%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research %@ 978-0-309-47624-9 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25116/open-science-by-design-realizing-a-vision-for-21st-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25116/open-science-by-design-realizing-a-vision-for-21st-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 232 %X Openness and sharing of information are fundamental to the progress of science and to the effective functioning of the research enterprise. The advent of scientific journals in the 17th century helped power the Scientific Revolution by allowing researchers to communicate across time and space, using the technologies of that era to generate reliable knowledge more quickly and efficiently. Harnessing today's stunning, ongoing advances in information technologies, the global research enterprise and its stakeholders are moving toward a new open science ecosystem. Open science aims to ensure the free availability and usability of scholarly publications, the data that result from scholarly research, and the methodologies, including code or algorithms, that were used to generate those data. Open Science by Design is aimed at overcoming barriers and moving toward open science as the default approach across the research enterprise. This report explores specific examples of open science and discusses a range of challenges, focusing on stakeholder perspectives. It is meant to provide guidance to the research enterprise and its stakeholders as they build strategies for achieving open science and take the next steps. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Biological Collections: Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-49853-1 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25592/biological-collections-ensuring-critical-research-and-education-for-the-21st %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25592/biological-collections-ensuring-critical-research-and-education-for-the-21st %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 244 %X Biological collections are a critical part of the nation's science and innovation infrastructure and a fundamental resource for understanding the natural world. Biological collections underpin basic science discoveries as well as deepen our understanding of many challenges such as global change, biodiversity loss, sustainable food production, ecosystem conservation, and improving human health and security. They are important resources for education, both in formal training for the science and technology workforce, and in informal learning through schools, citizen science programs, and adult learning. However, the sustainability of biological collections is under threat. Without enhanced strategic leadership and investments in their infrastructure and growth many biological collections could be lost. Biological Collections: Ensuring Critical Research and Education for the 21st Century recommends approaches for biological collections to develop long-term financial sustainability, advance digitization, recruit and support a diverse workforce, and upgrade and maintain a robust physical infrastructure in order to continue serving science and society. The aim of the report is to stimulate a national discussion regarding the goals and strategies needed to ensure that U.S. biological collections not only thrive but continue to grow throughout the 21st century and beyond. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Geoscience Data and Collections: National Resources in Peril %@ 978-0-309-08341-6 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10348/geoscience-data-and-collections-national-resources-in-peril %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10348/geoscience-data-and-collections-national-resources-in-peril %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 124 %X Geoscience data and collections (such as, rock and sediment cores, geophysical data, engineering records, and fossils) are necessary for industries to discover and develop domestic natural resources to fulfill the nation’s energy and mineral requirements and to improve the prediction of immediate and long term hazards, such as land slides, volcanic eruptions and global climate change. While the nation has assembled a wealth of geoscience data and collections, their utility remains incompletely tapped. Many could act as invaluable resources in the future but immediate action is needed if they are to remain available. Housing of and access to geoscience data and collections have become critical issues for industry, federal and state agencies, museums, and universities. Many resources are in imminent danger of being lost through mismanagement, neglect, or disposal. A striking 46 percent of the state geological surveys polled by the committee reported that there is no space available or they have refused to accept new material. In order to address these challenges, Geoscience Data and Collections offers a comprehensive strategy for managing geoscience data and collections in the United States. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support U.S. Science and Engineering in 2017-2020: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-31379-7 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18972/future-directions-for-nsf-advanced-computing-infrastructure-to-support-us-science-and-engineering-in-2017-2020 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18972/future-directions-for-nsf-advanced-computing-infrastructure-to-support-us-science-and-engineering-in-2017-2020 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 48 %X Advanced computing capabilities are used to tackle a rapidly growing range of challenging science and engineering problems, many of which are compute- and data-intensive as well. Demand for advanced computing has been growing for all types and capabilities of systems, from large numbers of single commodity nodes to jobs requiring thousands of cores; for systems with fast interconnects; for systems with excellent data handling and management; and for an increasingly diverse set of applications that includes data analytics as well as modeling and simulation. Since the advent of its supercomputing centers, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided its researchers with state-of-the-art computing systems. The growth of new models of computing, including cloud computing and publically available by privately held data repositories, opens up new possibilities for NSF. In order to better understand the expanding and diverse requirements of the science and engineering community and the importance of a new broader range of advanced computing infrastructure, the NSF requested that the National Research Council carry out a study examining anticipated priorities and associated tradeoffs for advanced computing. This interim report identifies key issues and discusses potential options. Future Directions for NSF Advanced Computing Infrastructure to Support U.S. Science and Engineering in 2017-2020 examines priorities and associated tradeoffs for advanced computing in support of NSF-sponsored science and engineering research. This report is an initial compilation of issues to be considered as future NSF strategy, budgets, and programs for advanced computing are developed. Included in the report are questions on which the authoring committee invites comment. We invite your feedback on this report, and more generally, your comments on the future of advanced computing at NSF. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48572-2 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25288/strengthening-and-sustaining-a-network-of-public-and-animal-health-clinical-laboratories-in-pakistan %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25288/strengthening-and-sustaining-a-network-of-public-and-animal-health-clinical-laboratories-in-pakistan %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 108 %X As part of a multiyear project to promote a cooperative relationship between U.S. and Pakistani human and animal health and infectious disease experts, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, together with the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a bilateral workshop in Islamabad, Pakistan, to promote best practices in and improved communications, cooperation, and coordination among public, private, military, and animal health clinical laboratories in Pakistan. The workshop, "Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan," was held on September 27-29, 2016. Pakistani life science, public health, veterinary, and clinical laboratory experts, graduate students from Pakistani institutions of higher learning, and U.S. scientists/clinicians met at the workshop to explore questions facing human and animal health policy makers in Pakistan. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preserving Scientific Data on Our Physical Universe: A New Strategy for Archiving the Nation's Scientific Information Resources %@ 978-0-309-05186-6 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4871/preserving-scientific-data-on-our-physical-universe-a-new-strategy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4871/preserving-scientific-data-on-our-physical-universe-a-new-strategy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Earth Sciences %P 80 %X This book advises the National Archives and Records Administration and federal R&D agencies on the long-term retention of scientific and technical data, particularly in electronic formats. It proposes the creation of a National Scientific Information Resource Federation, which would apply a strategic data life-cycle management plan to better link the government's existing scientific data holdings and improve public access to those holdings. The book is expected to draw attention to data management concerns in the context of the current government emphasis on promoting a National Information Infrastructure and to make a significant contribution to improving the inadequate situation regarding our nation's valuable scientific data and information resources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure %@ 978-0-309-16387-3 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13049/transforming-combustion-research-through-cyberinfrastructure %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13049/transforming-combustion-research-through-cyberinfrastructure %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 116 %X Combustion has provided society with most of its energy needs for millenia, from igniting the fires of cave dwellers to propelling the rockets that traveled to the Moon. Even in the face of climate change and the increasing availability of alternative energy sources, fossil fuels will continue to be used for many decades. However, they will likely become more expensive, and pressure to minimize undesired combustion by-products (pollutants) will likely increase. The trends in the continued use of fossil fuels and likely use of alternative combustion fuels call for more rapid development of improved combustion systems. In January 2009, the Multi-Agency Coordinating Committee on Combustion Research (MACCCR) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) conduct a study of the structure and use of a cyberinfrastructure (CI) for combustion research. The charge to the authoring committee of Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure was to: identify opportunities to improve combustion research through computational infrastructure (CI) and the potential benefits to applications; identify necessary CI elements and evaluate the accessibility, sustainability, and economic models for various approaches; identify CI that is needed for education in combustion science and engineering; identify human, cultural, institutional, and policy challenges and how other fields are addressing them. Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure also estimates the resources needed to provide stable, long-term CI for research in combustion and recommends a plan for enhanced exploitation of CI for combustion research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Advancing Strategic Science: A Spatial Data Infrastructure Roadmap for the U.S. Geological Survey %@ 978-0-309-26457-0 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13506/advancing-strategic-science-a-spatial-data-infrastructure-roadmap-for-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13506/advancing-strategic-science-a-spatial-data-infrastructure-roadmap-for-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 132 %X Science is increasingly driven by data, and spatial data underpin the science directions laid out in the 2007 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Science Strategy. A robust framework of spatial data, metadata, tools, and a user community that is interactively connected to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way--known as a spatial data infrastructure (SDI)--must be available for scientists and managers to find, use, and share spatial data both within and beyond the USGS. Over the last decade, the USGS has conducted breakthrough research that has overcome some of the challenges associated with implementing a large SDI. Advancing Strategic Science: A Spatial Data Infrastructure Roadmap for the U.S. Geological Survey is intended to ground those efforts by providing a practical roadmap to full implementation of an SDI to enable the USGS to conduct strategic science. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development: An Imperative for the U.S. Agency for International Development %@ 978-0-309-10145-5 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11583/the-fundamental-role-of-science-and-technology-in-international-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11583/the-fundamental-role-of-science-and-technology-in-international-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 162 %X In October 2003 the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Research Council (NRC) entered into a cooperative agreement. The agreement called for the NRC to examine selected aspects of U.S. foreign assistance activities—primarily the programs of the USAID—that have benefited or could benefit from access to strong science, technology, and medical capabilities in the United States or elsewhere. After considering the many aspects of the role of science and technology (S&T) in foreign assistance, the study led to the publication of The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development. In the book special attention is devoted to partnerships that involve the USAID together with international, regional, U.S. governmental, and private sector organizations in fields such as heath care, agriculture and nutrition, education and job creation, and energy and the environment. This book explores specific programmatic, organizational, and personnel reforms that would increase the effective use of S&T to meet the USAID's goals while supporting larger U.S. foreign policy objectives. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-30534-1 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18806/enhancing-the-value-and-sustainability-of-field-stations-and-marine-laboratories-in-the-21st-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18806/enhancing-the-value-and-sustainability-of-field-stations-and-marine-laboratories-in-the-21st-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Education %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 98 %X For over a century, field stations have been important entryways for scientists to study and make important discoveries about the natural world. They are centers of research, conservation, education, and public outreach, often embedded in natural environments that range from remote to densely populated urban locations. Because they lack traditional university departmental boundaries, researchers at field stations have the opportunity to converge their science disciplines in ways that can change careers and entire fields of inquiry. Field stations provide physical space for immersive research, hands-on learning, and new collaborations that are otherwise hard to achieve in the everyday bustle of research and teaching lives on campus. But the separation from university campuses that allows creativity to flourish also creates challenges. Sometimes, field stations are viewed as remote outposts and are overlooked because they tend to be away from population centers and their home institutions. This view is exacerbated by the lack of empirical evidence that can be used to demonstrate their value to science and society. Enhancing the Value and Sustainability of Field Stations and Marine Laboratories in the 21st Century summarizes field stations' value to science, education, and outreach and evaluates their contributions to research, innovation, and education. This report suggests strategies to meet future research, education, outreach, infrastructure, funding, and logistical needs of field stations. Today's technologies - such as streaming data, remote sensing, robot-driven monitoring, automated DNA sequencing, and nanoparticle environmental sensors - provide means for field stations to retain their special connection to nature and still interact with the rest of the world in ways that can fuel breakthroughs in the environmental, physical, natural, and social sciences. The intellectual and natural capital of today's field stations present a solid platform, but many need enhancements of infrastructure and dynamic leadership if they are to meet the challenges of the complex problems facing the world. This report focuses on the capability of field stations to address societal needs today and in the future. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Reeve, Megan %E Wizemann, Theresa %E Altevogt, Bruce %T Enabling Rapid and Sustainable Public Health Research During Disasters: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services %@ 978-0-309-31330-8 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18967/enabling-rapid-and-sustainable-public-health-research-during-disasters-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18967/enabling-rapid-and-sustainable-public-health-research-during-disasters-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 190 %X Over the past decade, preparedness and response capacities of government agencies, hospitals and clinics, public health agencies, and academic researchers in the United States and abroad have been challenged by a succession of public health emergencies, ranging from radiological threats to pandemics to earthquakes. Through After Action Reports, each of these emergencies has yielded important information and lessons learned that can inform future disaster response and recovery efforts. However, important information that needs to be collected during and immediately following these emergencies is often missed because of barriers and obstacles to gathering such data, such as varying institutional review board restrictions in different states, no sustainable funding network for this type of work, uncertainty on who should be involved in research response, and a lack of knowledge around how best to integrate research into response and recovery frameworks. Taking action to enable medical and public health research during disasters was the focus of a workshop held on June 12 and 13, 2014, coordinated and supported jointly by the Institute of Medicine Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Library of Medicine, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Invited speakers and participants from federal, state, and local government, academia, and community and worker organizations came together to discuss how to integrate research into existing response structures; identify critical research needs and priorities; identify obstacles and barriers to research; discuss structures and strategies needed for deployment of a research study; share ideas, innovations, and technologies to support research; and explore data collection tools and data-sharing mechanisms for both rapid and longitudinal research. Enabling Rapid and Sustainable Public Health Research During Disasters summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis %@ 978-0-309-48669-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25312/strategic-investments-in-instrumentation-and-facilities-for-extraterrestrial-sample-curation-and-analysis %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25312/strategic-investments-in-instrumentation-and-facilities-for-extraterrestrial-sample-curation-and-analysis %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 138 %X The United States possesses a treasure-trove of extraterrestrial samples that were returned to Earth via space missions over the