TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Views of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on Agenda Items at Issue at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 SN - DO - 10.17226/26080 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26080/views-of-the-us-national-academies-of-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-on-agenda-items-at-issue-at-the-world-radiocommunication-conference-2023 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource for which there is an ever-increasing demand from an expansive range of applications - all the way from commercial, such as mobile phones, to scientific, such as hurricane monitoring from space. Since radio waves do not stop at national borders, international regulation is necessary to ensure effective use of the radio spectrum for all parties. Use of the radio spectrum is regulated internationally by the Radio Regulations (RR), an international treaty. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has as its mission the facilitation of the efficient and interference-free use of the radio spectrum. Every 2 to 5 years, the ITU convenes a World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) to review and revise the international RR. Changes to the RR are formulated through proposals to the conference according to Agenda Items, which are agreed on at the previous WRC. At the request of the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, this report provides guidance to U.S. spectrum managers and policymakers as they prepare for the 2023 WRC to protect the scientific exploration of Earth and the universe using the radio spectrum. This report identifies the 2023 agenda items of relevance to U.S. radio astronomers and Earth remote sensing researchers, along with proposed agenda items for the 2027 WRC. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Dalal Najib A2 - Paula Tarnapol Whitacre TI - The Inclusion of Women in STEM in Kuwait and the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25820 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25820/the-inclusion-of-women-in-stem-in-kuwait-and-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Women in the United States and Kuwait have made advances as researchers and leaders in science, engineering, and medical disciplines, yet challenges and barriers remain to enter and advance in these fields in both countries. Building on recent collaborations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences agreed on convening two workshops to identify evidence-based practices and resources for improving the inclusion of women as full participants in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion from the first workshop, held October 28-29, 2019, in Washington, D.C. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Committee on the Review of Department of Transportation Testing of Electronically Controlled Pneumatic (ECP) Brakes DO - 10.17226/23689 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23689/committee-on-the-review-of-department-of-transportation-testing-of-electronically-controlled-pneumatic-ecp-brakes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - On October 26, 2016, TRB released a Letter Report from the Committee on the Review of Department of Transportation Testing of Electronically Controlled Pneumatic (ECP) Brakes. Congress required the Secretary of Transportation to reconsider the ECP braking system requirements for certain trains carrying high-hazard flammable liquids and determine, by the end of 2017, whether those requirements are justified. Also, in response to a congressional request, the National Academies agreed to form a committee to review the planning, execution, and results of the tests and related analysis the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) will use to inform the Secretary’s decision.TRB’s Committee on the Review of Department of Transportation Testing of Electronically Controlled Pneumatic (ECP) Brakes is in the process of preparing a report that reviews DOT’s test plan. However, because DOT already had begun its testing activities out of concern over meeting the congressional deadline, the October 26 letter from the committee recommends that DOT suspend its ongoing testing activities of ECP brakes until after the committee’s report reviewing DOT’s test plan has been issued by the end of this year. The committee believes taking such an approach will help ensure that the most important assumptions involved in the comparison of emergency performance of railroad tank car ECP brakes with that of other braking systems will be identified and tested. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Theresa Wizemann A2 - Michelle A. Mancher A2 - Anne B. Claiborne TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Research and Development of Medical Products: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21853 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21853/global-health-risk-framework-research-and-development-of-medical-products PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Workshop on Research and Development of Medical Products are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gillian J. Buckley A2 - Rachel E. Pittluck TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Pandemic Financing: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21855 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21855/global-health-risk-framework-pandemic-financing-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Pandemic Financing Workshop are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Alison Mack A2 - Megan R. Snair A2 - Eileen R. Choffnes TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Governance for Global Health: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21854 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21854/global-health-risk-framework-governance-for-global-health-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Governance for Global Health Workshop are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Megan Reeve Snair A2 - Jack Herrmann TI - Global Health Risk Framework: Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21856 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21856/global-health-risk-framework-resilient-and-sustainable-health-systems-to PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Workshop on Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks are summarized in this report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Charlee M. Alexander TI - Financing Investments in Young Children Globally: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, and The Centre for Early Childhood Education and Development, Ambedkar University, Delhi SN - DO - 10.17226/18993 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18993/financing-investments-in-young-children-globally-summary-of-a-joint PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In January 2014, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, in collaboration with the IOM Board on Global Health, launched the Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally. At this meeting, the participants agreed to focus on creating and sustaining, over 3 years, an evidence-driven community of stakeholders that aims to explore existing, new, and innovative science and research from around the world and translate this evidence into sound and strategic investments in policies and practices that will make a difference in the lives of children and their caregivers. Financing Investments in Young Children Globally is the summary of a workshop hosted by the Forum on Investing in Young Children Globally in August 2014. This workshop, on financing investments for young children, brought together stakeholders from such disciplines as social protection, nutrition, education, health, finance, economics, and law and included practitioners, advocates, researchers, and policy makers. Presentations and discussions identified some of the current issues in financing investments across health, education, nutrition, and social protection that aim to improve children's developmental potential. This report explores issues across three broad domains of financing: (1) costs of programs for young children; (2) sources of funding, including public and private investments; and (3) allocation of these investments, including cash transfers, microcredit programs, block grants, and government restructuring. ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises SN - DO - 10.17226/21891 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21891/the-neglected-dimension-of-global-security-a-framework-to-counter PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015. This commission report considers the evidence supplied by these workshops and offers conclusions and actionable recommendations to guide policy makers, international funders, civil society organizations, and the private sector. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Visions into Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022: A Midterm Review SN - DO - 10.17226/25186 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25186/visions-into-voyages-for-planetary-science-in-the-decade-2013-2022 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In spring 2011 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine produced a report outlining the next decade in planetary sciences. That report, titled Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, and popularly referred to as the "decadal survey," has provided high-level prioritization and guidance for NASA's Planetary Science Division. Other considerations, such as budget realities, congressional language in authorization and appropriations bills, administration requirements, and cross-division and cross-directorate requirements (notably in retiring risk or providing needed information for the human program) are also necessary inputs to how NASA develops its planetary science program. In 2016 NASA asked the National Academies to undertake a study assessing NASA's progress at meeting the objectives of the decadal survey. After the study was underway, Congress passed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Transition Authorization Act of 2017 which called for NASA to engage the National Academies in a review of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. NASA and the Academies agreed to incorporate that review into the midterm study. That study has produced this report, which serves as a midterm assessment and provides guidance on achieving the goals in the remaining years covered by the decadal survey as well as preparing for the next decadal survey, currently scheduled to begin in 2020. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Letter Report Assessing the WATERS Network Science Plan DO - 10.17226/12707 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12707/letter-report-assessing-the-waters-network-science-plan PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - In 2006, the National Science Foundation (NSF) requested that the National Research Council's (NRC's) Water Science and Technology Board review and assess the adequacy of the conceptual design and planning process for NSF's proposed Water and Environmental Research Systems (WATERS) Network. In response, the NRC formed a committee that first issued an interim report evaluating the Draft Science, Education, and Design Strategy for the WATERS Network. Subsequently, in response to requests from NSF, the statement of task for the committee was modified towards reviewing a vision-level Science Plan, and the NRC and committee agreed to provide quick advice on part two of the statement of task. This letter report summarizes the committee's assessment of whether the Science Plan 'sets forth a vision of what could be accomplished with an observing network to transform water science and engineering research and education' and 'whether the Science Plan makes a compelling case for establishing the WATERS Network with Major Research and Facilities Construction (MREFC) funding.' These two questions are addressed individually and as part of an overall assessment as well. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12033 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12033/options-to-ensure-the-climate-record-from-the-npoess-and-goes-r-spacecraft PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In 2000, the nation's next-generation National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) program anticipated purchasing six satellites for $6.5 billion, with a first launch in 2008. By November 2005, however, it became apparent that NPOESS would overrun its cost estimates by at least 25 percent. In June 2006, the planned acquisition of six spacecraft was reduced to four, the launch of the first spacecraft was delayed until 2013, and several sensors were canceled or descoped in capability. To examine the impacts of these changes, particularly those associated with climate research, and ways to mitigate those impacts, NASA and NOAA asked the NRC to add this task to its ongoing "decadal survey," Earth Science and Applications from Space. The sponsors and the NRC agreed to address this task separately and to base its analysis on a major workshop. This book presents summaries of discussions at the workshop, which included sessions on the measurements and sensors originally planned for NPOESS and GOES-R; generation of climate data records; mitigation options, including the role of international partners; and cross-cutting issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums: Report 2 SN - DO - 10.17226/21848 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21848/affordability-of-national-flood-insurance-program-premiums-report-2 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - When Congress authorized the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968, it intended for the program to encourage community initiatives in flood risk management, charge insurance premiums consistent with actuarial pricing principles, and encourage the purchase of flood insurance by owners of flood prone properties, in part, by offering affordable premiums. The NFIP has been reauthorized many times since 1968, most recently with the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW 2012). In this most recent reauthorization, Congress placed a particular emphasis on setting flood insurance premiums following actuarial pricing principles, which was motivated by a desire to ensure future revenues were adequate to pay claims and administrative expenses. BW 2012 was designed to move the NFIP towards risk-based premiums for all flood insurance policies. The result was to be increased premiums for some policyholders that had been paying less than NFIP risk-based premiums and to possibly increase premiums for all policyholders. Recognition of this possibility and concern for the affordability of flood insurance is reflected in sections of the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (HFIAA 2014). These sections called on FEMA to propose a draft affordability framework for the NFIP after completing an analysis of the efforts of possible programs for offering "means-tested assistance" to policyholders for whom higher rates may not be affordable. BW 2012 and HFIAA 2014 mandated that FEMA conduct a study, in cooperation with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, which would compare the costs of a program of risk-based rates and means-tested assistance to the current system of subsidized flood insurance rates and federally funded disaster relief for people without coverage. Production of two reports was agreed upon to fulfill this mandate. This second report proposes alternative approaches for a national evaluation of affordability program policy options and includes lessons for the design of a national study from a proof-of-concept pilot study. ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Future of Human Healthspan: Demography, Evolution, Medicine, and Bioengineering: Task Group Summaries SN - DO - 10.17226/12084 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12084/the-future-of-human-healthspan-demography-evolution-medicine-and-bioengineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - An individual's healthspan can be defined as the length of time an individual is able to maintain good health. In 2007, over one hundred experts and researchers from public and private institutions across the nation convened to find new ways of addressing the human healthspan and the elusive nature of aging. Experts in public health, bioengineering, neuroscience and gerontology discussed how stress and lifestyle influence the decline of health at older ages. Other discussions focused on the integration of technology in the quality of life, gerontology, regenerative medicine and life expectancy with regard to social and behavioral traits. Still, other groups explored topics such as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of biological aging, the effects of exercise on the human healthspan, and changes in social context to enhance functional status of the elderly. Most importantly, experts agreed that it was imperative to ensure that the elderly have access to medical services by establishing relationships with health care and insurance providers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments: Environmental and Scientific Stewardship SN - DO - 10.17226/11886 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11886/exploration-of-antarctic-subglacial-aquatic-environments-environmental-and-scientific-stewardship PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Antarctica is renowned for its extreme cold; yet surprisingly, radar measurements have revealed a vast network of lakes, rivers, and streams several kilometers beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Sealed from Earth's atmosphere for millions of years, they may provide vital information about microbial evolution, the past climate of the Antarctic, and the formation of ice sheets, among other things. The next stage of exploration requires direct sampling of these aquatic systems. However, if sampling is not done cautiously, the environmental integrity and scientific value of these environments could be compromised. At the request of the National Science Foundation, this National Research Council assesses what is needed to responsibly explore subglacial lakes. Exploration of Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments concludes that it is time for research on subglacial lakes to begin, and this research should be guided by internationally agreed upon protocols. The book suggests an initial protocol, which includes full characterization of the lakes by remote sensing, and minimum standards for biological and other types of contamination. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Evolution of Evidence for Selected Nutrient and Disease Relationships SN - DO - 10.17226/10379 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10379/evolution-of-evidence-for-selected-nutrient-and-disease-relationships PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - The Committee on Examination of the Evolving Science for Dietary Supplements of the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board was directed to review, retrospectively, selected case studies of diet and health relationships that were relevant to dietary supplements and identified as important in the National Research Council report, Diet and Health: Implications for Chronic Disease Risk (D&H) (NRC, 1989). It was then to determine the extent to which subsequent scientific evidence from the peerreviewed literature used in published reports from the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) series (IOM, 1997, 1998, 2000a, 2001) either agreed with the preliminary evidence used to support the relationship identified originally in the 1989 review or significantly modified the original hypotheses and preliminary conclusions. The committee's analysis was to include characteristics of research with apparent high probability of predicting future confirmation by new science in support of a diet and health relationship. It also was to consider characteristics of information useful to consumers that would allow them to make scientifically informed judgments about the role that a specific food component or nutrient plays in health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Improving the Collection, Management, and Use of Marine Fisheries Data SN - DO - 10.17226/9969 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9969/improving-the-collection-management-and-use-of-marine-fisheries-data PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - Congress has promoted fisheries science for over a century and its involvement in fisheries management took a great leap forward with passage of the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976. In the past decade, Congress has requested advice from the National Research Council (NRC) on both national issues (e.g., individual fishing quotas and community development quotas) and the assessments related to specific fisheries (Northeast groundfish). This report was produced, in part, in response to another congressional request, this time related to the assessments of the summer flounder stocks along the East Coast of the United States. Following the initial request, the NRC, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and congressional staff agreed to broaden the study into a more comprehensive review of marine fisheries data collection, management, and use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Drawing Louisiana's New Map: Addressing Land Loss in Coastal Louisiana SN - DO - 10.17226/11476 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11476/drawing-louisianas-new-map-addressing-land-loss-in-coastal-louisiana PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - During the past 50 years, coastal Louisiana has suffered catastrophic land loss due to both natural and human causes. This loss has increased storm vulnerability and amplified risks to lives, property, and economies--a fact underscored by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Drawing Louisiana's New Map reviews a restoration plan proposed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the State of Louisiana, finding that, although the individual projects in the study are scientifically sound, there should be more and larger scale projects that provide a comprehensive approach to addressing land loss over such a large area. More importantly, the study should be guided by a detailed map of the expected future landscape of coastal Louisiana that is developed from agreed upon goals for the region and the nation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment of the Benefits of Extending the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission: A Perspective from the Research and Operations Communities: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/11195 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11195/assessment-of-the-benefits-of-extending-the-tropical-rainfall-measuring-mission PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Launched jointly in 1997 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a satellite mission that placed a unique suite of instruments, including the first precipitation radar, in space. These instruments are used to monitor and predict tropical cyclone tracks and intensity, estimate rainfall, and monitor climate variability (precipitation and sea surface temperature). TRMM has been collecting data for seven years; this data is used by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, the National Center for Environmental Prediction, and the National Hurricane Center, among others worldwide. In July 2004, NASA announced that it would terminate TRMM in August 2004. At the request of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the White House, and the science community, NASA agreed to continue TRMM operations through the end of 2004. Meanwhile, NASA asked a National Research Council (NRC) committee to provide advice on the benefits of keeping TRMM in operation beyond 2004. After holding a workshop with a number of experts in the field, the committee found that TRMM will contribute significantly to operations and science if the mission is extended; and therefore, strongly recommends continued operation of TRMM with the caveat that cost and risk will need to be further examined before a final decision about the future of TRMM can be made. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lyla M. Hernandez TI - Measures of Health Literacy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12690 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12690/measures-of-health-literacy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health literacy--the ability for individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to facilitate appropriate health decisions--is increasingly recognized as an important facet of health care and health outcomes. Although research on health literacy has grown tremendously in the past decade, there is no widely agreed-upon framework for health literacy as a determinant of health outcomes. Most instruments focus on assessing an individual's health literacy, yet the scope of health literacy reaches far beyond an individual's skills and abilities. Health literacy occurs in the context of the health care system, and therefore measures of health literacy must also assess the demands and complexities of the health care systems with which patients interact. For example, measures are needed to determine how well the system has been organized so that it can be navigated by individuals with different levels of health literacy and how well health organizations are doing at making health information understandable and actionable. To examine what is known about measures of health literacy, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop. The workshop, summarized in this volume, reviews the current status of measures of health literacy, including those used in the health care setting; discusses possible surrogate measures that might be used to assess health literacy; and explores ways in which health literacy measures can be used to assess patient-centered approaches to care. ER -