TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Restructured Research and Analysis Programs of NASA's Planetary Science Division SN - DO - 10.17226/24759 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24759/review-of-the-restructured-research-and-analysis-programs-of-nasas-planetary-science-division PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Research and Analysis (R&A) program managed by NASA's Planetary Science Division (PSD), supports a broad range of planetary science activities, including the analysis of data from past and current spacecraft; laboratory research; theoretical, modeling, and computational studies; geological and astrobiological fieldwork in planetary analog environments on Earth; geological mapping of planetary bodies; analysis of data from Earth- and space-based telescopes; and development of flight instruments and technology needed for future planetary science missions. The primary role of the PSD R&A program is to address NASA's strategic objective for planetary science and PSD's science goals. Recently, PSD reorganized the R&A program to provide better alignment with the strategic goals for planetary sciences. The major changes in the R&A program involved consolidating a number of prior program elements, many of which were organized by subdiscipline, into a smaller number of thematic core research program elements. Despite numerous efforts by PSD to communicate the rationale for the reorganization and articulate clearly the new processes, there has been significant resistance from the planetary science community and concerns in some sectors regarding the major realignment of funding priorities. Review of NASA's Planetary Science Division's Restructured Research and Analysis Programs examines the new R&A program and determines if it appropriately aligns with the agency's strategic goals, supports existing flight programs, and enables future missions. This report explores whether any specific research areas or subdisciplinary groups that are critical to NASA's strategic objectives for planetary science and PSD's science goals are not supported appropriately in the current program or have been inadvertently disenfranchised through the reorganization. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Julie A. Caswell A2 - Ann L. Yaktine TI - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy SN - DO - 10.17226/13485 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13485/supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-examining-the-evidence-to-define-benefit PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - For many Americans who live at or below the poverty threshold, access to healthy foods at a reasonable price is a challenge that often places a strain on already limited resources and may compel them to make food choices that are contrary to current nutritional guidance. To help alleviate this problem, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers a number of nutrition assistance programs designed to improve access to healthy foods for low-income individuals and households. The largest of these programs is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food Stamp Program, which today serves more than 46 million Americans with a program cost in excess of $75 billion annually. The goals of SNAP include raising the level of nutrition among low-income households and maintaining adequate levels of nutrition by increasing the food purchasing power of low-income families. In response to questions about whether there are different ways to define the adequacy of SNAP allotments consistent with the program goals of improving food security and access to a healthy diet, USDA's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to conduct a study to examine the feasibility of defining the adequacy of SNAP allotments, specifically: the feasibility of establishing an objective, evidence-based, science-driven definition of the adequacy of SNAP allotments consistent with the program goals of improving food security and access to a healthy diet, as well as other relevant dimensions of adequacy; and data and analyses needed to support an evidence-based assessment of the adequacy of SNAP allotments. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy reviews the current evidence, including the peer-reviewed published literature and peer-reviewed government reports. Although not given equal weight with peer-reviewed publications, some non-peer-reviewed publications from nongovernmental organizations and stakeholder groups also were considered because they provided additional insight into the behavioral aspects of participation in nutrition assistance programs. In addition to its evidence review, the committee held a data gathering workshop that tapped a range of expertise relevant to its task. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - F. David Peat TI - From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twentieth Century SN - DO - 10.17226/10248 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10248/from-certainty-to-uncertainty-the-story-of-science-and-ideas PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Explore Science KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Early theorists believed that in science lay the promise of certainty. Built on a foundation of fact and constructed with objective and trustworthy tools, science produced knowledge. But science has also shown us that this knowledge will always be fundamentally incomplete and that a true understanding of the world is ultimately beyond our grasp. In this thoughtful and compelling book, physicist F. David Peat examines the basic philosophic difference between the certainty that characterized the thinking of humankind through the nineteenth century and contrasts it with the startling fall of certainty in the twentieth. The nineteenth century was marked by a boundless optimism and confidence in the power of progress and technology. Science and philosophy were on firm ground. Newtonian physics showed that the universe was a gigantic clockwork mechanism that functioned according to rigid laws—that its course could be predicted with total confidence far into the future. Indeed, in 1900, the President of the Royal Society in Britain went so far as to proclaim that everything of importance had already been discovered by science. But it was not long before the seeds of a scientific revolution began to take root. Quantum Theory and the General Theory of Relativity exploded the clockwork universe, proving beyond a shadow of a doubt that our knowledge was, at best, incomplete—and would probably remain that way forever. There were places in the universe, such as black holes, from which no information at all could ever be obtained. Chaos Theory also demonstrated our inherent limits to knowing, predicting, and controlling the world around us and showed the way that chaos can often be found at the heart of natural and social systems. Although we may not always recognize it, this new world view has had a profound effect not only on science, but on art, literature, philosophy, and societal relations. The twenty-first century now begins with a humble acceptance of uncertainty. From Certainty to Uncertainty traces the rise and fall of the deterministic universe and shows the evolving influences that such disparate disciplines now have on one another. Drawing on the lessons we can learn from history, Peat also speculates on how we will manage our lives into the future. ER - TY - BOOK TI - On the Venus Radar Mapper Mission: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/12368 PY - 1982 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12368/on-the-venus-radar-mapper-mission-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and the Greater Everglades Ecosystem Restoration: An Assessment of the Critical Ecosystem Studies Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/10589 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10589/science-and-the-greater-everglades-ecosystem-restoration-an-assessment-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The report reviews a U.S. Department of the Interior research program, finding that it provides key information to support the restoration of the Florida Everglades and to better assess the impact of hydrologic change on the ecosystem. However, the program needs more funding, better management and broader distribution of its findings. The report suggests that strategic investments in Everglades research will increase the chances of reaching restoration goals while reducing overall costs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Continuity of NASA Earth Observations from Space: A Value Framework SN - DO - 10.17226/21789 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21789/continuity-of-nasa-earth-observations-from-space-a-value-framework PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - NASA's Earth Science Division (ESD) conducts a wide range of satellite and suborbital missions to observe Earth's land surface and interior, biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and oceans as part of a program to improve understanding of Earth as an integrated system. Earth observations provide the foundation for critical scientific advances and environmental data products derived from these observations are used in resource management and for an extraordinary range of societal applications including weather forecasts, climate projections, sea level change, water management, disease early warning, agricultural production, and the response to natural disasters. As the complexity of societal infrastructure and its vulnerability to environmental disruption increases, the demands for deeper scientific insights and more actionable information continue to rise. To serve these demands, NASA's ESD is challenged with optimizing the partitioning of its finite resources among measurements intended for exploring new science frontiers, carefully characterizing long-term changes in the Earth system, and supporting ongoing societal applications. This challenge is most acute in the decisions the Division makes between supporting measurement continuity of data streams that are critical components of Earth science research programs and the development of new measurement capabilities. This report seeks to establish a more quantitative understanding of the need for measurement continuity and the consequences of measurement gaps. Continuity of NASA's Earth's Observations presents a framework to assist NASA's ESD in their determinations of when a measurement or dataset should be collected for durations longer than the typical lifetimes of single satellite missions. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Assessment of the CRAF and Cassini Science Missions: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/12334 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12334/assessment-of-the-craf-and-cassini-science-missions-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK TI - On the CRAF/Cassini Mission: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/12311 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12311/on-the-crafcassini-mission-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Unintended Consequences of Health Policy Programs and Policies: Workshop Summary DO - 10.17226/10192 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10192/unintended-consequences-of-health-policy-programs-and-policies-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science: Options for the Fifth New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity SN - DO - 10.17226/25868 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25868/report-series-committee-on-astrobiology-and-planetary-science-options-for PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine is tasked with monitoring the progress in implementation of the recommendations of the most recent planetary science decadal survey, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022. Planetary science decadal surveys evaluate the state of the field, identify the most important scientific questions and themes, and prioritize missions and activities for the decade in question based on scientific merit, technical feasibility, and anticipated cost. The need for careful monitoring is underscored by the fact that some of the decadal survey's recommendations are triggered at specific programmatic decision points. Options for the Fifth New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity addresses one such decision point. For each of the following four New Frontiers targets: Ocean Worlds, Trojan Tour and Rendezvous, Io Observer and Lunar Geophysical, this report summarizes changes in scientific understanding or external factors since the release of Vision and Voyages or its midterm review and considers whether those changes have been sufficiently substantial to warrant reconsideration of the four targets for inclusion in the New Frontiers 5 announcement of opportunity, scheduled for release in early 2022. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Exploring the Use and Application of Implementation Science in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26783 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26783/exploring-the-use-and-application-of-implementation-science-in-health-professions-education PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Implementation science bridges the gap between research and medical practice, investigating aspects of practice and pedagogy that make the strategies successful for future use. By introducing and training leaders, faculty, and health workforce researchers in implementation science, health professions education institutions can build capacity for evidence-based practices. The National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education held a workshop series to introduce the concept of implementation science to health professional educators to consider its potential use in the classroom. Speakers provided a foundation for discussion of the role of implementation science in health professions education and provided methods for educators interested in applying these recommendations to scale. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment of Mission Size Trade-offs for NASA's Earth and Space Science Missions SN - DO - 10.17226/9796 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9796/assessment-of-mission-size-trade-offs-for-nasas-earth-and-space-science-missions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Assessment of Mission Size Trade-offs for NASA's Earth and Space Science Missions addresses fundamental issues of mission architecture in the nation's scientific space program and responds to the FY99 Senate conference report, which requested that NASA commission a study to assess the strengths and weaknesses of small, medium, and large missions. This report evaluates the general strengths and weaknesses of small, medium, and large missions in terms of their potential scientific productivity, responsiveness to evolving opportunities, ability to take advantage of technological progress, and other factors that may be identified during the study; identifies which elements of the SSB and NASA science strategies will require medium or large missions to accomplish high-priority science objectives; and recommends general principles or criteria for evaluating the mix of mission sizes in Earth and space science programs. Assessment of Mission Size Trade-offs for NASA's Earth and Space Science Missions considers not only scientific, technological, and cost trade-offs, but also institutional and structural issues pertaining to the vigor of the research community, government-industry university partnerships, graduate student training, and the like. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and Stewardship in the Antarctic SN - DO - 10.17226/2223 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2223/science-and-stewardship-in-the-antarctic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - With the negotiation of the International Protocol on Environmental Protection in 1991, those nations conducting scientific research programs in Antarctica face new challenges for stewardship of the southern continent and protection of its environment. Science and Stewardship in the Antarctic examines how the implementation of the 1991 agreement in the United States can be done in such a way to ensure the compatibility of scientific and environmental protection goals in this global laboratory. The book also addresses the potential for the new requirements both to benefit and harm research activities in Antarctica. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Airborne Platforms to Advance NASA Earth System Science Priorities: Assessing the Future Need for a Large Aircraft SN - DO - 10.17226/26079 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26079/airborne-platforms-to-advance-nasa-earth-system-science-priorities-assessing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Earth Sciences AB - The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other U.S. science research agencies operate a fleet of research aircraft and other airborne platforms that offer diverse capabilities. To inform NASA's future investments in airborne platforms, this study examines whether a large aircraft that would replace the current NASA DC-8 is needed to address Earth system science questions, and the role of other airborne platforms for achieving future Earth system science research goals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - The Goals, Rationales, and Definition of Planetary Protection: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/24809 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24809/the-goals-rationales-and-definition-of-planetary-protection-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Solar system exploration is in an extraordinary state of expansion. Scientific capabilities to search for evidence of extant or relic life outside Earth—among the principal goals of solar system exploration—are advancing rapidly. In this time of rapid transition in exploring solar system bodies, the importance of reexamining planetary protection policies, including the need for clarity in how NASA establishes such policies, has become more urgent. Overall, this study seeks to review the current state of planetary protection policy development, assess the responsiveness of the policy development process to contemporary and anticipated needs, and recommend actions that might assure the effectiveness of NASA’s future coordination and execution of planetary protection. This interim report focuses on the goals of and rationales for planetary protection policies and suggests a working definition of planetary protection consistent with those goals. It does not address future commercial planetary missions, human missions to planetary bodies, or roles and responsibilities for implementing policies, but these issues will be addressed in the final report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of the GAPP Science and Implementation Plan SN - DO - 10.17226/11333 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11333/review-of-the-gapp-science-and-implementation-plan PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Water managers rely on predicting changes in the hydrologic cycle on seasonal-to-interannual time frames to prepare for water resource needs. Seasonal to interannual predictability of the hydrologic cycle is related to local and remote influences involving land processes and ocean processes, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Although advances in understanding land-surface processes show promise in improving climate prediction, incorporating this information into water management decision processes remains a challenge since current models provide only limited information for predictions on seasonal and longer time scales. To address these needs, the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Americas Prediction Project (GAPP) was established in 2001 to improve how changes in water resources are predicted on intraseasonal-to-interannual time scales for the continental United States. The GAPP program has developed a science and implementation plan to guide its science activities, which describes strategies for improving prediction and decision support in the hydrologic sciences. This report by the National Research Council provides a review of the GAPP Science and Implementation Plan, outlining suggestions to strengthen the plan and the GAPP program overall. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space SN - DO - 10.17226/24938 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24938/thriving-on-our-changing-planet-a-decadal-strategy-for-earth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities – social, economic, security, and more – that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet presents prioritized science, applications, and observations, along with related strategic and programmatic guidance, to support the U.S. civil space Earth observation program over the coming decade. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Space Studies Board Annual Report 2015 DO - 10.17226/23494 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23494/space-studies-board-annual-report-2015 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, 3 months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2015 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Research Council units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs--1991 DO - 10.17226/12323 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12323/assessment-of-solar-system-exploration-programs-1991 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK TI - Update to Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets DO - 10.17226/12329 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12329/update-to-strategy-for-exploration-of-the-inner-planets PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics ER -