%0 Book %T Reflections on a Tool of Observation: Artwork Inspired by the James Webb Space Telescope by Tim Makepeace %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26824/reflections-on-a-tool-of-observation-artwork-inspired-by-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26824/reflections-on-a-tool-of-observation-artwork-inspired-by-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 17 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Roman Space Telescope Observing Time Allocation Principles: Report Series—Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics %@ 978-0-309-69453-7 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26740/roman-space-telescope-observing-time-allocation-principles-report-series-committee %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26740/roman-space-telescope-observing-time-allocation-principles-report-series-committee %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 40 %X The Roman Space Telescope will measurably advance knowledge of dark energy and exoplanet demographics. Locally, it will likely enhance understanding of the structure and substructure of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, including a census of the predicted but elusive ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. At high redshift, it can provide information on the topology of reionization and the abundance of sources like active galactic nuclei and pair-instability supernovae. With a wavelength range of 0.48-2.3 μm, the Roman Wide Field Imager has the largest etendue of any existing or planned optical/infrared space observatory. The coronagraph technology demonstration instrument will pioneer new capabilities that will be the basis for future instruments capable of directly detecting and characterizing Earth-like planets around nearby stars. If the technology demonstration is successful, observations with the coronagraph could make substantial advances in the study of planetary and disk systems. At the request of NASA, this report reviews the Roman Space Telescope science program to set the appropriate mix of survey time devoted to the three Core Community Surveys (which address the weak lensing, baryon acoustic oscillations, supernovae, and microlensing programs in NWNH) relative to guest investigator-led observing programs during the primary 5-year mission. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Letter Report %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11051/assessment-of-options-for-extending-the-life-of-the-hubble-space-telescope %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11051/assessment-of-options-for-extending-the-life-of-the-hubble-space-telescope %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 10 %X Following the loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and subsequent to the report of the board created to investigate the accident, NASA, citing safety reasons, decided to limit shuttle flights to International Space Station missions and to investigate other options for extending Hubble’s life. Congressional concern over this decision prompted it to ask for an independent assessment. In response the chair of the investigative board called for a study of the risks and benefits of using the shuttle for the servicing mission, and NASA subsequently asked the NRC for this study. This letter report presents preliminary findings and recommendations of that study. It urges NASA to commit to a servicing mission, notes that a proposed robotic mission would be quite complex and require significant development, and states that NASA should not preclude a shuttle servicing mission at this time. A final report will be released this fall. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report %@ 978-0-309-09530-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11169/assessment-of-options-for-extending-the-life-of-the-hubble-space-telescope %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11169/assessment-of-options-for-extending-the-life-of-the-hubble-space-telescope %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 160 %X The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has operated continuously since 1990. During that time, four space shuttle-based service missions were launched, three of which added major observational capabilities. A fifth — SM-4 — was intended to replace key telescope systems and install two new instruments. The loss of the space shuttle Columbia, however, resulted in a decision by NASA not to pursue the SM-4 mission leading to a likely end of Hubble’s useful life in 2007-2008. This situation resulted in an unprecedented outcry from scientists and the public. As a result, NASA began to explore and develop a robotic servicing mission; and Congress directed NASA to request a study from the National Research Council (NRC) of the robotic and shuttle servicing options for extending the life of Hubble. This report presents an assessment of those two options. It provides an examination of the contributions made by Hubble and those likely as the result of a servicing mission, and a comparative analysis of the potential risk of the two options for servicing Hubble. The study concludes that the Shuttle option would be the most effective one for prolonging Hubble’s productive life. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Scientific Assessment of the Descoped Mission Concept for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST): Letter Report %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12262/scientific-assessment-of-the-descoped-mission-concept-for-the-next-generation-space-telescope-ngst %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12262/scientific-assessment-of-the-descoped-mission-concept-for-the-next-generation-space-telescope-ngst %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 17 %0 Book %T Institutional Arrangements for the Space Telescope: A Mid-Term Review %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19306/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-a-mid-term-review %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19306/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-a-mid-term-review %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Space and Aeronautics %P 37 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Report of the Panel on Implementing Recommendations from the New Worlds, New Horizons Decadal Survey %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13045/report-of-the-panel-on-implementing-recommendations-from-the-new-worlds-new-horizons-decadal-survey %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13045/report-of-the-panel-on-implementing-recommendations-from-the-new-worlds-new-horizons-decadal-survey %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 34 %X The 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey report, New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics (NWNH), outlines a scientifically exciting and programmatically integrated plan for both ground- and space-based astronomy and astrophysics in the 2012-2021 decade. However, late in the survey process, the budgetary outlook shifted downward considerably from the guidance that NASA had provided to the decadal survey. And since August 2010—when NWNH was released—the projections of funds available for new NASA Astrophysics initiatives has decreased even further because of the recently reported delay in the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to no earlier than the fourth quarter of 2015 and the associated additional costs of at least $1.4 billion. These developments jeopardize the implementation of the carefully designed program of activities proposed in NWNH. In response to these circumstances, NASA has proposed that the United States consider a commitment to the European Space Agency (ESA) Euclid mission at a level of approximately 20 percent. This participation would be undertaken in addition to initiating the planning for the survey's highest-ranked, space-based, large-scale mission, the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) convene a panel to consider whether NASA's Euclid proposal is consistent with achieving the priorities, goals, and recommendations, and with pursuing the science strategy, articulated in NWNH. The panel also investigated what impact such participation might have on the prospects for the timely realization of the WFIRST mission and other activities recommended by NWNH in view of the projected budgetary situation. The panel convened a workshop on November 7, 2010. The workshop presentations identified several tradeoffs among options: funding goals less likely versus more likely to be achieved in a time of restricted budgets; narrower versus broader scientific goals; and U.S.-only versus U.S.-ESA collaboration. The panel captured these tradeoffs in considering four primary options: Option A: Launch of WFIRST in the Decade 2012-2021; Option B: A Joint WFIRST/Euclid Mission; Option C: Commitment by NASA of 20 percent Investment in Euclid prior to the M-class decision; or Option D: No U.S. Financing of an Infrared Survey Mission This Decade. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2015 Symposium %@ 978-0-309-37953-3 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21825/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21825/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 174 %X This volume presents papers on the topics covered at the National Academy of Engineering's 2015 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. Every year the symposium brings together 100 outstanding young leaders in engineering to share their cutting-edge research and innovations in selected areas. The 2015 symposium was held September 9-11 at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman center in Irvine, California. The intent of this book is to highlight innovative developments in engineering research and technical work. %0 Book %T Space Telescope Instrument Review Committee: First Report %D 1978 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12378/space-telescope-instrument-review-committee-first-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12378/space-telescope-instrument-review-committee-first-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 20 %0 Book %T Institutional Arrangements for the Space Telescope: Report of a Study at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, July 19-30, 1976 %D 1976 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12382/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-report-of-a-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12382/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-report-of-a-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 47 %0 Book %T Institutional Arrangements for the Space Telescope: A Mid-Term Review %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12353/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-a-mid-term-review %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12353/institutional-arrangements-for-the-space-telescope-a-mid-term-review %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 32 %0 Book %E Grice, Noreen %T Touch the Universe: A NASA Braille Book of Astronomy %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10307/touch-the-universe-a-nasa-braille-book-of-astronomy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10307/touch-the-universe-a-nasa-braille-book-of-astronomy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 67 %X Touch the Universe is a unique and innovative astronomy book that will help visually impaired people "see" the wonders of our universe. Using a combination of Braille and large-print captions that face 14 pages of brilliant Hubble Space Telescope photos, it is embossed with shapes that represent various astronomical objects such as stars, gas clouds, and jets of matter streaming into space. "Universally designed" for both the sighted and visually impaired reader, Touch the Universe takes readers on a voyage of discovery, starting at Earth, proceeding through the solar system, and ending with the most distant image taken by Hubble, the mind-boggling "Hubble Deep Field" photo -- the first telescope image ever to bring home to human consciousness in a deeply fundamental way the literally infinite reaches of our universe of galaxies. As the author puts it, "A visually impaired person can still touch and smell a flower, or a tree, or an animal, but he or she could only imagine what an astronomical object is like ... until now." %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of a Plan for U.S. Participation in Euclid %@ 978-0-309-25384-0 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13357/assessment-of-a-plan-for-us-participation-in-euclid %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13357/assessment-of-a-plan-for-us-participation-in-euclid %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 60 %X NASA proposed to make a hardware contribution to the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Euclid mission in exchange for U.S. membership on the Euclid Science Team and science data access. The Euclid mission will employ a space telescope that will make potentially important contributions to probing dark energy and to the measurement of cosmological parameters. Euclid will image a large fraction of the extragalactic sky at unprecedented resolution and measure spectra for millions of galaxies. Assessment of a Plan for U.S. Participation in Euclid evaluates whether a small investment in Euclid (around $20 million in hardware) is a viable part of an overall strategy to pursue the science goals set forth in New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics, a decadal plan for ground- and space- based astronomy and astrophysics. The top-ranked large-scale, space-based priority of the New Worlds, New Horizons is the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST has a broad, wide-field, near-infrared capability that will serve a wide variety of science programs of U.S. astronomers, including exoplanet research, near-infrared sky surveys, a guest observer program, and dark energy research. In carrying out this study the authoring committee's intent has been to be clear that this report does not alter New Worlds, New Horizon's plans for the implementation of the survey's priorities. Assessment of a Plan for U.S. Participation in Euclid concludes that the NASA proposal would represent a valuable first step toward meeting one of the science goals (furthering dark energy research) of WFIRST. While WFIRST dark energy measurements are expected to be superior to Euclid's, U.S. participation in Euclid will have clear scientific, technical, and programmatic benefits to the U.S. community as WFIRST and Euclid go forward. According to this report, the current NASA proposal, to invest modestly in Euclid, is consistent with an expeditious development of WFIRST and the achievement of the broader, and more ambitious, goals outlined in New Worlds, New Horizons. Knowledge gained from the Euclid project could help optimize the science return of the WFIRST mission as well. Such an investment will further the goals of New Worlds, New Horizons, be helpful to the preparations for WFIRST, and enhance WFIRST's chances of success. %0 Book %T Space Telescope Science Issues: Letter Report %D 1983 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12364/space-telescope-science-issues-letter-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12364/space-telescope-science-issues-letter-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 3 %0 Book %T Scientific Uses of the Large Space Telescope %D 1969 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12399/scientific-uses-of-the-large-space-telescope %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12399/scientific-uses-of-the-large-space-telescope %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 56 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Forging the Future of Space Science: The Next 50 Years %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12675/forging-the-future-of-space-science-the-next-50-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12675/forging-the-future-of-space-science-the-next-50-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 166 %X From September 2007 to June 2008 the Space Studies Board conducted an international public seminar series, with each monthly talk highlighting a different topic in space and Earth science. The principal lectures from the series are compiled in Forging the Future of Space Science. The topics of these events covered the full spectrum of space and Earth science research, from global climate change, to the cosmic origins of life, to the exploration of the Moon and Mars, to the scientific research required to support human spaceflight. The prevailing messages throughout the seminar series as demonstrated by the lectures in this book are how much we have accomplished over the past 50 years, how profound are our discoveries, how much contributions from the space program affect our daily lives, and yet how much remains to be done. The age of discovery in space and Earth science is just beginning. Opportunities abound that will forever alter our destiny. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk %@ 978-0-309-06885-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9725/radiation-and-the-international-space-station-recommendations-to-reduce-risk %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9725/radiation-and-the-international-space-station-recommendations-to-reduce-risk %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 96 %X A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflight—how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption. Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium %@ 978-0-309-07031-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9839/astronomy-and-astrophysics-in-the-new-millennium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9839/astronomy-and-astrophysics-in-the-new-millennium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 270 %X In this new book, a distinguished panel makes recommendations for the nation's programs in astronomy and astrophysics, including a number of new initiatives for observing the universe. With the goal of optimum value, the recommendations address the role of federal research agencies, allocation of funding, training for scientists, competition and collaboration among space facilities, and much more. The book identifies the most pressing science questions and explains how specific efforts, from the Next Generation Space Telescope to theoretical studies, will help reveal the answers. Discussions of how emerging information technologies can help scientists make sense of the wealth of data available are also included. Astronomy has significant impact on science in general as well as on public imagination. The committee discusses how to integrate astronomical discoveries into our education system and our national life. In preparing the New Millennium report, the AASC made use of a series of panel reports that address various aspects of ground- and space-based astronomy and astrophysics. These reports provide in-depth technical detail. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millenium: An Overview summarizes the science goals and recommended initiatives in a short, richly illustrated, non-technical booklet. %0 Book %E Bruce, Colin %T Schrodinger's Rabbits: The Many Worlds of Quantum %@ 978-0-309-54658-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11002/schrodingers-rabbits-the-many-worlds-of-quantum %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11002/schrodingers-rabbits-the-many-worlds-of-quantum %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 282 %X For the better part of a century, attempts to explain what was really going on in the quantum world seemed doomed to failure. But recent technological advances have made the question both practical and urgent. A brilliantly imaginative group of physicists at Oxford University have risen to the challenge. This is their story. At long last, there is a sensible way to think about quantum mechanics. The new view abolishes the need to believe in randomness, long-range spooky forces, or conscious observers with mysterious powers to collapse cats into a state of life or death. But the new understanding comes at a price: we must accept that we live in a multiverse wherein countless versions of reality unfold side-by-side. The philosophical and personal consequences of this are awe-inspiring. The new interpretation has allowed imaginative physicists to conceive of wonderful new technologies: measuring devices that effectively share information between worlds and computers that can borrow the power of other worlds to perform calculations. Step by step, the problems initially associated with the original many-worlds formulation have been addressed and answered so that a clear but startling new picture has emerged. Just as Copenhagen was the centre of quantum discussion a lifetime ago, so Oxford has been the epicenter of the modern debate, with such figures as Roger Penrose and Anton Zeilinger fighting for single-world views, and David Deutsch, Lev Vaidman and a host of others for many-worlds. An independent physicist living in Oxford, Bruce has had a ringside seat to the debate. In his capable hands, we understand why the initially fantastic sounding many-worlds view is not only a useful way to look at things, but logically compelling. Parallel worlds are as real as the distant galaxies detected by the Hubble Space Telescope, even though the evidence for their existence may consist only of a few photons. %0 Book %E Wolverton, Mark %T The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10739/the-depths-of-space-the-story-of-the-pioneer-planetary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10739/the-depths-of-space-the-story-of-the-pioneer-planetary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Space and Aeronautics %P 266 %X The first spacecraft to explore the secrets of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, and the void beyond Pluto, the Pioneer space probes have been the trailblazers of the space age, truly going where no man has gone before. Emblazoned with the nude figures of a man and a woman, etched representations of our human form, the Pioneer generation of probes were aptly named. Launched into the inky depths of space, they were more than mere machines, they were humanity's first emissaries into deep space. And the pictorial inscriptions that adorned the crafts embodied the hopes and dreams of everyone involved in the Pioneer program. They were our humble attempt to communicate with the extraterrestrial intelligent life we imagined the probes might encounter -- they were our message in a bottle. Perhaps the most efficient, reliable, and cost effective program to come out of NASA, the Pioneer missions are a shining example of how a small and talented group of people can, against all odds, pull something off that has never been done before. Indeed, more than thirty years after its launch in 1972, Pioneer 10 is still cruising into interstellar space, sending back data as it courses through the galaxy while Pioneer 6, in solar orbit, is more than 35 years old and humankind's oldest functioning spacecraft. But despite their enduring contributions, the Pioneer project remains a footnote in space history, little more than a humble prologue to its inheritors. The Depths of Space recounts the long overdue history of Pioneer both as a scientific and technological achievement and as the story of the exceptional people who made the program possible. This tight narrative captures the black-coffee buzz of full-throttle, deadline-driven production, the sharp, intense thrill of discovery, the pang of anxiety that accompanies looming danger and ultimate loss, and the satisfaction and pride of creating an enduring legacy.