-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in-brief %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25005/aeronautics-2050-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in-brief %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 12 %X The Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a 1-day visioning workshop to facilitate a dialog on the historical contributions of the ASEB to development of the U.S. civil aeronautics sector, recent advances and current challenges and opportunities in civil aviation, and new directions in air travel and technology in the coming 30 years. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.