%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) %@ 978-0-309-47716-1 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25137/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-11-2018 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25137/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-11-2018 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 738 %X From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 11 (2018) examines peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between various health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published between September 30, 2014, and December 31, 2017, and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 %@ 978-0-309-28886-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18395/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2012 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18395/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2012 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 1006 %X From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010--September 2012 and integrates this information with the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease. %0 Book %T Climate Intervention: Two Book Set %@ 978-0-309-37636-5 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21770/climate-intervention-two-book-set %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21770/climate-intervention-two-book-set %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 0 %X Climate Intervention is no substitute for reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and adaptation efforts aimed at reducing the negative consequences of climate change. However, as our planet enters a period of changing climate never before experienced in recorded human history, interest is growing in the potential for deliberate intervention in the climate system to counter climate change. These reports provide a scientific foundation to help inform the ethical, legal, and political discussions surrounding climate intervention (also known as geoengineering) - the purposeful intervention in the climate system to counter climate change. The reports assess the potential impacts, benefits, and costs of two different proposed classes of climate intervention: (1) carbon dioxide removal and (2) albedo modification (reflecting sunlight) . The reports also discuss governance issues and the research needed to provide a credible scientific underpinning for future discussions. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 5 %@ 978-0-309-10358-9 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11774/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-5 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11774/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-5 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T Perspectives on Reference Literature for Underwater Acoustics %D 1983 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19464/perspectives-on-reference-literature-for-underwater-acoustics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19464/perspectives-on-reference-literature-for-underwater-acoustics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 124 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Improving the Use of the "Best Scientific Information Available" Standard in Fisheries Management %@ 978-0-309-09263-0 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11045/improving-the-use-of-the-best-scientific-information-available-standard-in-fisheries-management %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11045/improving-the-use-of-the-best-scientific-information-available-standard-in-fisheries-management %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 118 %X Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (FCMA), managers are required to use the "best scientific information available" in the preparation of federal fishery management plans (National Standard 2 in the FCMA). However, the Act provides no further guidance as to how conformance to this standard should be determined. Because adherence to this standard has often been contentious, Congress has considered adding a definition for what constitutes "best scientific information available" in the reauthorization of the FCMA. This report examines both the current application and the controversy over the standard and concludes that a legislative definition would be too inflexible to accommodate regional differences and future advances in science and technology. Instead, the report recommends that NOAA Fisheries adopt procedural guidelines to ensure that the scientific information used in the development of fishery management plans is relevant and timely and is the product of processes characterized by inclusiveness, transparency and openness, timeliness, and peer review. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions %@ 978-0-309-05799-8 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5761/toxicologic-assessment-of-the-armys-zinc-cadmium-sulfide-dispersion-tests %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5761/toxicologic-assessment-of-the-armys-zinc-cadmium-sulfide-dispersion-tests %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 28 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Reproducibility Issues in Research with Animals and Animal Models: Workshop in Brief %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21835/reproducibility-issues-in-research-with-animals-and-animal-models-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21835/reproducibility-issues-in-research-with-animals-and-animal-models-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 8 %X In June 2014, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use organized a public workshop to discuss fundamental aspects of experimental design of research using animals and animal models, aimed at improving reproducibility. At this workshop, researchers from around the world explored the many facets of animal-based research that could contribute to irreproducible results, including perspectives on improving experimental planning, design, and execution; the importance of reporting all methodological details; and efforts to establish harmonization principles of reporting on the care and use of animals in research studies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Safety of Dietary Supplements for Horses, Dogs, and Cats %@ 978-0-309-12570-3 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12461/safety-of-dietary-supplements-for-horses-dogs-and-cats %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12461/safety-of-dietary-supplements-for-horses-dogs-and-cats %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 216 %X Growing numbers of pet owners are giving their pets dietary supplements in hopes of supporting their health. Many people presume that supplements are safer than drugs, but the reality is that there are very limited safety data on dietary supplements for pets. Many challenges stand in the way of determining whether animal dietary supplements are safe and at what dosage. Supplements considered safe in humans and other species are not always safe in horses, dogs, and cats. An improved adverse event reporting system is badly needed. Also, the absence of laws and regulations that specifically address animal dietary supplements causes considerable confusion to the industry and to the public. Clear and precise regulations are needed to allow only safe dietary supplements on the market. This book examines issues in determining safety of animal dietary supplements in general, and the safety of three animal dietary supplements; lutein, evening primrose oil, and garlic, in particular. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne %E Bremer, Andrew %E Connell, Nancy %T Using Biology for Communication and Information Transmission: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26560/using-biology-for-communication-and-information-transmission-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26560/using-biology-for-communication-and-information-transmission-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 11 %X The digital age has transformed daily life and economies worldwide. While today's technologies store, compute, and transmit data at unprecedented volume and speed, there are potential applications for new paradigms of communication and information transmission. Harnessing biological processes and platforms could open new opportunities for durable and efficient data storage, powerful computational capabilities, and innovative approaches to sensing and peer-to-peer information transmission. Application of these technologies may also lead to new policy, security, and ethics challenges. To examine how cutting-edge biotechnologies and research could enable these new approaches, as well as the societal impacts they might have, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a virtual workshop on Using Biology for Communication and Information Transmission on January 20-21, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne %E Bremer, Andrew %E Connell, Nancy %T Cutting-Edge Scientific Capabilities for Biological Detection: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26553/cutting-edge-scientific-capabilities-for-biological-detection-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26553/cutting-edge-scientific-capabilities-for-biological-detection-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 11 %X Recent advances in biotechnology and the life sciences have led to new and emerging paradigms for biological detection. For instance, technologies for analyzing brain activity are advancing rapidly and may soon find their way into a multitude of consumer electronics and medical devices. Other technologies are using biological or bio-inspired methods to analyze chemicals present in air, including those of biological origin, allowing the technologies to detect and sense compounds - such as disease biomarkers or industrial pollutants - with unprecedented speed and precision. What capabilities might these technologies unlock? What economic and societal drivers are influencing their development? What ethical, legal, and social issues do they raise? The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a virtual workshop on Cutting Edge Scientific Capabilities for Biological Detection on January 20, 21, and 28, 2022, to explore emerging technologies for biological detection and critical issues related to their development and use. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne Frances %E Moss, Steven M. %E Bremer, Andrew %E Sharples, Frances %T Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies: Applications for Biology: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46534-2 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26139/quantum-science-concepts-in-enhancing-sensing-and-imaging-technologies-applications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26139/quantum-science-concepts-in-enhancing-sensing-and-imaging-technologies-applications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 114 %X Quantum concepts hold the potential to enable significant advances in sensing and imaging technologies that could be vital to the study of biological systems. The workshop Quantum Science Concepts in Enhancing Sensing and Imaging Technologies: Applications for Biology, held online March 8-10, 2021, was organized to examine the research and development needs to advance biological applications of quantum technology. Hosted by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the event brought together experts working on state-of-the-art, quantum-enabled technologies and scientists who are interested in applying these technologies to biological systems. Through talks, panels, and discussions, the workshop facilitated a better understanding of the current and future biological applications of quantum-enabled technologies in fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, cell biology, plant science, mycology, and many others. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Bondurant, Stuart %E Ernster, Virginia %E Herdman, Roger %T Safety of Silicone Breast Implants %@ 978-0-309-15740-7 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9602/safety-of-silicone-breast-implants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9602/safety-of-silicone-breast-implants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 560 %X The Dow Corning case raised serious questions about the safety of silicone breast implants and about larger issues of medical device testing and patient education. Safety of Silicone Breast Implants presents a well-documented, thoughtful exploration of the safety of these devices, drawing conclusions from the available research base and suggesting further questions to be answered. This book also examines the sensitive issues surrounding women's decisions about implants. In reaching conclusions, the committee reviews: The history of the silicone breast implant and the development of its chemistry. The wide variety of U.S.-made implants and their regulation by the Food and Drug Administration. Frequency and consequences of local complications from implants. The evidence for and against links between implants and autoimmune disorders, connective tissue disease, neurological problems, silicone in breast milk, or a proposed new syndrome. Evidence that implants may be associated with lower frequencies of breast cancer. Safety of Silicone Breast Implants provides a comprehensive, well-organized review of the science behind one of the most significant medical controversies of our time. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-49184-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 212 %X Coral reefs are critical to ocean and human life because they provide food, living area, storm protection, tourism income, and more. However, human-induced stressors, such as overfishing, sediment, pollution, and habitat destruction have threatened ocean ecosystems globally for decades. In the face of climate change, these ecosystems now face an array of unfamiliar challenges due to destructive rises in ocean temperature, acidity and sea level. These factors lead to an increased frequency of bleaching events, hindered growth, and a decreasing rate of calcification. Research on interventions to combat these relatively new stressors and a reevaluation of longstanding interventions is necessary to understand and protect coral reefs in this changing climate. Previous research on these methods prompts further questions regarding the decision making process for site-specific interventions. A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs builds upon a previous report that reviews the state of research on methods that have been used, tested, or proposed to increase the resilience of coral reefs. This new report aims to help coral managers evaluate the specific needs of their site and navigate the 23 different interventions described in the previous report. A case study of the Caribbean, a region with low coral population plagued by disease, serves as an example for coral intervention decision making. This report provides complex coral management decision making tools, identifies gaps in coral biology and conservation research, and provides examples to help individuals and communities tailor a decision strategy to a local area. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Comparative Analysis of Fertility, Breastfeeding, and Contraception %@ 978-0-309-07753-8 %D 1983 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/673/comparative-analysis-of-fertility-breastfeeding-and-contraception %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/673/comparative-analysis-of-fertility-breastfeeding-and-contraception %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 115 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jarmul, David %T Headline News, Science Views II %@ 978-0-309-04834-7 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 256 %X Why all the talk about biodiversity? Is malaria really making a comeback? Just what are computer viruses? Many Americans are confused about these and other issues involving science, technology, and health care. But they lack the time or technical background to read scientific reports. Headline News, Science Views II provides short, readable answers directly from the experts. Leading scientists, engineers, and others discuss today's issues in language that is understandable and compelling—without jargon. This engaging book "can be warmly recommended to card-carrying scientists and laypeople alike," New Scientist wrote about the first edition of Headline News, Science Views. "Try the opening items and say goodbye to your next couple of hours." Now, in a completely new edition packed with 75 engaging articles, Headline News, Science Views II probes further into scientific issues behind today's headlines, issues like highway safety, global warming, industrial competitiveness, and women's health. Experts on these and other topics discuss where the problems lie and how to fix them. The essays originally were distributed by the National Academy Op-Ed Service and published in more than 250 newspapers. Many are tied to studies of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Together, they make ground-breaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating—and fun. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-48535-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 258 %X Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report.