@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-09562-4", abstract = "Approximately 3 million gallons of oil or refined petroleum products are spilled into\nU.S. waters every year. Oil dispersants (chemical agents such as surfactants, solvents,\nand other compounds) are used to reduce the effect of oil spills by changing the\nchemical and physical properties of the oil. By enhancing the amount of oil that\nphysically mixes into the water, dispersants can reduce the potential that a surface\nslick will contaminate shoreline habitats. Although called for in the Oil Pollution Act\nof 1990 as a tool for minimizing the impact of oil spills, the use of chemical dispersants\nhas long been controversial. This book reviews the adequacy of existing information\nand ongoing research regarding the effectiveness of dispersants as an oil spill\nresponse technique, as well as the effect of dispersed oil on marine and coastal\necosystems. Oil Spill Dispersants also includes recommended steps for policy makers\nfaced with making hard choices regarding the use of dispersants as part of spill contingency\nplanning efforts or during actual spills.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11283/oil-spill-dispersants-efficacy-and-effects", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Research Council", title = "Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response", isbn = "978-0-309-08301-0", abstract = "Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response is part of an evolving body of work conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) to help inform debate and decision-making regarding the ecological consequences of releases associated with the widespread use of fossil fuels. Like earlier NRC reports, it attempts to understand the chemical, physical, and biological behavior of a complex mix of compounds that make up various petroleum hydrocarbon-based fuels. The specific risk factors presented by emulsified fuels are difficult to characterize, mainly because there have been no spills of emulsified fuels to date, and thus there is little practical experience with these products.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10286/spills-of-emulsified-fuels-risks-and-response", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Spills of Nonfloating Oils: Risk and Response", isbn = "978-0-309-06590-0", abstract = "In the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) was directed to assess the risk of spills for oils that may sink or be negatively buoyant, to examine and evaluate existing cleanup technologies, and to identify and appraise technological and financial barriers that could impede a prompt response to such spills. The USCG requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform these tasks. In response to this request, the NRC established the Committee on the Marine Transportation of Heavy Oils.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9640/spills-of-nonfloating-oils-risk-and-response", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Research Council", title = "Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment", isbn = "978-0-309-29886-5", abstract = "U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is increasingly experiencing longer periods and larger areas of open water due to climate change. Sparsely inhabited with a wide variety of ecosystems found nowhere else, this region is vulnerable to damage from human activities. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. How can we best prepare to respond to such an event in this challenging environment?\nResponding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment reviews the current state of the science regarding oil spill response and environmental assessment in the Arctic region north of the Bering Strait, with emphasis on the potential impacts in U.S. waters. This report describes the unique ecosystems and environment of the Arctic and makes recommendations to provide an effective response effort in these challenging conditions. According to Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment, a full range of proven oil spill response technologies is needed in order to minimize the impacts on people and sensitive ecosystems. This report identifies key oil spill research priorities, critical data and monitoring needs, mitigation strategies, and important operational and logistical issues.\nThe Arctic acts as an integrating, regulating, and mediating component of the physical, atmospheric and cryospheric systems that govern life on Earth. Not only does the Arctic serve as regulator of many of the Earth's large-scale systems and processes, but it is also an area where choices made have substantial impact on life and choices everywhere on planet Earth. This report's recommendations will assist environmentalists, industry, state and local policymakers, and anyone interested in the future of this special region to preserve and protect it from damaging oil spills.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18625/responding-to-oil-spills-in-the-us-arctic-marine-environment", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea", isbn = "978-0-309-03889-8", abstract = "While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness and limitations and the results of using them in different spill situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/736/using-oil-spill-dispersants-on-the-sea", year = 1989, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Oil Spill Recovery Institute: Past, Present, and Future Directions", isbn = "978-0-309-08514-4", abstract = "As a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), and within that legislation, the Oil Spill Recovery Institute (OSRI) was born. This report assesses the strength and weaknesses of this research program, with emphasis on whether the activities supported to date address the OSRI mission, whether the processes used are sound, and whether the research and technology development projects are of high quality", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10643/the-oil-spill-recovery-institute-past-present-and-future-directions", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Research Council", title = "Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-08438-3", abstract = "Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments.\nOil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis of\u2014and more effective measures against\u2014pollutant discharge.\nThe book discusses:\n\n Input\u2014where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft.\n Behavior or fate\u2014how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment.\n Effects\u2014what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems.\n\nProviding a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10388/oil-in-the-sea-iii-inputs-fates-and-effects", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-07188-8", abstract = "This 2-day workshop is the culmination of a study of the status and future of marine biotechnology. The overall goal of this workshop is to examine what was initially called \"Opportunities for Marine Biotechnology in the United States,\" to consider where we are now in this field of \"Environmental Marine Biotechnology,\" to envision the field in the future, and to discuss any impediments that might be encountered along the way. Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop addresses the question of where the federal government should invest its limited funds and what future initiatives should be planned.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9988/opportunities-for-environmental-applications-of-marine-biotechnology-proceedings-of-the", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2008", isbn = "978-0-309-12731-8", abstract = "The mission of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to promote innovation and the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing through measurement science, measurement services, and critical technical contributions to standards. \nThe MEL is organized in five divisions: Intelligent Systems, Manufacturing Metrology, Manufacturing Systems Integration, Precision Engineering, and Fabrication Technology. A panel of experts appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) assessed the first four divisions. \nOverall, this book finds that the four individual divisions are performing to the best of their ability, given available resources. In many areas in all four divisions, the capabilities and the work being performed are among the best in the field. However, reduced funding and other factors such as difficulty in hiring permanent staff are limiting (and are likely to increasingly limit) the degree to which MEL programs can achieve their objectives and are threatening the future impact of these programs.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12497/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-manufacturing-engineering-laboratory", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines: A Comparative Study of Environmental Fate, Effects, and Response", isbn = "978-0-309-38010-2", abstract = "Diluted bitumen has been transported by pipeline in the United States for more than 40 years, with the amount increasing recently as a result of improved extraction technologies and resulting increases in production and exportation of Canadian diluted bitumen. The increased importation of Canadian diluted bitumen to the United States has strained the existing pipeline capacity and contributed to the expansion of pipeline mileage over the past 5 years. Although rising North American crude oil production has resulted in greater transport of crude oil by rail or tanker, oil pipelines continue to deliver the vast majority of crude oil supplies to U.S. refineries.\n\n Spills of Diluted Bitumen from Pipelines examines the current state of knowledge and identifies the relevant properties and characteristics of the transport, fate, and effects of diluted bitumen and commonly transported crude oils when spilled in the environment. This report assesses whether the differences between properties of diluted bitumen and those of other commonly transported crude oils warrant modifications to the regulations governing spill response plans and cleanup. Given the nature of pipeline operations, response planning, and the oil industry, the recommendations outlined in this study are broadly applicable to other modes of transportation as well.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21834/spills-of-diluted-bitumen-from-pipelines-a-comparative-study-of", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program: I. Physical Oceanography", isbn = "978-0-309-04181-2", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1609/assessment-of-the-us-outer-continental-shelf-environmental-studies-program", year = 1990, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects", isbn = "978-0-309-27429-6", abstract = "Oil and natural gas represent more than 50 percent of the worldwide energy supply, with high energy demand driven by population growth and improving standards of living. Despite significant progress in reducing the amount of oil in the sea from consumption, exploration, transportation, and production, risks remain. This report, the fourth in a series, documents the current state-of-knowledge on inputs, fates and effects of oil in the sea, reflecting almost 20 additional years of research, including long-term effects from spills such as the Exxon Valdez and a decade-long boom in oil spill science research following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\nThe report finds that land-based sources of oil are the biggest input of oil to the sea, far outweighing other sources, and it also notes that the effects of chronic inputs on the marine environment, such as land-based runoff, are very different than that from an acute input, such as a spill. Steps to prevent chronic land-based oil inputs include reducing gasoline vehicle usage, improving fuel efficiency, increasing usage of electric vehicles, replacing older vehicles. The report identifies research gaps and provides specific recommendations aimed at preventing future accidental spills and ensuring oil spill responders are equipped with the best response tools and information to limit oil\u2019s impact on the marine environment.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26410/oil-in-the-sea-iv-inputs-fates-and-effects", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Continuing Education of Engineers", isbn = "978-0-309-03593-4", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/583/continuing-education-of-engineers", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the National Defense Intelligence College's Master's Degree in Science and Technology Intelligence", isbn = "978-0-309-22054-5", abstract = "The National Research Council (NRC) was asked by the National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) to convene a committee to review the curriculum and syllabi for their proposed master of science degree in science and technology intelligence. The NRC was asked to review the material provided by the NDIC and offer advice and recommendations regarding the program's structure and goals of the Master of Science and Technology Intelligence (MS&TI) program.\nThe Committee for the Review of the Master's Degree Program for Science and Technology Professionals convened in May 2011, received extensive briefings and material from the NDIC faculty and administrators, and commenced a detailed review of the material. This letter report contains the findings and recommendations of the committee.\nReview of the National Defense Intelligence College's Master's Degree in Science and Technology Intelligence centers on two general areas. First, the committee found that the biological sciences and systems engineering were underrepresented in the existing program structure. Secondly, the committee recommends that the NDIC faculty restructure the program and course learning objectives to focus more specifically on science and technology, with particular emphasis on the empirical measurement of student achievement. Given the dynamic and ever-changing nature of science and technology, the syllabi should continue to evolve as change occurs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13260/review-of-the-national-defense-intelligence-colleges-masters-degree-in-science-and-technology-intelligence", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response", isbn = "978-0-309-47818-2", abstract = "Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response options\u2014including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. \n\nThis report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25161/the-use-of-dispersants-in-marine-oil-spill-response", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Engineering", title = "Memorial Tributes: Volume 8", isbn = "978-0-309-05575-8", abstract = "This series presents biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Engineering.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5427/memorial-tributes-volume-8", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Environmental Information for Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Decisions in Alaska", isbn = "978-0-309-05036-4", abstract = "This book reviews the adequacy of information available for predicting and managing the environmental and human effects of oil and gas activities on Alaska's Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). It examines how the Alaskan OCS and adjacent onshore natural and human environments differ from those in more temperate waters and to what degree the information characterizes those differences. (It also recommends alternatives to further studies in some cases where more information would be helpful for decisionmaking.)", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2353/environmental-information-for-outer-continental-shelf-oil-and-gas-decisions-in-alaska", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Letter Report on a Technical Peer Review of the Buzzards Bay Risk Assessment", abstract = "At the request of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP), the TRB\/Marine Board Committee to Review the Buzzards Bay Maritime Risk Assessment has evaluated the methods and conclusions of the Buzzards Bay Risk Assessment (BBRA).The BBRA was originally commissioned by the United States Coast Guard and MassDEP. The committee\u2019s task was to provide an independent technical review of the BBRA focusing on its scope, methods, and supporting data. The committee finds that the choices made in the formulation and execution of the study bring into question the conclusions of the risk assessment on technical grounds and that the ranking of risk mitigation options is not justified and could be reversed with slightly different and more defensible methods or assumptions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22480/letter-report-on-a-technical-peer-review-of-the-buzzards-bay-risk-assessment", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Derek Vollmer", title = "Assessing Economic Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-12700-4", abstract = "Many economic models exist to estimate the cost and effectiveness of different policies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Some approaches incorporate rich technological detail, others emphasize the aggregate behavior of the economy and energy system, and some focus on impacts for specific sectors. Understandably, different approaches may be better positioned to provide particular types of information and may yield differing results, at times rendering decisions on future climate change emissions and research and development (R&D) policy difficult. Reliable estimates of the costs and benefits to the U.S. economy for various emissions reduction and adaptation strategies are critical to federal climate change R&D portfolio planning and investment decisions. At the request of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Academies organized a workshop to consider these issues.\nThe workshop, summarized in this volume, comprised three dimensions: policy, analysis, and economics. Discussions along these dimensions were meant to lead to constructive identification of gaps and opportunities. The workshop focused on (1) policymakers' informational needs; (2) models and other analytic approaches to meet these needs; (3) important economic considerations, including equity and discounting; and (4) opportunities to enhance analytical capabilities and better inform policy.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12487/assessing-economic-impacts-of-greenhouse-gas-mitigation-summary-of-a", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Engineering Employment Characteristics", isbn = "978-0-309-03586-6", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/584/engineering-employment-characteristics", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }