@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Daniel L. Cork and John E. Rolph and Eugene S. Meieran and Carol V. Petrie", title = "Ballistic Imaging", isbn = "978-0-309-11724-1", abstract = "Ballistic Imaging assesses the state of computer-based imaging technology in forensic firearms identification. The book evaluates the current law enforcement database of images of crime-related cartridge cases and bullets and recommends ways to improve the usefulness of the technology for suggesting leads in criminal investigations. It also advises against the construction of a national reference database that would include images from test-fires of every newly manufactured or imported firearm in the United States. The book also suggests further research on an alternate method for generating an investigative lead to the location where a gun was first sold: \"microstamping,\" the direct imprinting of unique identifiers on firearm parts or ammunition. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12162/ballistic-imaging", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields", isbn = "978-0-309-28453-0", abstract = "The U.S. military does not believe its soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines should be engaged in combat with adversaries on a \"level playing field.\" Our combat individuals enter engagements to win. To that end, the United States has used its technical prowess and industrial capability to develop decisive weapons that overmatch those of potential enemies. In its current engagement\u2014what has been identified as an \"era of persistent conflict\"\u2014 the nation's most important weapon is the dismounted soldier operating in small units. Today's soldier must be prepared to contend with both regular and irregular adversaries. Results in Iraq and Afghanistan show that, while the U.S. soldier is a formidable fighter, the contemporary suite of equipment and support does not afford the same high degree of overmatch capability exhibited by large weapons platforms\u2014yet it is the soldier who ultimately will play the decisive role in restoring stability.\nMaking the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields establishes the technical requirements for overmatch capability for dismounted soldiers operating individually or in small units. It prescribes technological and organizational capabilities needed to make the dismounted soldier a decisive weapon in a changing, uncertain, and complex future environment and provides the Army with 15 recommendations on how to focus its efforts to enable the soldier and tactical small unit (TSU) to achieve overmatch.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18321/making-the-soldier-decisive-on-future-battlefields", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Long-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites", isbn = "978-0-309-07186-4", abstract = "It is now becoming clear that relatively few U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) waste sites will be cleaned up to the point where they can be released for unrestricted use. \"Long-term stewardship\" (activities to protect human health and the environment from hazards that may remain at its sites after cessation of remediation) will be required for over 100 of the 144 waste sites under DOE control (U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). After stabilizing wastes that remain on site and containing them as well as is feasible, DOE intends to rely on stewardship for as long as hazards persist\u2014in many cases, indefinitely. Physical containment barriers, the management systems upon which their long-term reliability depends, and institutional controls intended to prevent exposure of people and the environment to the remaining site hazards, will have to be maintained at some DOE sites for an indefinite period of time.\nThe Committee on Remediation of Buried and Tank Wastes finds that much regarding DOE's intended reliance on long-term stewardship is at this point problematic. The details of long-term stewardship planning are yet to be specified, the adequacy of funding is not assured, and there is no convincing evidence that institutional controls and other stewardship measures are reliable over the long term. Scientific understanding of the factors that govern the long-term behavior of residual contaminants in the environment is not adequate. Yet, the likelihood that institutional management measures will fail at some point is relatively high, underscoring the need to assure that decisions made in the near term are based on the best available science. Improving institutional capabilities can be expected to be every bit as difficult as improving scientific and technical ones, but without improved understanding of why and how institutions succeed and fail, the follow-through necessary to assure that long-term stewardship remains effective cannot reliably be counted on to occur.\nLong-Term Institutional Management of U.S. Department of Energy Legacy Waste Sites examines the capabilities and limitations of the scientific, technical, and human and institutional systems that compose the measures that DOE expects to put into place at potentially hazardous, residually contaminated sites.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9949/long-term-institutional-management-of-us-department-of-energy-legacy-waste-sites", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Robert F. Engle and Scott T. Weidman", title = "Technical Capabilities Necessary for Regulation of Systemic Financial Risk: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-14960-0", abstract = "The financial reform plans currently under discussion in the United States recognize the need for monitoring and regulating systemic risk in the financial sector. To inform those discussions, the National Research Council held a workshop on November 3, 2009, to identify the major technical challenges to building such a capability. The workshop, summarized in this volume, addressed the following key issues as they relate to systemic risk:\n\n What data and analytical tools are currently available to regulators to address this challenge?\n What further data-collection and data-analysis capabilities are needed?\n What specific resource needs are required to accomplish the task?\n What are the major technical challenges associated with systemic risk regulation?\n What are various options for building these capabilities?\n\nBecause every systemic event is unique with respect to its specific pathology\u2014the various triggers and the propagation of effects\u2014the workshop focused on the issues listed above for systemic risk in general rather than for any specific scenario. Thus, by design, the workshop explicitly addressed neither the causes of the current crisis nor policy options for reducing risk, and it attempted to steer clear of some policy issues altogether (such as how to allocate new supervisory responsibilities). More than 40 experts representing diverse perspectives participated in the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12841/technical-capabilities-necessary-for-regulation-of-systemic-financial-risk-summary", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP) Report 4: Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security explores near-term (less than 5 years) and longer-term (5\u201310 years) technologies that are candidates for enhancing the safety and security of hazardous materials transportation for use by shippers, carriers, emergency responders, or government regulatory and enforcement agencies.The report examines emerging generic technologies that hold promise of being introduced during these near- and longer-term spans. It also highlights potential impediments (e.g., technical, economic, legal, and institutional) to, and opportunities for, their development, deployment, and maintenance.The research focused on all modes used to transport hazardous materials (trucking, rail, marine, air, and pipeline) and resulted in the identification of nine highly promising emerging technologies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14526/emerging-technologies-applicable-to-hazardous-materials-transportation-safety-and-security", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anita Vandervalk", title = "Analyzing Data for Measuring Transportation Performance by State DOTs and MPOs", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 528: Analyzing Data for Measuring Transportation Performance by State DOTs and MPOs summarizes what data state departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are using and how they are measuring transportation performance. Knowledge about transportation data already exists, but may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. This report synthesizes current knowledge and practice about data management to help transportation organizations learn about effective practices. The report also identifies future research needs.This synthesis includes appendices to the contractor's final report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25361/analyzing-data-for-measuring-transportation-performance-by-state-dots-and-mpos", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Adapting to the 21st Century Innovation Environment: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The innovation environment of the 21st century is characterized by disruption, accelerated technology development, and globalized access to information, which is a dramatic shift from the largely government-controlled Cold War innovation environment of the previous century. The shift from an industrial age to an information age has lowered the barriers to entry into the global economy and compelled institutions to respond with greater efficiency and speed. How are companies, universities, and the U.S. government adapting to the accelerated pace of innovation in the current open information age? How are partnerships among the three sectors being utilized to adapt to current innovation conditions, and how can partnerships be fostered more deliberately to increase U.S. competitiveness in the global economy? To address these and related questions, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on October 16\u201317, 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25384/adapting-to-the-21st-century-innovation-environment-proceedings-of-a", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "On Life and Microgravity Sciences and the Space Station Program: Letter Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12295/on-life-and-microgravity-sciences-and-the-space-station-program", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "U.S. Capability to Support Ocean Engineering in the Arctic", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19426/us-capability-to-support-ocean-engineering-in-the-arctic", year = 1984, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Improving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles", isbn = "978-0-309-28532-2", abstract = "The material that sustains the nuclear reactions that produce energy can also be used to make nuclear weapons\u2014and therefore, the development of nuclear energy is one of multiple pathways to proliferation for a non-nuclear weapon state. There is a tension between the development of future nuclear fuel cycles and managing the risk of proliferation as the number of existing and future nuclear energy systems expands throughout the world. As the Department of Energy (DOE) and other parts of the government make decisions about future nuclear fuel cycles, DOE would like to improve proliferation assessments to better inform those decisions.\nImproving the Assessment of the Proliferation Risk of Nuclear Fuel Cycles considers how the current methods of quantification of proliferation risk are being used and implemented, how other approaches to risk assessment can contribute to improving the utility of assessments for policy and decision makers. The study also seeks to understand the extent to which technical analysis of proliferation risk could be improved for policy makers through research and development.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18335/improving-the-assessment-of-the-proliferation-risk-of-nuclear-fuel-cycles", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Interim Report of the Committee on Exclusive Economic Zone Information Needs: Coastal States and Territories", isbn = "978-0-309-07830-6", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1754/interim-report-of-the-committee-on-exclusive-economic-zone-information-needs", year = 1990, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "On NASA Field Center Science and Scientists: Letter Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12288/on-nasa-field-center-science-and-scientists-letter-report", year = 1995, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Letter Report on Information Technology Research for E-Government", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10167/letter-report-on-information-technology-research-for-e-government", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Lennard A. Fisk", title = "Workshop Series on Issues in Space Science and Technology: Summary of Space