%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions %@ 978-0-309-37904-5 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21816/review-of-the-mepag-report-on-mars-special-regions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21816/review-of-the-mepag-report-on-mars-special-regions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 80 %X Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth. The protection of high-priority science goals, the search for life and the understanding of the Martian organic environment may be compromised if Earth microbes carried by spacecraft are grown and spread on Mars. This has led to the definition of Special Regions on Mars where strict planetary protection measures have to be applied before a spacecraft can enter these areas. At NASA's request, the community-based Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) established the Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2) in October 2013 to examine the quantitative definition of a Special Region and proposed modifications to it, as necessary, based upon the latest scientific results. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions reviews the conclusions and recommendations contained in MEPAG's SR-SAG2 report and assesses their consistency with current understanding of both the Martian environment and the physical and chemical limits for the survival and propagation of microbial and other life on Earth. This report provides recommendations for an update of the planetary protection requirements for Mars Special Regions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes %@ 978-0-309-47865-6 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25172/review-and-assessment-of-planetary-protection-policy-development-processes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25172/review-and-assessment-of-planetary-protection-policy-development-processes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 138 %X Protecting Earth's environment and other solar system bodies from harmful contamination has been an important principle throughout the history of space exploration. For decades, the scientific, political, and economic conditions of space exploration converged in ways that contributed to effective development and implementation of planetary protection policies at national and international levels. However, the future of space exploration faces serious challenges to the development and implementation of planetary protection policy. The most disruptive changes are associated with (1) sample return from, and human missions to, Mars; and (2) missions to those bodies in the outer solar system possessing water oceans beneath their icy surfaces. Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes addresses the implications of changes in the complexion of solar system exploration as they apply to the process of developing planetary protection policy. Specifically, this report examines the history of planetary protection policy, assesses the current policy development process, and recommends actions to improve the policy development process in the future. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2015 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23494/space-studies-board-annual-report-2015 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23494/space-studies-board-annual-report-2015 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 96 %X The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, 3 months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2015 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Research Council units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Report Series: Committee on Planetary Protection: Evaluation of Bioburden Requirements for Mars Missions %@ 978-0-309-27069-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26336/report-series-committee-on-planetary-protection-evaluation-of-bioburden-requirements %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26336/report-series-committee-on-planetary-protection-evaluation-of-bioburden-requirements %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 88 %X Since the 1980s, national and international planetary protection policies have sought to avoid contamination by terrestrial organisms that could compromise future investigations regarding the origin or presence of Martian life. Over the last decade, the number of national space agencies planning, participating in, and undertaking missions to Mars has increased, and private-sector enterprises are engaged in activities designed to enable commercial missions to Mars. The nature of missions to Mars is also evolving to feature more diversity in purposes and technologies. As missions to Mars increase and diversify, national and international processes for developing planetary protection measures recognize the need to consider the interests of scientific discovery, commercial activity, and human exploration. The implications of these changes for planetary protection should be considered in the context of how much science has learned about Mars, and about terrestrial life, in recent years. At the request of NASA, this report identifies criteria for determining locations on Mars potentially suitable for landed robotic missions that satisfy less stringent bioburden requirements, which are intended to manage the risk of forward contamination. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars %@ 978-0-309-09724-6 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 166 %X Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars %@ 978-0-309-10851-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11937/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-exploration-of-mars %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11937/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-exploration-of-mars %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 130 %X Three recent developments have greatly increased interest in the search for life on Mars. The first is new information about the Martian environment including evidence of a watery past and the possibility of atmospheric methane. The second is the possibility of microbial viability on Mars. Finally, the Vision for Space Exploration initiative included an explicit directive to search for the evidence of life on Mars. These scientific and political developments led NASA to request the NRC’s assistance in formulating an up-to-date integrated astrobiology strategy for Mars exploration. Among other topics, this report presents a review of current knowledge about possible life on Mars; an astrobiological assessment of current Mars missions; a review of Mars-mission planetary protection; and findings and recommendations. The report notes that the greatest increase in understanding of Mars will come from the collection and return to Earth of a well-chosen suite of Martian surface materials. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions %@ 978-0-309-13073-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12576/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-mars-sample-return-missions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12576/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-mars-sample-return-missions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 90 %X NASA maintains a planetary protection policy to avoid the forward biological contamination of other worlds by terrestrial organisms, and back biological contamination of Earth from the return of extraterrestrial materials by spaceflight missions. Forward-contamination issues related to Mars missions were addressed in a 2006 National Research Council (NRC) book, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars. However, it has been more than 10 years since back-contamination issues were last examined. Driven by a renewed interest in Mars sample return missions, this book reviews, updates, and replaces the planetary protection conclusions and recommendations contained in the NRC's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations. The specific issues addressed in this book include the following: The potential for living entities to be included in samples returned from Mars; Scientific investigations that should be conducted to reduce uncertainty in the above assessment; The potential for large-scale effects on Earth's environment by any returned entity released to the environment; Criteria for intentional sample release, taking note of current and anticipated regulatory frameworks; and The status of technological measures that could be taken on a mission to prevent the inadvertent release of a returned sample into Earth's biosphere. %0 Book %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2005 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11716/space-studies-board-annual-report-2005 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11716/space-studies-board-annual-report-2005 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 138 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessment of the Report of NASA's Planetary Protection Independent Review Board %@ 978-0-309-67649-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25773/assessment-of-the-report-of-nasas-planetary-protection-independent-review-board %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25773/assessment-of-the-report-of-nasas-planetary-protection-independent-review-board %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 88 %X The goal of planetary protection is to control, to the degree possible, the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies. Guidelines developed by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) are used by all spacefaring nations to guide their preparations for encounters with solar system bodies. NASA's Science Mission Directorate has convened the Planetary Protection Independent Review Board (PPIRB) to consider updating the COSPAR guidelines given the growing interest from commercial and private groups in exploration and utilization of Mars and other bodies in space. At the request of NASA, this publication reviews the findings of the PPIRB and comments on their consistency with the recommendations of the recent National Academies report Review and Assessment of the Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2014 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21671/space-studies-board-annual-report-2014 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21671/space-studies-board-annual-report-2014 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 82 %X The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, 3 months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2014 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Research Council units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2016 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24748/space-studies-board-annual-report-2016 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24748/space-studies-board-annual-report-2016 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 90 %X The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, 3 months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2016 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Planetary Protection Classification of Sample Return Missions from the Martian Moons %@ 978-0-309-48859-4 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25357/planetary-protection-classification-of-sample-return-missions-from-the-martian-moons %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25357/planetary-protection-classification-of-sample-return-missions-from-the-martian-moons %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 74 %X An international consensus policy to prevent the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies exists and is maintained by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science, which is consultative to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Currently, COSPAR's planetary protection policy does not specify the status of sample-return missions from Phobos or Deimos, the moons of Mars. Although the moons themselves are not considered potential habitats for life or of intrinsic relevance to prebiotic chemical evolution, recent studies indicate that a significant amount of material recently ejected from Mars could be present on the surface of Phobos and, to a lesser extent, Deimos. This report reviews recent theoretical, experimental, and modeling research on the environments and physical conditions encountered by Mars ejecta during certain processes. It recommends whether missions returning samples from Phobos and/or Deimos should be classified as "restricted" or "unrestricted" Earth return in the framework of the planetary protection policy maintained by COSPAR. This report also considers the specific ways the classification of sample return from Deimos is a different case than sample return from Phobos. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Fay, Laura %E Akin, Michelle %E Shi, Xianming %T Cost-Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22776/cost-effective-and-sustainable-road-slope-stabilization-and-erosion-control %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22776/cost-effective-and-sustainable-road-slope-stabilization-and-erosion-control %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 70 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 430: Cost-Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control presents information on cost-effective and sustainable road slope stabilization techniques, with a focus on shallow or near-surface slope stabilization and related erosion control methods used on low-volume roads.The report address topic planning, site investigation, erosion control techniques, soil bioengineering and biotechnical techniques, mechanical stabilization, and earthwork techniques. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 116 %X The Space Studies Board (SSB) is a unit of the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. SSB provides an independent, authoritative forum for information and advice on all aspects of space science and applications and serves as the focal point within the National Academies for activities on space research. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 describes the projects and activities of SSB; explains the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units; and assures the quality of the SSB reports. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2017 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25146/space-studies-board-annual-report-2017 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25146/space-studies-board-annual-report-2017 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 128 %X The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, three months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2017 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Striedter, Georg F. %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume VI: Brain and Behavior %@ 978-0-309-26175-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13462/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vi-brain-and-behavior %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13462/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-vi-brain-and-behavior %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 430 %X The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia--in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences--and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. This book is the outgrowth of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "Brain and Behavior," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 20-21, 2012, at the Academy's Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA. It is the sixth in a series of Colloquia under the general title "In the Light of Evolution." Specifically, In Light of Evolution: Brain and Behavior focuses on the field of evolutionary neuroscience that now includes a vast array of different approaches, data types, and species. This volume is also available for purchase with the In the Light of Evolution six-volume set. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Webster, Ferris %T An Ocean Climate Research Strategy %D 1984 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19384/an-ocean-climate-research-strategy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19384/an-ocean-climate-research-strategy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 73 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Appendixes to NCHRP Report 555: Test Methods for Characterizing Aggregate Shape, Texture, and Angularity %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23206/appendixes-to-nchrp-report-555-test-methods-for-characterizing-aggregate-shape-texture-and-angularity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23206/appendixes-to-nchrp-report-555-test-methods-for-characterizing-aggregate-shape-texture-and-angularity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 80, Appendixes to NCHRP Report 555: Test Methods for Characterizing Aggregate Shape, Texture, and Angularity contains appendixes B trough E of NCHRP Report 555. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T An Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe %@ 978-0-309-48416-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25252/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-search-for-life-in-the-universe %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25252/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-search-for-life-in-the-universe %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 188 %X Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. It is an inherently interdisciplinary field that encompasses astronomy, biology, geology, heliophysics, and planetary science, including complementary laboratory activities and field studies conducted in a wide range of terrestrial environments. Combining inherent scientific interest and public appeal, the search for life in the solar system and beyond provides a scientific rationale for many current and future activities carried out by the National Aeronautics and Science Administration (NASA) and other national and international agencies and organizations. Requested by NASA, this study offers a science strategy for astrobiology that outlines key scientific questions, identifies the most promising research in the field, and indicates the extent to which the mission priorities in existing decadal surveys address the search for life's origin, evolution, distribution, and future in the universe. This report makes recommendations for advancing the research, obtaining the measurements, and realizing NASA's goal to search for signs of life in the universe.