TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Research Opportunities in Radiation Sciences DO - 10.17226/19136 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19136/research-opportunities-in-radiation-sciences PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Materials for High-Temperature Semiconductor Devices SN - DO - 10.17226/5023 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5023/materials-for-high-temperature-semiconductor-devices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Major benefits to system architecture would result if cooling systems for components could be eliminated without compromising performance. This book surveys the state-of-the-art for the three major wide bandgap materials (silicon carbide, nitrides, and diamond), assesses the national and international efforts to develop these materials, identifies the technical barriers to their development and manufacture, determines the criteria for successfully packaging and integrating these devices into existing systems, and recommends future research priorities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Impact of Supercomputing Capabilities on U.S. Materials Science and Technology DO - 10.17226/19109 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19109/the-impact-of-supercomputing-capabilities-on-us-materials-science-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Computers and Information Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing: Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security SN - DO - 10.17226/13472 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13472/the-new-global-ecosystem-in-advanced-computing-implications-for-us PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - Computing and information and communications technology (ICT) has dramatically changed how we work and live, has had profound effects on nearly every sector of society, has transformed whole industries, and is a key component of U.S. global leadership. A fundamental driver of advances in computing and ICT has been the fact that the single-processor performance has, until recently, been steadily and dramatically increasing year over years, based on a combination of architectural techniques, semiconductor advances, and software improvements. Users, developers, and innovators were able to depend on those increases, translating that performance into numerous technological innovations and creating successive generations of ever more rich and diverse products, software services, and applications that had profound effects across all sectors of society. However, we can no longer depend on those extraordinary advances in single-processor performance continuing. This slowdown in the growth of single-processor computing performance has its roots in fundamental physics and engineering constraints--multiple technological barriers have converged to pose deep research challenges, and the consequences of this shift are deep and profound for computing and for the sectors of the economy that depend on and assume, implicitly or explicitly, ever-increasing performance. From a technology standpoint, these challenges have led to heterogeneous multicore chips and a shift to alternate innovation axes that include, but are not limited to, improving chip performance, mobile devices, and cloud services. As these technical shifts reshape the computing industry, with global consequences, the United States must be prepared to exploit new opportunities and to deal with technical challenges. The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing: Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security outlines the technical challenges, describe the global research landscape, and explore implications for competition and national security. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Testing at the Speed of Light: The State of U.S. Electronic Parts Space Radiation Testing Infrastructure SN - DO - 10.17226/24993 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24993/testing-at-the-speed-of-light-the-state-of-us PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Spacecraft depend on electronic components that must perform reliably over missions measured in years and decades. Space radiation is a primary source of degradation, reliability issues, and potentially failure for these electronic components. Although simulation and modeling are valuable for understanding the radiation risk to microelectronics, there is no substitute for testing, and an increased use of commercial-off-the- shelf parts in spacecraft may actually increase requirements for testing, as opposed to simulation and modeling. Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation’s current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Mathematical Sciences, Technology, and Economic Competitiveness SN - DO - 10.17226/1786 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1786/mathematical-sciences-technology-and-economic-competitiveness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This book describes the contributions of mathematics to the nation's advanced technology and to economic competitiveness. Examples from five industries—aircraft, petroleum, automotive, semiconductor, and telecommunications—illustrate how mathematics enters into and improves industry. Mathematical Sciences, Technology, and Economic Competitiveness addresses these high-technology industries and breadth of mathematical endeavors in the United States as they materially contribute to the technology base from which innovation in these industries flows. The book represents a serious attempt by the mathematics community to bring about an awareness by policymakers of the pervasive influence of mathematics in everyday life. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us: An Interim Report DO - 10.17226/11730 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11730/condensed-matter-and-materials-physics-the-science-of-the-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - As part of the 2010 physics decadal survey project, DOE and NSF requested the NRC to assess opportunities, over roughly the next decade, in condensed matter and materials physics (CMMP). The study is to review recent accomplishments and new opportunities; identify potential future impact of CMMP; consider its contributions to national needs; assessing priorities for tools and facilities; analyze current research and funding; and make recommendations for realizing the full benefit of CMMP. This interim report provides a summary of the early assessment of eight important challenges facing CMMP research in the coming decade and a brief review of the international situation. The final report will present a detailed discussion of these challenges including recommendations for addressing them. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2007 SN - DO - 10.17226/12011 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12011/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-electronics-and-electrical-engineering-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Engineering for the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/5954 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5954/harnessing-light-optical-science-and-engineering-for-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Optical science and engineering affect almost every aspect of our lives. Millions of miles of optical fiber carry voice and data signals around the world. Lasers are used in surgery of the retina, kidneys, and heart. New high-efficiency light sources promise dramatic reductions in electricity consumption. Night-vision equipment and satellite surveillance are changing how wars are fought. Industry uses optical methods in everything from the production of computer chips to the construction of tunnels. Harnessing Light surveys this multitude of applications, as well as the status of the optics industry and of research and education in optics, and identifies actions that could enhance the field's contributions to society and facilitate its continued technical development. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Arthur C. Gossard TI - Advanced Epitaxy for Future Electronics, Optics, and Quantum Physics SN - DO - 10.17226/10001 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10001/advanced-epitaxy-for-future-electronics-optics-and-quantum-physics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The future development of electronics, optics, and, quite probably, quantum physics is being driven by advances in epitaxial materials. Band gap engineering, wafer bonding techniques, and epitaxial regrowth technology will push transistors far beyond the present speed barriers. Oxide growth within epitaxial layer structures and new advances in tunnel structures will push the development of the next generation of high-performance laser arrays and of efficient cascade laser designs. Perfection of the growth of semiconductor nitrides will move future electronics to higher powers and to suitability for extreme environments while revolutionizing lighting and display. Growth technologies to incorporate metallic particles and magnetic elements within high-quality semiconductors promise ultrafast electro-optical components for chemical and biological applications as well as electronically controlled magnetism for future memories and electrical/magnetic hybrid devices. Quantum dot materials will lead the field of signal electronics while hopefully providing a new proving and discovery ground for quantum physics. This paper dicusses the current progress in these areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry SN - DO - 10.17226/10677 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10677/securing-the-future-regional-and-national-programs-to-support-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Based on the deliberations of a high-level international conference, this report summarizes the presentations of an exceptional group of experts, convened by Intel’s Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore and SEMATECH’s Chairman Emeritus William Spencer. The report documents the critical technological challenges facing this key industry and the rapid growth in government-industry partnerships overseas to support centers of semiconductor research and production in national economies. Importantly, the report provides a series of recommendations designed to strengthen U.S. research in disciplines supporting the continued growth of semiconductor industry, an industry which has made major contributions to the remarkable increases in productivity in the U.S. economy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Commercialization of New Materials for a Global Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/2007 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2007/commercialization-of-new-materials-for-a-global-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Materials are important in the pursuit of virtually every human endeavor. Advances in materials are applied not only in advanced technological systems such as spacecraft, jet engines, computers, and telecommunications but also in a world of more familiar applications from automobiles to floor coverings to fishing rods. This book addresses the factors that impede the transition of new materials from concepts into commercial use. It identifies policies and actions that government and industry, together with universities, can take to remove these impediments. Incentives to accelerate the commercialization of advanced materials are suggested, and recommendations are presented on ways to stimulate competitive commercialization of materials by government, industry, and academia. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeanette Beebe A2 - Raymond Wassel A2 - Kaley Beins A2 - Kathryn Z. Guyton TI - Artificial Intelligence Tools and Open Data Practices for EPA Chemical Hazard Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26540 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26540/artificial-intelligence-tools-and-open-data-practices-for-epa-chemical-hazard-assessments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA’s) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program identifies and characterizes the human health hazards of chemicals found in the environment. Human health risk assessments cover hazard identification as well as dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer outcomes that are obtained from IRIS assessments. Human health risk assessments are highly important as they are used to inform a broad range of risk-related decisions across the agency. These assessments involve systematic reviews of the scientific literature, which obtain, evaluate, and summarize information to answer a research question in a transparent manner. At the request of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment within EPA's Office of Research and Development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities and challenges in using advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science to enhance human health risk assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 25 and 26, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Materials and Man's Needs: Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume III, The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering DO - 10.17226/10438 PY - 1975 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10438/materials-and-mans-needs-materials-science-and-engineering-volume-iii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2009 SN - DO - 10.17226/12767 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12767/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-electronics-and-electrical-engineering-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, carries out its mission of promoting U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by developing and applying technology, measurements, and standards across nationally and strategically important industries. NIST is uniquely positioned to contribute to the development of U.S. industry and to technology deployment, and thereby to U.S. economic growth. This book contains the assessment by the Panel on Electronics and Electrical Engineering of NIST's Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEEL), focusing on the scientific and technical work performed by the laboratory. The assessment is conducted biennially. The book examines the broad factors of technical merit of the laboratory's programs, the adequacy of facilities and resources, and the achievement of desired impacts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Pradeep K. Khosla A2 - Paul T. Beaton TI - An Assessment of ARPA-E SN - DO - 10.17226/24778 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24778/an-assessment-of-arpa-e PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - In 2005, the National Research Council report Rising Above the Gathering Storm recommended a new way for the federal government to spur technological breakthroughs in the energy sector. It recommended the creation of a new agency, the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, or ARPA-E, as an adaptation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) model—widely considered a successful experiment that has funded out-of-the-box, transformative research and engineering that made possible the Internet, GPS, and stealth aircraft. This new agency was envisioned as a means of tackling the nation's energy challenges in a way that could translate basic research into technological breakthroughs while also addressing economic, environmental, and security issues. Congress authorized ARPA-E in the 2007 America COMPETES Act and requested an early assessment following 6 years of operation to examine the agency's progress toward achieving its statutory mission and goals. This report documents the results of that assessment. It includes both an operational assessment of the agency's funding programs and a technical assessment of its awards, to the extent possible. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Powering the U.S. Army of the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/26052 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26052/powering-the-us-army-of-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, Powering the U.S. Army of the Future examines the U.S. Army's future power requirements for sustaining a multi-domain operational conflict and considers to what extent emerging power generation and transmission technologies can achieve the Army's operational power requirements in 2035. The study was based on one operational usage case identified by the Army as part of its ongoing efforts in multi-domain operations. The recommendations contained in this report are meant to help inform the Army's investment priorities in technologies to help ensure that the power requirements of the Army's future capability needs are achieved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Wesley M. Cohen A2 - Stephen A. Merrill TI - Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy SN - DO - 10.17226/10770 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Policy for Science and Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Mary Ellen Mogee TI - Technology Policy and Critical Technologies: A Summary of Recent Reports DO - 10.17226/20840 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20840/technology-policy-and-critical-technologies-a-summary-of-recent-reports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK TI - Antennas, Satellite Broadcasting, and Emergency Preparedness for the Voice of America DO - 10.17226/10444 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10444/antennas-satellite-broadcasting-and-emergency-preparedness-for-the-voice-of-america PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER -