%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States %@ 978-0-309-09613-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11289/policy-implications-of-international-graduate-students-and-postdoctoral-scholars-in-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 196 %X Policy Implications of International Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Scholars in the United States explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. The nation has drawn increasingly on human resources abroad for its science and engineering workforce. However, competition for talent has grown as other countries have expanded their research infrastructure and created more opportunities for international students. The report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Jackson, Shirley Ann %T Envisioning a 21st Century Science and Engineering Workforce for the United States: Tasks for University, Industry, and Government %@ 978-0-309-08856-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10647/envisioning-a-21st-century-science-and-engineering-workforce-for-the-united-states %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10647/envisioning-a-21st-century-science-and-engineering-workforce-for-the-united-states %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 28 %X At the request of the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR), Shirley Ann Jackson, President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presents in this brief paper her views of the challenges of the 21st century for the science and engineering workforce. Dr. Jackson identifies factors that she believes are contributing to a declining science and engineering workforce, describes the risks and consequences of this decline, and proposes specific, short-term tasks for universities, industry, and the federal government to strengthen and revitalize the workforce. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Report of a Workshop on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs for the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Defense Industrial Base %@ 978-0-309-25180-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13318/report-of-a-workshop-on-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce-needs-for-the-us-department-of-defense-and-the-us-defense-industrial-base %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13318/report-of-a-workshop-on-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce-needs-for-the-us-department-of-defense-and-the-us-defense-industrial-base %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 78 %X Report of a Workshop on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs for the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Defense Industrial Base is the summary of a workshop held August 11, 2011, as part of an 18-month study of the issue. This book assesses the STEM capabilities that the Department of Defense (DOD) needs in order to meet its goals, objectives, and priorities; to assess whether the current DOD workforce and strategy will meet those needs; and to identify and evaluate options and recommend strategies that the department could use to help meet its future STEM needs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs %@ 978-0-309-09427-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11275/advancing-the-nations-health-needs-nih-research-training-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11275/advancing-the-nations-health-needs-nih-research-training-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 186 %X The National Institutes of Health’s role in supporting research has long been recognized as a major factor in advancing the health needs in the nation and the world. The National Research Council was charged with the responsibility of periodically assessing the National Institutes of Health’s National Research Service Awards program, thus this book is the twelfth edition in the series. While the National Research Service Awards program now supports only a fraction of the training in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and social sciences, it sets a high standard for the training in all doctoral programs in these fields. Also included are the training needs of oral health, nursing, and health services research. This book has been broadly constructed to take into account the rapidly evolving national and international health care needs. The past and present are analyzed and predictions with regard to future needs are presented. %0 Book %T International Benchmarking of US Mathematics Research %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9089/international-benchmarking-of-us-mathematics-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9089/international-benchmarking-of-us-mathematics-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 74 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Measuring the 21st Century Science and Engineering Workforce Population: Evolving Needs %@ 978-0-309-46913-5 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24968/measuring-the-21st-century-science-and-engineering-workforce-population-evolving %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24968/measuring-the-21st-century-science-and-engineering-workforce-population-evolving %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 212 %X The National Science Foundation’s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), one of the nation’s principal statistical agencies, is charged to collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise in the United States and other nations that is relevant and useful to practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and to the public. NCSES data, based primarily on several flagship surveys, have become the major evidence base for American science and technology policy, and the agency is well respected globally for these data. This report assesses and provides guidance on NCSES’s approach to measuring the science and engineering workforce population in the United States. It also proposes a framework for measuring the science and engineering workforce in the next decade and beyond, with flexibility to examine emerging issues related to this unique population while at the same time allowing for stability in the estimation of key trends %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce %@ 978-0-309-26213-2 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13467/assuring-the-us-department-of-defense-a-strong-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13467/assuring-the-us-department-of-defense-a-strong-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Industry and Labor %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 156 %X The ability of the nation's military to prevail during future conflicts, and to fulfill its humanitarian and other missions, depends on continued advances in the nation's technology base. A workforce with robust Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) capabilities is critical to sustaining U.S. preeminence. Today, however, the STEM activities of the Department of Defense (DOD) are a small and diminishing part of the nation's overall science and engineering enterprise. Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce presents five principal recommendations for attracting, retaining, and managing highly qualified STEM talent within the department based on an examination of the current STEM workforce of DOD and the defense industrial base. As outlined in the report, DOD should focus its investments to ensure that STEM competencies in all potentially critical, emerging topical areas are maintained at least at a basic level within the department and its industrial and university bases. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Benchmarking the Competitiveness of the United States in Mechanical Engineering Basic Research %@ 978-0-309-11426-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12055/benchmarking-the-competitiveness-of-the-united-states-in-mechanical-engineering-basic-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12055/benchmarking-the-competitiveness-of-the-united-states-in-mechanical-engineering-basic-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 118 %X Mechanical engineering is critical to the design, manufacture, and operation of small and large mechanical systems throughout the U.S. economy. This book highlights the main findings of a benchmarking exercise to rate the standing of U.S. mechanical engineering basic research relative to other regions or countries. The book includes key factors that influence U.S. performance in mechanical engineering research, and near- and longer-term projections of research leadership. U.S. leadership in mechanical engineering basic research overall will continue to be strong. Contributions of U.S. mechanical engineers to journal articles will increase, but so will the contributions from other growing economies such as China and India. At the same time, the supply of U.S. mechanical engineers is in jeopardy, because of declines in the number of U.S. citizens obtaining advanced degrees and uncertain prospects for continuing to attract foreign students. U.S. funding of mechanical engineering basic research and infrastructure will remain level, with strong leadership in emerging areas. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Use of Multi-State Life Tables in Estimating Places for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists: A Technical Paper %@ 978-0-309-05794-3 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5751/the-use-of-multi-state-life-tables-in-estimating-places-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5751/the-use-of-multi-state-life-tables-in-estimating-places-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 42 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Fealing, Kaye Husbands %E Beatty, Alexandra S. %E Citro, Constance F. %T Science of Science and Innovation Policy: Principal Investigators' Conference Summary %@ 978-0-309-30270-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18741/science-of-science-and-innovation-policy-principal-investigators-conference-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18741/science-of-science-and-innovation-policy-principal-investigators-conference-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 126 %X The National Science Foundation developed the Science of Science and Innovation Policy program (SciSIP) in 2006 to fund basic and applied research that bears on and can help guide public- and private-sector policy making for science and innovation. By design, SciSIP has engaged researchers from many domains in the development of a community of practice who work together to continually develop frameworks, tools, and datasets for implementing science and innovation policy. Since its inception, the SciSIP program has funded more than 150 researchers and their graduate students. The program also contributed to the initiation of the STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the Effect of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) program, a collaborative effort between the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The STAR METRICS program develops tools and mechanisms for measuring federal expenditures on scientific activities, with particular focus on quantifying productivity and employment outcomes. Science of Science and Innovation Policy summarizes a public conference convened by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council to present research funded by SciSIP and foster intellectual exchange among funded researchers, science, technology, and innovation policy practitioners, and other members of the science community. The conference highlighted advances in the emerging field of the science of science and innovation policy, in particular, models, frameworks, tools, and datasets comprising the evidentiary basis for science and innovation policy. This report focuses on return on investment models; organizational structures that foster accelerated scientific productivity; linkages between commercialized scientific knowledge and job creation; the roles of universities and government in technology transfer and innovation; technology diffusion and economic growth; non-economic impacts of science and innovation expenditures; regional and global networks of knowledge generation and innovation; mechanisms for encouraging creativity and measuring outputs and outcomes from transformative research; and development, manipulation and visualization of data representing scientific activities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Protecting U.S. Technological Advantage %@ 978-0-309-69130-7 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26647/protecting-us-technological-advantage %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26647/protecting-us-technological-advantage %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 144 %X U.S. leadership in technology innovation is central to our nation’s interests, including its security, economic prosperity, and quality of life. Our nation has created a science and technology ecosystem that fosters innovation, risk taking, and the discovery of new ideas that lead to new technologies through robust collaborations across and within academia, industry, and government, and our research and development enterprise has attracted the best and brightest scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs from around the world. The quality and openness of our research enterprise have been the basis of our global leadership in technological innovation, which has brought enormous advantages to our national interests. In today’s rapidly changing landscapes of technology and competition, however, the assumption that the United States will continue to hold a dominant competitive position by depending primarily on its historical approach of identifying specific and narrow technology areas requiring controls or restrictions is not valid. Further challenging that approach is the proliferation of highly integrated and globally shared platforms that power and enable most modern technology applications. To review the protection of technologies that have strategic importance for national security in an era of openness and competition, Protecting U.S. Technological Advantage considers policies and practices related to the production and commercialization of research in domains critical to national security. This report makes recommendations for changes to technology protection policies and practices that reflect the current realities of how technologies are developed and incorporated into new products and processes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Addressing the Nation's Changing Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists %@ 978-0-309-06981-6 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9827/addressing-the-nations-changing-needs-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9827/addressing-the-nations-changing-needs-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-scientists %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 132 %X As biomedical and behavioral research progresses into new areas, the number of scientists active in various fields rises and falls, and the health needs of the U.S. population evolve, it is important to ensure that the preparation of future investigators reflects these changes. This book addresses these topics by considering questions such as the following: What is the current supply of biomedical and behavioral scientists? How is future demand for scientists likely to be affected by factors such as advances in research, trends in the employment of scientists, future research funding, and changes in health care delivery? What are the best ways to prepare prospective investigators to meet future needs in scientific research? In the course of addressing these questions, this volume examines the number of investigators trained every year, patterns of hiring by universities and industry, and the age of the scientific workforce in different fields, and makes recommendations for the number of scientists that should be trained in the years ahead. This book also considers the diversity of the research workforce and the importance of providing prospective scientists with the skills to successfully collaborate with investigators in related fields, and offers suggestions for how government and universities should structure their research training programs differently in the future. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Litan, Robert E. %E Wyckoff, Andrew W. %E Fealing, Kaye Husbands %T Capturing Change in Science, Technology, and Innovation: Improving Indicators to Inform Policy %@ 978-0-309-29744-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18606/capturing-change-in-science-technology-and-innovation-improving-indicators-to %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18606/capturing-change-in-science-technology-and-innovation-improving-indicators-to %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Surveys and Statistics %P 274 %X Since the 1950s, under congressional mandate, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) - through its National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) and predecessor agencies - has produced regularly updated measures of research and development expenditures, employment and training in science and engineering, and other indicators of the state of U.S. science and technology. A more recent focus has been on measuring innovation in the corporate sector. NCSES collects its own data on science, technology, and innovation (STI) activities and also incorporates data from other agencies to produce indicators that are used for monitoring purposes - including comparisons among sectors, regions, and with other countries - and for identifying trends that may require policy attention and generate research needs. NCSES also provides extensive tabulations and microdata files for in-depth analysis. Capturing Change in Science, Technology, and Innovation assesses and provides recommendations regarding the need for revised, refocused, and newly developed indicators of STI activities that would enable NCSES to respond to changing policy concerns. This report also identifies and assesses both existing and potential data resources and tools that NCSES could exploit to further develop its indicators program. Finally, the report considers strategic pathways for NCSES to move forward with an improved STI indicators program. The recommendations offered in Capturing Change in Science, Technology, and Innovation are intended to serve as the basis for a strategic program of work that will enhance NCSES's ability to produce indicators that capture change in science, technology, and innovation to inform policy and optimally meet the needs of its user community. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation: America's Science and Technology Talent at the Crossroads %@ 978-0-309-15968-5 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12984/expanding-underrepresented-minority-participation-americas-science-and-technology-talent-at %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Industry and Labor %P 286 %X In order for the United States to maintain the global leadership and competitiveness in science and technology that are critical to achieving national goals, we must invest in research, encourage innovation, and grow a strong and talented science and technology workforce. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation explores the role of diversity in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce and its value in keeping America innovative and competitive. According to the book, the U.S. labor market is projected to grow faster in science and engineering than in any other sector in the coming years, making minority participation in STEM education at all levels a national priority. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation analyzes the rate of change and the challenges the nation currently faces in developing a strong and diverse workforce. Although minorities are the fastest growing segment of the population, they are underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering. Historically, there has been a strong connection between increasing educational attainment in the United States and the growth in and global leadership of the economy. Expanding Underrepresented Minority Participation suggests that the federal government, industry, and post-secondary institutions work collaboratively with K-12 schools and school systems to increase minority access to and demand for post-secondary STEM education and technical training. The book also identifies best practices and offers a comprehensive road map for increasing involvement of underrepresented minorities and improving the quality of their education. It offers recommendations that focus on academic and social support, institutional roles, teacher preparation, affordability and program development. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences %@ 978-0-309-15965-4 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12983/research-training-in-the-biomedical-behavioral-and-clinical-research-sciences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12983/research-training-in-the-biomedical-behavioral-and-clinical-research-sciences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Education %P 206 %X Comprehensive research and a highly-trained workforce are essential for the improvement of health and health care both nationally and internationally. During the past 40 years the National Research Services Award (NRSA) Program has played a large role in training the workforce responsible for dramatic advances in the understanding of various diseases and new insights that have led to more effective and targeted therapies. In spite of this program, the difficulty obtaining jobs after the postdoc period has discouraged many domestic students from pursuing graduate postdoc training. In the United States, more than 50 percent of the postdoc workforce is made up of individuals who obtained their Ph.D.s from other countries. Indeed, one can make a strong argument that the influx of highly trained and creative foreigners has contributed greatly to U.S. science over the past 70 years. Research Training in the Biomedical, Behavioral, and Clinical Research Sciences discusses a number of important issues, including: the job prospects for postdocs completing their training; questions about the continued supply of international postdocs in an increasingly competitive world; the need for equal, excellent training for all graduate students who receive NIH funding; and the need to increase the diversity of trainees. The book recommends improvements in minority recruiting, more rigorous and extensive training in the responsible conduct of research and ethics, increased emphasis on career development, more attention to outcomes, and the requirement for incorporating more quantitative thinking in the biomedical curriculum. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research: Benchmarks and Challenges %@ 978-0-309-10533-0 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11866/the-future-of-us-chemistry-research-benchmarks-and-challenges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11866/the-future-of-us-chemistry-research-benchmarks-and-challenges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 160 %X Chemistry plays a key role in conquering diseases, solving energy problems, addressing environmental problems, providing the discoveries that lead to new industries, and developing new materials and technologies for national defense and homeland security. However, the field is currently facing a crucial time of change and is struggling to position itself to meet the needs of the future as it expands beyond its traditional core toward areas related to biology, materials science, and nanotechnology. At the request of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Research Council conducted an in-depth benchmarking analysis to gauge the current standing of the U.S. chemistry field in the world. The Future of U.S. Chemistry Research: Benchmarks and Challenges highlights the main findings of the benchmarking exercise. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T U.S. Research Institutes in the Mathematical Sciences: Assessment and Perspectives %@ 978-0-309-06492-7 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9449/us-research-institutes-in-the-mathematical-sciences-assessment-and-perspectives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9449/us-research-institutes-in-the-mathematical-sciences-assessment-and-perspectives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 42 %X This report is the result of a fast-track study of U.S. mathematical sciences research institutes done in response to a request from the National Science Foundation (NSF). The task of the Committee on U.S. Mathematical Sciences Research Institutes was to address the following three questions: What are the characteristic features of effective mathematical sciences research institutes in the ways that they further mathematical research in the United States, and are there ways that the current configuration can be improved? What kinds of institutes should there be in the United States, and how many does the nation need? How should U.S. mathematical sciences research institutes be configured (with regard to, for example, diversity of operating formats, distribution of mathematical fields, and interinstitute cooperation or coordination) in order to have the nation's mathematical research enterprise continue to be most productive and successful? %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cohen, Gail %E Coulthurst, Aqila %E Alper, Joe %T Immigration Policy and the Search for Skilled Workers: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-33782-3 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20145/immigration-policy-and-the-search-for-skilled-workers-summary-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 154 %X The market for high-skilled workers is becoming increasingly global, as are the markets for knowledge and ideas. While high-skilled immigrants in the United States represent a much smaller proportion of the workforce than they do in countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, these immigrants have an important role in spurring innovation and economic growth in all countries and filling shortages in the domestic labor supply. This report summarizes the proceedings of a Fall 2014 workshop that focused on how immigration policy can be used to attract and retain foreign talent. Participants compared policies on encouraging migration and retention of skilled workers, attracting qualified foreign students and retaining them post-graduation, and input by states or provinces in immigration policies to add flexibility in countries with regional employment differences, among other topics. They also discussed how immigration policies have changed over time in response to undesired labor market outcomes and whether there was sufficient data to measure those outcomes. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Revisited: Rapidly Approaching Category 5 %@ 978-0-309-16097-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12999/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-revisited-rapidly-approaching-category-5 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12999/rising-above-the-gathering-storm-revisited-rapidly-approaching-category-5 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %K Engineering and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 102 %X In the face of so many daunting near-term challenges, U.S. government and industry are letting the crucial strategic issues of U.S. competitiveness slip below the surface. Five years ago, the National Academies prepared Rising Above the Gathering Storm, a book that cautioned: "Without a renewed effort to bolster the foundations of our competitiveness, we can expect to lose our privileged position." Since that time we find ourselves in a country where much has changed--and a great deal has not changed. So where does America stand relative to its position of five years ago when the Gathering Storm book was prepared? The unanimous view of the authors is that our nation's outlook has worsened. The present volume, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Revisited, explores the tipping point America now faces. Addressing America's competitiveness challenge will require many years if not decades; however, the requisite federal funding of much of that effort is about to terminate. Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Revisited provides a snapshot of the work of the government and the private sector in the past five years, analyzing how the original recommendations have or have not been acted upon, what consequences this may have on future competitiveness, and priorities going forward. In addition, readers will find a series of thought- and discussion-provoking factoids--many of them alarming--about the state of science and innovation in America. Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Revisited is a wake-up call. To reverse the foreboding outlook will require a sustained commitment by both individual citizens and government officials--at all levels. This book, together with the original Gathering Storm volume, provides the roadmap to meet that goal. While this book is essential for policy makers, anyone concerned with the future of innovation, competitiveness, and the standard of living in the United States will find this book an ideal tool for engaging their government representatives, peers, and community about this momentous issue. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research %@ 978-0-309-09626-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11249/bridges-to-independence-fostering-the-independence-of-new-investigators-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11249/bridges-to-independence-fostering-the-independence-of-new-investigators-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 172 %X A rising median age at which PhD’s receive their first research grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is among the factors forcing academic biomedical researchers to spend longer periods of time before they can set their own research directions and establish there independence. The fear that promising prospective scientists will choose other career paths has raised concerns about the future of biomedical research in the United States. At the request of NIH, the National Academies conducted a study on ways to address these issues. The report recommends that NIH make fostering independence of biomedical researchers an agencywide goal, and that it take steps to provide postdocs and early-career investigators with more financial support for their own research, improve postdoc mentoring and establish programs for new investigators and staff scientists among other mechanisms.