and Earth Science Issues from the Workshop on U.S. Civil Space Policy", abstract = "NASA has asked the Space Studies Board (SSB) of the NRC to examine issues related to space science and technology through a series of three workshops. The first of these was held in November 2007 in conjunction with another workshop being held jointly by the SSB and ASEB to assess U.S. civil space policy broadly. Some of the workshop sessions focused more than others on issues of interest to NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). This book concentrates on those sessions and presents a summary of the views of the participants on the issues that are relevant to SMD. A separate book will be prepared on the full range of issues about U.S. civil space policy discussed at the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12156/workshop-series-on-issues-in-space-science-and-technology-summary", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of Three Divisions of the Information Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2015", isbn = "978-0-309-38906-8", abstract = "At the request of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has, since 1959, annually assembled panels of experts from academia, industry, medicine, and other scientific and engineering environments to assess the quality and effectiveness of the NIST measurements and standards laboratories, of which there are now seven, as well as the adequacy of the laboratories' resources. Review of Three Divisions of the Information Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2015 assesses the organization's technical programs, the portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization, the adequacy of the organization's facilities, equipment, and human resources, and the effectiveness by which the organization disseminates its program outputs. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21877/review-of-three-divisions-of-the-information-technology-laboratory-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Pathways to Exploration: Rationales and Approaches for a U.S. Program of Human Space Exploration", isbn = "978-0-309-30507-5", abstract = "The United States has publicly funded its human spaceflight program on a continuous basis for more than a half-century, through three wars and a half-dozen recessions, from the early Mercury and Gemini suborbital and Earth orbital missions, to the lunar landings, and thence to the first reusable winged crewed spaceplane that the United States operated for three decades. Today the United States is the major partner in a massive orbital facility - the International Space Station - that is becoming the focal point for the first tentative steps in commercial cargo and crewed orbital space flights. And yet, the long-term future of human spaceflight beyond this project is unclear. Pronouncements by multiple presidents of bold new ventures by Americans to the Moon, to Mars, and to an asteroid in its native orbit, have not been matched by the same commitment that accompanied President Kennedy's now fabled 1961 speech-namely, the substantial increase in NASA funding needed to make it happen. Are we still committed to advancing human spaceflight? What should a long-term goal be, and what does the United States need to do to achieve it?\nPathways to Exploration explores the case for advancing this endeavor, drawing on the history of rationales for human spaceflight, examining the attitudes of stakeholders and the public, and carefully assessing the technical and fiscal realities. This report recommends maintaining the long-term focus on Mars as the horizon goal for human space exploration. With this goal in mind, the report considers funding levels necessary to maintain a robust tempo of execution, current research and exploration projects and the time\/resources needed to continue them, and international cooperation that could contribute to the achievement of spaceflight to Mars. According to Pathways to Exploration, a successful U.S. program would require sustained national commitment and a budget that increases by more than the rate of inflation.\nIn reviving a U.S. human exploration program capable of answering the enduring questions about humanity's destiny beyond our tiny blue planet, the nation will need to grapple with the attitudinal and fiscal realities of the nation today while staying true to a small but crucial set of fundamental principles for the conduct of exploration of the endless frontier. The recommendations of Pathways to Exploration provide a clear map toward a human spaceflight program that inspires students and citizens by furthering human exploration and discovery, while taking into account the long-term commitment necessary to achieve this goal.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18801/pathways-to-exploration-rationales-and-approaches-for-a-us-program", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction", isbn = "978-0-309-13106-3", abstract = " The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved.\n\nTo meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12583/global-security-engagement-a-new-model-for-cooperative-threat-reduction", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Systems Integration for Project Constellation: Letter Report", abstract = "With the announcement of the Vision for U.S. Space Exploration, NASA has formed a new Exploration Systems Enterprise charged with development of systems to be used in the exploration of the moon, Mars, and other destinations. A key component of that enterprise is Project Constellation which is responsible for all of the systems necessary for human exploration. It is essential that those systems be integrated effectively for the mission to succeed. To assist with this objective, NASA asked the NRC to assess the relative merits of seven approaches for systems integration. This letter report presents this assessment. It provides a list of 21 criteria for judging the capability of each of the approaches to succeed in this complex integration task, and ratings of how well each can fulfill those criteria", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11104/systems-integration-for-project-constellation-letter-report", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Roles of Government and Industry in Research and Development for the Maritime Industries: An Interim Report", isbn = "978-0-309-07779-8", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/977/the-roles-of-government-and-industry-in-research-and-development-for-the-maritime-industries", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }