%0 Book %A National Research Council %E Lesgold, Alan %E Feuer, Michael J. %E Black, Allison M. %T Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment %@ 978-0-309-06365-4 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 35 %X The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Maitin-Shepard, Melissa %E Flaxman, Marian %T Use of Meta-Analyses in Nutrition Research and Policy: Best Practices of Conducting Meta-Analysis: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27467/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-best %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27467/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-best %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 11 %X The second workshop in the series on the use of meta-analysis in nutrition research and policy, held on September 25, 2023, focused on best practices for conducting meta-analyses with consideration of the potential for data extraction errors, risk of bias, and publication bias. Speakers took special care to discuss proper methods for interpreting meta-analyses, addressing assumption violations and expectations for statistical heterogeneity. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Anderson, Karen M. %T Demographic Changes, a View from California: Implications for Framing Health Disparities: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14886-3 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12830/demographic-changes-a-view-from-california-implications-for-framing-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12830/demographic-changes-a-view-from-california-implications-for-framing-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 96 %X The IOM held a workshop on July 28, 2008, to examine strategies for discussing health disparities in ways that engage the public and motivate change. Speakers focused on health disparities in California, which continues to see dramatic demographic shifts. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Quirk, Meghan %E Mulligan, Janet %T Data-Gathering Workshop for the Committee on Evaluating Approaches to Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity: Workshop in Brief %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21864/data-gathering-workshop-for-the-committee-on-evaluating-approaches-to-assessing-prevalence-and-trends-in-obesity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21864/data-gathering-workshop-for-the-committee-on-evaluating-approaches-to-assessing-prevalence-and-trends-in-obesity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 7 %X The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) asked the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an ad hoc committee to examine the methodological approaches to collecting data, conducting analyses, and interpreting obesity prevalence and trends at the national, state, and local levels, with a particular focus on children and young adults. The committee convened a data-gathering workshop, held in Washington, DC, on July 28, 2015. The workshop was intended to provide the committee with information and perspectives to consider as it addresses the topic areas identified in the statement of task and progresses toward findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This workshop in brief summarizes highlights from the presentations and discussions that took place during the data-gathering workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Measuring Human Capabilities: An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession %@ 978-0-309-31717-7 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19017/measuring-human-capabilities-an-agenda-for-basic-research-on-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19017/measuring-human-capabilities-an-agenda-for-basic-research-on-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 280 %X Every year, the U.S. Army must select from an applicant pool in the hundreds of thousands to meet annual enlistment targets, currently numbering in the tens of thousands of new soldiers. A critical component of the selection process for enlisted service members is the formal assessments administered to applicants to determine their performance potential. Attrition for the U.S. military is hugely expensive. Every recruit that does not make it through basic training or beyond a first enlistment costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. Academic and other professional settings suffer similar losses when the wrong individuals are accepted into the wrong schools and programs or jobs and companies. Picking the right people from the start is becoming increasingly important in today's economy and in response to the growing numbers of applicants. Beyond cognitive tests of ability, what other attributes should selectors be considering to know whether an individual has the talent and the capability to perform as well as the mental and psychological drive to succeed? Measuring Human Capabilities: An Agenda for Basic Research on the Assessment of Individual and Group Performance Potential for Military Accession examines promising emerging theoretical, technological, and statistical advances that could provide scientifically valid new approaches and measurement capabilities to assess human capability. This report considers the basic research necessary to maximize the efficiency, accuracy, and effective use of human capability measures in the military's selection and initial occupational assignment process. The research recommendations of Measuring Human Capabilities will identify ways to supplement the Army's enlisted soldier accession system with additional predictors of individual and collective performance. Although the primary audience for this report is the U.S. military, this book will be of interest to researchers of psychometrics, personnel selection and testing, team dynamics, cognitive ability, and measurement methods and technologies. Professionals interested in of the foundational science behind academic testing, job selection, and human resources management will also find this report of interest. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Mastroianni, Anna C. %E Faden, Ruth %E Federman, Daniel %T Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies, Volume 1 %@ 978-0-309-04992-4 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2304/women-and-health-research-ethical-and-legal-issues-of-including %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2304/women-and-health-research-ethical-and-legal-issues-of-including %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 288 %X In the nineteenth century some scientists argued that women should not be educated because thinking would use energy needed by the uterus for reproduction. The proof? Educated women had a lower birth rate. Today's researchers can only shake their heads at such reasoning. Yet professional journals and the popular press are increasingly criticizing medical research for ignoring women's health issues. Women and Health Research examines the facts behind the public's perceptions about women participating as subjects in medical research. With the goal of increasing researchers' awareness of this important topic, the book explores issues related to maintaining justice (in its ethical sense) in clinical studies. Leading experts present general principles for the ethical conduct of research on women—principles that are especially important in the light of recent changes in federal policy on the inclusion of women in clinical research. Women and Health Research documents the historical shift from a paternalistic approach by researchers toward women and a disproportionate reliance on certain groups for research to one that emphasizes proper access for women as subjects in clinical studies in order to ensure that women receive the benefits of research. The book addresses present-day challenges to equity in four areas: Scientific—Do practical aspects of scientific research work at cross-purposes to gender equity? Focusing on drug trials, the authors identify rationales for excluding people from research based on demographics. Social and Ethical—The authors offer compelling discussions on subjectivity in science, the evidence for male bias, and issues related to race and ethnicity, as well as the recruitment, retention, and protection of research participants. Legal—Women and Health Research reviews federal research policies that affect the inclusion of women and evaluates the basis for researchers' fears about liability, citing court cases. Risk—The authors focus on risks to reproduction and offspring in clinical drug trials, exploring how risks can be identified for study participants, who should make the assessment of risk and benefit for participation in a clinical study, and how legal implications could be addressed. This landmark study will be of immediate use to the research community, policymakers, women's health advocates, attorneys, and individuals. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Feuer, Michael J. %E Holland, Paul W. %E Bertenthal, Meryl W. %E Hemphill, F. Cadelle %E Green, Bert F. %T Equivalency and Linkage of Educational Tests: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-06177-3 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6209/equivalency-and-linkage-of-educational-tests-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6209/equivalency-and-linkage-of-educational-tests-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 46 %0 Book %T Equivalency and Linkage of Educational Tests: Interim Report %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9525/equivalency-and-linkage-of-educational-tests-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9525/equivalency-and-linkage-of-educational-tests-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 36 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Inclusion of Women in Clinical Trials: Policies for Population Subgroups %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10572/inclusion-of-women-in-clinical-trials-policies-for-population-subgroups %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10572/inclusion-of-women-in-clinical-trials-policies-for-population-subgroups %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 16 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Anderson, Karen M. %E Olson, Steve %T Strategies for Ensuring Diversity, Inclusion, and Meaningful Participation in Clinical Trials: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-44357-9 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23530/strategies-for-ensuring-diversity-inclusion-and-meaningful-participation-in-clinical-trials %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23530/strategies-for-ensuring-diversity-inclusion-and-meaningful-participation-in-clinical-trials %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 84 %X Even as the U.S. population becomes steadily more diverse, minorities and women remain underrepresented in clinical trials to develop new drugs and medical devices. Although progress in increasing minority participation in clinical trials has occurred, participation rates do not fully represent the overall population of minorities in the United States. This underrepresentation threatens the health of both these populations and the general population, since greater minority representation could reveal factors that affect health in all populations. Federal legislation has sought to increase the representation of minorities and women in clinical trials, but legislation by itself has not been sufficient to overcome the many barriers to greater participation. Only much broader changes will bring about the meaningful participation of all population groups in the clinical research needed to improve health. To examine the barriers to participation in clinical trials and ways of overcoming those barriers, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in April 2015. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Newman, Laura %T Developing Technologies for Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Summary of Public Workshop #2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10011/developing-technologies-for-early-detection-of-breast-cancer-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10011/developing-technologies-for-early-detection-of-breast-cancer-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 53 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Koltun, Andrew %T Informing the Selection of Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25654/informing-the-selection-of-leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2030 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25654/informing-the-selection-of-leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2030 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 10 %X Experts from the health measurement and population health fields gathered on May 28, 2019, in Washington, DC, at a workshop organized by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for the Committee on Informing the Selection of Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030. The workshop presentations and discussion aimed to help inform the committee’s task, which is to advise on the criteria for selecting Healthy People 2030's Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) and to propose a slate of LHIs for the Healthy People Federal Interagency Workgroup to consider in finalizing the Healthy People 2030 plan. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology: Building a Bridge Between Disciplines %@ 978-0-309-07784-2 %D 1984 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/930/cognitive-aspects-of-survey-methodology-building-a-bridge-between-disciplines %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/930/cognitive-aspects-of-survey-methodology-building-a-bridge-between-disciplines %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 192 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Herman, Joan %E Hilton, Margaret %T Supporting Students' College Success: The Role of Assessment of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies %@ 978-0-309-45605-0 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24697/supporting-students-college-success-the-role-of-assessment-of-intrapersonal %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24697/supporting-students-college-success-the-role-of-assessment-of-intrapersonal %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 262 %X The importance of higher education has never been clearer. Educational attainment—the number of years a person spends in school—strongly predicts adult earnings, as well as health and civic engagement. Yet relative to other developed nations, educational attainment in the United States is lagging, with young Americans who heretofore led the world in completing postsecondary degrees now falling behind their global peers. As part of a broader national college completion agenda aimed at increasing college graduation rates, higher education researchers and policy makers are exploring the role of intrapersonal and interpersonal competencies in supporting student success. Supporting Students' College Success: The Role of Assessment of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Competencies identifies 8 intrapersonal competencies (competencies involving self-management and positive self-evaluation) that can be developed through interventions and appear to be related to persistence and success in undergraduate education. The report calls for further research on the importance of these competencies for college success, reviews current assessments of them and establishes priorities for the use of current assessments, and outlines promising new approaches for improved assessments. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wigdor, Alexandra K. %E Green, Bert F., Jr. %T Performance Assessment for the Workplace, Volume II: Technical Issues %@ 978-0-309-04539-1 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1898/performance-assessment-for-the-workplace-volume-ii-technical-issues %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1898/performance-assessment-for-the-workplace-volume-ii-technical-issues %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 344 %X Volume II covers a number of measurement and analytical issues in greater technical detail, including: range restriction adjustments, methods for evaluating multiple sources of error in measurement, comparing alternative measures of performance, and strategies for clustering military occupations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Wizemann, Theresa M. %T Sex-Specific Reporting of Scientific Research: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-22524-3 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13307/sex-specific-reporting-of-scientific-research-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13307/sex-specific-reporting-of-scientific-research-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 72 %X The number of women participating in clinical trials has increased during the last two decades, but women are still underrepresented in clinical trials in general. Some of the overall increase can be attributed to the greater number of women-only trials (of therapies for diseases that affect only women). Even when women are included in clinical trials, the results are often not analyzed separately by sex. On August 30, 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice hosted the workshop Sex-Specific Reporting of Scientific Research. The workshop explored the need for sex-specific reporting of scientific results; potential barriers and unintended consequences of sex-specific reporting of scientific results; experiences of journals that have implemented sex-specific requirements, including the challenges and benefits of such editorial policies; and steps to facilitate the reporting of sex-specific results. Presenters and participants included current and former editors of scientific journals, researchers, and scientists and policymakers from government, industry, and nonprofit organizations. Presentations and discussions highlighted the importance to both women and men of having sex-specific data, the problems with sample size and financial constraints for conducting the research, the appropriateness of sex-specific analyses, and the limitations of journal policies to change experimental designs. Sex-Specific Reporting of Scientific Research summarizes the presentations and discussions by the expert panelists during the IOM workshop. The workshop's first session focused on why sex-specific reporting is important. Panelists highlighted historical and current events that have hindered or helped to advance the study of women. In the next session, panelists in academe discussed the challenges of collecting, analyzing, and reporting sex-specific data from the researcher's perspective. That was followed by two panels of leading journal editors who shared their experiences in developing and implementing editorial policies and the implications of sex-specific reporting policies for journals. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Maitin-Shepard, Melissa %E Flaxman, Marian %T Use of Meta-Analyses in Nutrition Research and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-71579-9 %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27481/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27481/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 100 %X The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop series that gathered researchers, government officials, and other global leaders in nutrition research and policy. The event, sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), carefully considered meta-analysis methodologies that could in turn be used to advance nutrition research, develop policy, and inform regulatory decision-making. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Understanding and Communicating about COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Equity %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26154/understanding-and-communicating-about-covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-equity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26154/understanding-and-communicating-about-covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-equity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 24 %X Effective communication is needed to ensure shared understanding of how well COVID-19 vaccines work and whether they are being equitably distributed. Without clear, consistent, readily accessible communications, people may lose faith in the vaccines and in those providing them. State, tribal, local, and territorial officials can play a key role in conveying that information to community members or intermediaries in a timely, clear, authoritative way and in conveying community concerns to policy makers. This rapid expert consultation summarizes social, behavioral, and decision science research relevant to communicating how well COVID-19 vaccines work are and how equitably they are being distributed. It offers practical strategies for both the process and the content of such communication, recognizing that people respond to both how they learn about something and what they learn about it. This rapid expert consultation was produced through the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN), an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This project is affiliated with the National Academies' Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T The Science of Adolescent Risk-Taking: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-15852-7 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12961/the-science-of-adolescent-risk-taking-workshop-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12961/the-science-of-adolescent-risk-taking-workshop-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 144 %X Adolescence is a time when youth make decisions, both good and bad, that have consequences for the rest of their lives. Some of these decisions put them at risk of lifelong health problems, injury, or death. The Institute of Medicine held three public workshops between 2008 and 2009 to provide a venue for researchers, health care providers, and community leaders to discuss strategies to improve adolescent health. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Stallings, Virginia A. %E Harrison, Meghan %E Oria, Maria %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium %@ 978-0-309-48834-1 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25353/dietary-reference-intakes-for-sodium-and-potassium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 594 %X As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.