past four decades. Analyses of these previously returned samples have led to major breakthroughs in the understanding of the age, composition, and origin of the solar system. Having the instrumentation, facilities and qualified personnel to undertake analyses of returned samples, especially from missions that take up to a decade or longer from launch to return, is thus of paramount importance if the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to capitalize fully on the investment made in these missions, and to achieve the full scientific impact afforded by these extraordinary samples. Planetary science may be entering a new golden era of extraterrestrial sample return; now is the time to assess how prepared the scientific community is to take advantage of these opportunities. Strategic Investments in Instrumentation and Facilities for Extraterrestrial Sample Curation and Analysis assesses the current capabilities within the planetary science community for sample return analyses and curation, and what capabilities are currently missing that will be needed for future sample return missions. This report evaluates whether current laboratory support infrastructure and NASA's investment strategy is adequate to meet these analytical challenges and advises how the community can keep abreast of evolving and new techniques in order to stay at the forefront of extraterrestrial sample analysis. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 45 %@ 978-0-309-02239-2 %D 1974 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/568/biographical-memoirs-volume-45 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/568/biographical-memoirs-volume-45 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 486 %X Biographic Memoirs: Volume 45 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %E Raven, Peter H. %E Williams, Tania %T Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World %@ 978-0-309-06555-9 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6142/nature-and-human-society-the-quest-for-a-sustainable-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6142/nature-and-human-society-the-quest-for-a-sustainable-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 644 %X From earliest times, human beings have noticed patterns in nature: night and day, tides and lunar cycles, the changing seasons, plant succession, and animal migration. While recognizing patterns conferred great survival advantage, we are now in danger from our own success in multiplying our numbers and altering those patterns for our own purposes. It is imperative that we engage again with the patterns of nature, but this time, with awareness of our impact as a species. How will burgeoning human populations affect the health of ecosystems? Is loss of species simply a regrettable byproduct of human expansion? Or is the planet passing into a new epoch in just a few human generations? Nature and Human Society presents a wide-ranging exploration of these and other fundamental questions about our relationship with the environment. This book features findings, insights, and informed speculations from key figures in the field: E.O. Wilson, Thomas Lovejoy, Peter H. Raven, Gretchen Daily, David Suzuki, Norman Myers, Paul Erlich, Michael Bean, and many others. This volume explores the accelerated extinction of species and what we stand to lose—medicines, energy sources, crop pollination and pest control, the ability of water and soil to renew itself through biological processes, aesthetic and recreational benefits—and how these losses may be felt locally and acutely. What are the specific threats to biodiversity? The book explores human population growth, the homogenization of biota as a result in tourism and trade, and other factors, including the social influences of law, religious belief, and public education. Do we have the tools to protect biodiversity? The book looks at molecular genetics, satellite data, tools borrowed from medicine, and other scientific techniques to firm up our grasp of important processes in biology and earth science, including the "new" science of conservation biology. Nature and Human Society helps us renew our understanding and appreciation for natural patterns, with surprising details about microorganisms, nematodes, and other overlooked forms of life: their numbers, pervasiveness, and importance to the health of the soil, water, and air and to a host of human endeavors. This book will be of value to anyone who believes that the world's gross natural product is as important as the world's gross national product. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Colorado River Ecology and Dam Management: Proceedings of a Symposium May 24-25, 1990 Santa Fe, New Mexico %@ 978-0-309-04535-3 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1832/colorado-river-ecology-and-dam-management-proceedings-of-a-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1832/colorado-river-ecology-and-dam-management-proceedings-of-a-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 288 %X This book contains 11 papers that review the extant information about the Colorado River from an ecosystem perspective and serve as the basis for discussion of the use of ecosystem/earth science information for river management and dam operations. It also contains a synopsis of the committee's findings and recommendations to the Bureau of Reclamation as the agency seeks to change its direction to the management of natural resources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Jarmul, David %T Headline News, Science Views II %@ 978-0-309-04834-7 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2043/headline-news-science-views-ii %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 256 %X Why all the talk about biodiversity? Is malaria really making a comeback? Just what are computer viruses? Many Americans are confused about these and other issues involving science, technology, and health care. But they lack the time or technical background to read scientific reports. Headline News, Science Views II provides short, readable answers directly from the experts. Leading scientists, engineers, and others discuss today's issues in language that is understandable and compelling—without jargon. This engaging book "can be warmly recommended to card-carrying scientists and laypeople alike," New Scientist wrote about the first edition of Headline News, Science Views. "Try the opening items and say goodbye to your next couple of hours." Now, in a completely new edition packed with 75 engaging articles, Headline News, Science Views II probes further into scientific issues behind today's headlines, issues like highway safety, global warming, industrial competitiveness, and women's health. Experts on these and other topics discuss where the problems lie and how to fix them. The essays originally were distributed by the National Academy Op-Ed Service and published in more than 250 newspapers. Many are tied to studies of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council. Together, they make ground-breaking scientific achievement accessible, fascinating—and fun. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration %@ 978-0-309-13857-4 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12653/radioisotope-power-systems-an-imperative-for-maintaining-us-leadership-in %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12653/radioisotope-power-systems-an-imperative-for-maintaining-us-leadership-in %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 68 %X Spacecraft require electrical energy. This energy must be available in the outer reaches of the solar system where sunlight is very faint. It must be available through lunar nights that last for 14 days, through long periods of dark and cold at the higher latitudes on Mars, and in high-radiation fields such as those around Jupiter. Radioisotope power systems (RPSs) are the only available power source that can operate unconstrained in these environments for the long periods of time needed to accomplish many missions, and plutonium-238 (238Pu) is the only practical isotope for fueling them. Plutonium-238 does not occur in nature. The committee does not believe that there is any additional 238Pu (or any operational 238Pu production facilities) available anywhere in the world.The total amount of 238Pu available for NASA is fixed, and essentially all of it is already dedicated to support several pending missions--the Mars Science Laboratory, Discovery 12, the Outer Planets Flagship 1 (OPF 1), and (perhaps) a small number of additional missions with a very small demand for 238Pu. If the status quo persists, the United States will not be able to provide RPSs for any subsequent missions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Wizemann, Theresa %T Applying a Health Lens to Decision Making in Non-Health Sectors: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-29975-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18659/applying-a-health-lens-to-decision-making-in-non-health-sectors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18659/applying-a-health-lens-to-decision-making-in-non-health-sectors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 94 %X Health is influenced by a wide range of factors, many of which fall outside of the health care delivery sector. These determinants of health include, for example, the characteristics of how people live, work, learn, and play. Decision and policy making in areas such as transportation, housing, and education at different levels of government, and in the private sector, can have far-reaching impacts on health. Throughout the United States there has been increasing dialogue on incorporating a health perspective into policies, programs, and projects outside the health field. Applying a Health Lens to Decision Making in Non-Health Sectors is the summary of a workshop convened in September 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Population Health Improvement to foster cross-sectoral dialogue and consider the opportunities for and barriers to improving the conditions for health in the course of achieving other societal objectives (e.g., economic development, efficient public transit). The roundtable engaged members, outside experts, and stakeholders on three core issues: supporting fruitful interaction between primary care and public health; strengthening governmental public health; and exploring community action in transforming the conditions that influence the public's health. This report is a discussion of health in all policies approaches to promote consideration for potential health effects in policy making in many relevant domains, such as education, transportation, and housing. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T IT Roadmap to a Geospatial Future %@ 978-0-309-08738-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 136 %X A grand challenge for science is to understand the human implications of global environmental change and to help society cope with those changes. Virtually all the scientific questions associated with this challenge depend on geospatial information (geoinformation) and on the ability of scientists, working individually and in groups, to interact with that information in flexible and increasingly complex ways. Another grand challenge is how to respond to calamities-terrorist activities, other human-induced crises, and natural disasters. Much of the information that underpins emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation is geospatial in nature. In terrorist situations, for example, origins and destinations of phone calls and e-mail messages, travel patterns of individuals, dispersal patterns of airborne chemicals, assessment of places at risk, and the allocation of resources all involve geospatial information. Much of the work addressing environment- and emergency-related concerns will depend on how productively humans are able to integrate, distill, and correlate a wide range of seemingly unrelated information. In addition to critical advances in location-aware computing, databases, and data mining methods, advances in the human-computer interface will couple new computational capabilities with human cognitive capabilities.This report outlines an interdisciplinary research roadmap at the intersection of computer science and geospatial information science. The report was developed by a committee convened by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and Technology in Armenia: Toward a Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-09278-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11107/science-and-technology-in-armenia-toward-a-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Industry and Labor %P 135 %X An NRC ad hoc committee analyzed the current status and future development potential of Armenia's science and technology base, including human and infrastructural resources and research and educational capabilities. The committee identified those fields and institutions offering promising opportunities for contributing to economic and social development, and particularly institutions having unique and important capabilities, worthy of support from international financial institutions, private investment sources, and the Armenian and U.S. governments. The scope of the study included both pure and applied research as well as education in science-related fields. The committee's report addresses the existing capacity of state and private research institutions, higher education capabilities and trends, scientific funding sources, innovative investment models, relevant success stories, factors hindering development of the science sector, potential domestic Armenian customers for scientific results and products, and opportunities for regional scientific collaboration. An Armenian language version of the report is also available.