%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Planning the Future Space Weather Operations and Research Infrastructure: Proceedings of the Phase II Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69366-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26712/planning-the-future-space-weather-operations-and-research-infrastructure-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26712/planning-the-future-space-weather-operations-and-research-infrastructure-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 130 %X Affecting technological systems at a global-scale, space weather can disrupt high-frequency radio signals, satellite-based communications, navigational satellite positioning and timing signals, spacecraft operations, and electric power delivery with cascading socioeconomic effects resulting from these disruptions. Space weather can also present an increased health risk for astronauts, as well as aviation flight crews and passengers on transpolar flights. In 2019, the National Academies was approached by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the National Science Foundation to organize a workshop that would examine the operational and research infrastructure that supports the space weather enterprise, including an analysis of existing and potential future measurement gaps and opportunities for future enhancements. This request was subsequently modified to include two workshops, the first ("Phase I") of which occurred in two parts on June 16-17 and September 9-11, 2020. The Phase II workshop occurred on April 11-14, 2022, with sessions on agency updates, research needs, data science, observational and modeling needs, and emerging architectures relevant to the space weather research community and with ties to operational needs. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of that workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Madhavan, Guruprasad %E Sangha, Kinpritma %E Phelps, Charles %E Fryback, Dennis %E Rappuoli, Rino %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E King, Lonnie %T Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool: Phase II: Prototype of a Decision-Support System %@ 978-0-309-26638-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13531/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-ii-prototype-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13531/ranking-vaccines-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-ii-prototype-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 160 %X SMART Vaccines—Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines—is a prioritization software tool developed by the Institute of Medicine that utilizes decision science and modeling to help inform choices among candidates for new vaccine development. A blueprint for this computer-based guide was presented in the 2012 report Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework: Phase I. Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool,Phase II extends the proof-of-concept presented in the Phase I report, which was based on multi-attribute utility theory. This report refines a beta version of the model developed in the Phase I report and presents its next iteration, SMART Vaccines 1.0. Ranking Vaccines: Phase II discusses the methods underlying the development, validation, and evaluation of SMART Vaccines 1.0. It also discusses how SMART Vaccines should—and, just as importantly, should not—be used. The report also offers ideas for future enhancements for SMART Vaccines as well as for ideas for expanded uses and considerations and possibilities for the future. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Engineering %E Madhavan, Guruprasad %E Phelps, Charles %E Rappuoli, Rino %E Martinez, Rose Marie %E King, Lonnie %T Ranking Vaccines: Applications of a Prioritization Software Tool: Phase III: Use Case Studies and Data Framework %@ 978-0-309-30403-0 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18763/ranking-vaccines-applications-of-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-iii %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18763/ranking-vaccines-applications-of-a-prioritization-software-tool-phase-iii %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 128 %X SMART Vaccines - Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines - is a prioritization software tool developed by the Institute of Medicine that utilizes decision science and modeling to help inform choices among candidates for new vaccine development. A blueprint for this computer-based guide was presented in the 2012 report Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework: Phase I. The 2013 Phase II report refined a beta version of the model developed in the Phase I report. Ranking Vaccines: Applications of a Prioritization Software Tool: Phase III: Use Case Studies and Data Framework extends this project by demonstrating the practical applications of SMART Vaccines through use case scenarios in partnership with the Public Health Agency of Canada, New York State Department of Health, and the Serum Institute of India. This report also explores a novel application of SMART Vaccines in determining new vaccine product profiles, and offers practical strategies for data synthesis and estimation to encourage the broader use of the software. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Quality of Science and Engineering at the NNSA National Security Laboratories %@ 978-0-309-29090-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18440/the-quality-of-science-and-engineering-at-the-nnsa-national-security-laboratories %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18440/the-quality-of-science-and-engineering-at-the-nnsa-national-security-laboratories %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 74 %X The three National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) national security laboratories—Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)—are a major component of the U.S. government's laboratory complex and of the national science and technology base. These laboratories are large, diverse, highly respected institutions with broad programs in basic sciences, applied sciences, technology development, and engineering; and they are home to world-class staff and facilities. Under a recent interagency agreement between the Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, and the intelligence community, they are evolving to serve the needs of the broad national security community. Despite this broadening of substance and support, these laboratories remain the unique locus of science and engineering (S&E) for the U.S. nuclear weapons program, including, most significantly, the science-based stockpile stewardship program and the S&E basis for analyzing and understanding nuclear weapon developments of other nations and non-state actors. The National Research Council (NRC) was asked by Congress to assess the quality of S&E and the management of S&E at these three laboratories. The Quality of Science and Engineering at the NNSA National Security Laboratories is the second of two reports produced as part of this study. This report assesses the quality of S&E in terms of the capability of the laboratories to perform the necessary tasks to execute the laboratories' missions, both at present and in the future. The report identifies the following as four basic pillars of stockpile stewardship and non-proliferation analysis: (1) the weapons design; (2) systems engineering and understanding of the effects of aging on system performance; (3) weapons science base; and (4) modeling and simulation, which provides a capability to integrate theory, experimental data, and system design. The Quality of Science and Engineering at the NNSA National Security Laboratories offers a snapshot of the present with an eye to the future. This report discusses the current state of S&E and makes recommendations to maintain robust programs. %0 Book %T A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling %@ 978-0-309-25977-4 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13430/a-national-strategy-for-advancing-climate-modeling %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13430/a-national-strategy-for-advancing-climate-modeling %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 294 %X As climate change has pushed climate patterns outside of historic norms, the need for detailed projections is growing across all sectors, including agriculture, insurance, and emergency preparedness planning. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling emphasizes the needs for climate models to evolve substantially in order to deliver climate projections at the scale and level of detail desired by decision makers, this report finds. Despite much recent progress in developing reliable climate models, there are still efficiencies to be gained across the large and diverse U.S. climate modeling community. Evolving to a more unified climate modeling enterprise-in particular by developing a common software infrastructure shared by all climate researchers and holding an annual climate modeling forum-could help speed progress. Throughout this report, several recommendations and guidelines are outlined to accelerate progress in climate modeling. The U.S. supports several climate models, each conceptually similar but with components assembled with slightly different software and data output standards. If all U.S. climate models employed a single software system, it could simplify testing and migration to new computing hardware, and allow scientists to compare and interchange climate model components, such as land surface or ocean models. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling recommends an annual U.S. climate modeling forum be held to help bring the nation's diverse modeling communities together with the users of climate data. This would provide climate model data users with an opportunity to learn more about the strengths and limitations of models and provide input to modelers on their needs and provide a venue for discussions of priorities for the national modeling enterprise, and bring disparate climate science communities together to design common modeling experiments. In addition, A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling explains that U.S. climate modelers will need to address an expanding breadth of scientific problems while striving to make predictions and projections more accurate. Progress toward this goal can be made through a combination of increasing model resolution, advances in observations, improved model physics, and more complete representations of the Earth system. To address the computing needs of the climate modeling community, the report suggests a two-pronged approach that involves the continued use and upgrading of existing climate-dedicated computing resources at modeling centers, together with research on how to effectively exploit the more complex computer hardware systems expected over the next 10 to 20 years. %0 Book %T The Demand for New Faculty in Science and Engineering %D 1980 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21342/the-demand-for-new-faculty-in-science-and-engineering %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21342/the-demand-for-new-faculty-in-science-and-engineering %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Education %P 251 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Callahan, Emily A. %T Using Systems Applications to Inform Obesity Solutions: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68172-8 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25900/using-systems-applications-to-inform-obesity-solutions-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25900/using-systems-applications-to-inform-obesity-solutions-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 96 %X The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop on September 16, 2020 titled Using Systems Applications to Inform Obesity Solutions. It explored various systems science approaches (i.e., methodologies and tools) and support structures that could guide future obesity research and action, and featured examples of how these approaches can inform decision making within policy and program areas. Workshop speakers discussed the support structures (e.g., data sources, modeling expertise, training, and partnerships and collaborations) that encourage and engage researchers and decision makers to use systems science approaches to better understand the causes of and solutions to the obesity epidemic. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %T Modeling and Simulation for Engineering Manpower Studies: Proceedings of a Conference, February 9-10, 1976, National Academy of Sciences %D 1977 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21305/modeling-and-simulation-for-engineering-manpower-studies-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21305/modeling-and-simulation-for-engineering-manpower-studies-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Health and Medicine %P 168 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T 2020 Year in Review: Roundtable on Obesity Solutions %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26870/2020-year-in-review-roundtable-on-obesity-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26870/2020-year-in-review-roundtable-on-obesity-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 2 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Interim Report on NASA's Draft Space Technology Roadmaps %@ 978-0-309-21875-7 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13228/an-interim-report-on-nasas-draft-space-technology-roadmaps %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13228/an-interim-report-on-nasas-draft-space-technology-roadmaps %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 64 %X For the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to achieve many of its space science and exploration goals over the next several decades, dramatic advances in space technology will be necessary. NASA has developed a set of 14 draft roadmaps to guide the development of such technologies under the leadership of the NASA Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT). Each roadmap focuses on a particular technology area. OCT requested that the National Research Council conduct a study to review the draft roadmaps, gather and assess relevant community input, and make recommendations and suggest priorities to inform NASA's decisions as it finalizes its roadmaps. The success of OCT's technology development program is essential, because technological breakthroughs have long been the foundation of NASA's successes, from its earliest days, to the Apollo program, to a vast array of space science missions and the International Space Station. An Interim Report of NASA's Technology Roadmap identifies some gaps in the technologies included in the individual roadmaps. The report suggests that the effectiveness of the NASA space technology program can be enhanced by employing proven management practices and principles including increasing program stability, addressing facility issues, and supporting adequate flight tests of new technologies. This interim report provides several additional observations that will be expanded on in the final report to be released in 2012. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities Revisited %@ 978-0-309-44696-9 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23582/nasa-space-technology-roadmaps-and-priorities-revisited %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23582/nasa-space-technology-roadmaps-and-priorities-revisited %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 114 %X Historically, the United States has been a world leader in aerospace endeavors in both the government and commercial sectors. A key factor in aerospace leadership is continuous development of advanced technology, which is critical to U.S. ambitions in space, including a human mission to Mars. To continue to achieve progress, NASA is currently executing a series of aeronautics and space technology programs using a roadmapping process to identify technology needs and improve the management of its technology development portfolio. NASA created a set of 14 draft technology roadmaps in 2010 to guide the development of space technologies. In 2015, NASA issued a revised set of roadmaps. A significant new aspect of the update has been the effort to assess the relevance of the technologies by listing the enabling and enhancing technologies for specific design reference missions (DRMs) from the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate and the Science Mission Directorate. NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities Revisited prioritizes new technologies in the 2015 roadmaps and recommends a methodology for conducting independent reviews of future updates to NASA's space technology roadmaps, which are expected to occur every 4 years. %0 Book %T Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11276/nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11276/nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 19 %X The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. In 2004, workshop reports were issued on power systems and on positioning and sensing technologies. The final report provides an assessment of a wide range of additional technologies. The report also presents a series of findings and recommendations about areas of opportunities for the intelligence community and strategies for exploiting these opportunities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T 2019 Year in Review: Roundtable on Obesity Solutions %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26869/2019-year-in-review-roundtable-on-obesity-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26869/2019-year-in-review-roundtable-on-obesity-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 2 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Sylves, Richard %E Wood, Helen %T Hazards Watch: Reducing the Impacts of Disasters Through Improved Earth Observations: Summary of a Workshop %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10948/hazards-watch-reducing-the-impacts-of-disasters-through-improved-earth %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10948/hazards-watch-reducing-the-impacts-of-disasters-through-improved-earth %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 24 %X How can we use our ability to observe the Earth’s natural systems to create a disaster-resilient society and what challenges and limits remain for Earth observations efforts? A variety of speakers from government and international organizations explored this question at the National Academies 9th Disasters Roundtable (DR) 2003 workshop, Hazards Watch: Reducing Disaster Losses through Improved Earth Observations. The workshop was designed to address the opportunity for reducing disaster losses by making the most of the technologies available through Earth observing systems that produce crucial information for policy makers and practitioners in the risk management community. Such systems, especially when they are integrated, are important tools for providing needed data and information for decision making and more effective disaster reduction and preparedness actions. Earth observing technologies have already helped improve the national warning system in the United States. A set of internationally integrated Earth observation systems promise similar advances in planning and warning efforts for all nations. International collaborative planning related to Earth observing systems is underway to chart a course of action for the next 10-20 years to help address major problems on the planet, including disaster vulnerability in developed and developing societies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne F. %E Bremer, Andrew %E Liao, Julie %E Thévenon, Audrey %T Pivotal Interfaces of Environmental Health and Infectious Disease Research to Inform Responses to Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26270/pivotal-interfaces-of-environmental-health-and-infectious-disease-research-to-inform-responses-to-outbreaks-epidemics-and-pandemics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26270/pivotal-interfaces-of-environmental-health-and-infectious-disease-research-to-inform-responses-to-outbreaks-epidemics-and-pandemics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 12 %X Pathogens are the cause of infectious diseases, but the environment can play an important role in influencing the conditions under which pathogens spread and cause harm. Understanding the complex interplay among people, pathogens, and the environment - broadly encompassing the chemical, biological, physical, and social surroundings - can lead to a more complete picture of where and how infectious diseases emerge, how they spread, and how to respond to outbreaks. The virtual workshop Pivotal Interfaces of Environmental Health and Infectious Disease Research to Inform Responses to Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics was held on June 8-9, 2021. This workshop provided a venue for experts in infectious diseases, environmental health, and data science from government, academia, and the private sector to examine current knowledge about the environment-infectious disease interface and to explore how this knowledge can be used to inform public health decisions. Key workshop topics included how advances in environmental exposure assessments can be applied to identify, predict, and monitor critical infectious disease exposure pathways, and how climate and environmental modeling techniques can be applied to better understand the biology and transmission dynamics of pathogens and provide early warning of emerging threats. In addition, workshop sessions explored critical data gaps at the environment-infectious disease interface and provided insight on how new and emerging techniques can be applied to address those data gaps, especially through the integration of tools used in environmental health and infectious disease research. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessment of Approaches to Updating the Social Cost of Carbon: Phase 1 Report on a Near-Term Update %@ 978-0-309-39145-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21898/assessment-of-approaches-to-updating-the-social-cost-of-carbon %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21898/assessment-of-approaches-to-updating-the-social-cost-of-carbon %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 72 %X The social cost of carbon (SCC) for a given year is an estimate, in dollars, of the present discounted value of the damage caused by a 1-metric ton increase in CO2 emissions into the atmosphere in that year; or equivalently, the benefits of reducing CO2 emissions by the same amount in that given year. The SCC is intended to provide a comprehensive measure of the monetized value of the net damages from global climate change from an additional unit of CO2, including, but not limited to, changes in net agricultural productivity, energy use, human health effects, and property damages from increased flood risk. Federal agencies use the SCC to value the CO2 emissions impacts of various policies including emission and fuel economy standards for vehicles, regulations of industrial air pollutants from industrial manufacturing, emission standards for power plants and solid waste incineration, and appliance energy efficiency standards. There are significant challenges to estimating a dollar value that reflects all the physical, human, ecological, and economic impacts of climate change. Recognizing that the models and scientific data underlying the SCC estimates evolve and improve over time, the federal government made a commitment to provide regular updates to the estimates. To assist with future revisions of the SCC, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Carbon (IWG) requested the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine complete a study that assessed the merits and challenges of a limited near-term update to the SCC and of a comprehensive update of the SCC to ensure that the estimates reflect the best available science. This interim report focuses on near-term updates to the SCC estimates. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Callahan, Emily A. %T Integrating Systems and Sectors Toward Obesity Solutions: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-67620-5 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25766/integrating-systems-and-sectors-toward-obesity-solutions-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25766/integrating-systems-and-sectors-toward-obesity-solutions-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 120 %X A virtual workshop titled Integrating Systems and Sectors Toward Obesity Solutions, held April 6, 2020 (Part I), and June 30, 2020 (Part II), was convened by the Roundtable on Obesity Solutions, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The workshop introduced the concept of complex systems and the field of systems science, and explored systems science approaches to obesity solutions. Speakers provided an overview of systems science theories, approaches, and applications, highlighting examples from within and outside the obesity field. Presentations and discussions examined complex systems in society that have the potential to shape public health and well-being, and considered opportunities for systems change as they relate to obesity solutions. Specifically, the workshop explored factors that can influence obesity - such as (in)equity, relationships, connections, networks, capacity, power dynamics, social determinants, and political will - and how these factors can impact communications and cross-sector collaboration to address obesity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications %@ 978-0-309-03993-2 %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1219/ground-water-models-scientific-and-regulatory-applications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1219/ground-water-models-scientific-and-regulatory-applications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 324 %X The discovery of toxic pollution at Love Canal brought ground water contamination to the forefront of public attention. Since then, ground water science and modeling have become increasingly important in evaluating contamination, setting regulations, and resolving liability issues in court. A clearly written explanation of ground water processes and modeling, Ground Water Models focuses on the practical aspects of model application. It: examines the role of models in regulation, litigation, and policy development; explains ground water processes and describes specific applications for models; presents emerging technologies; and offers specific recommendations for better use of ground water science in policy formation. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Effectiveness of National Biosurveillance Systems: BioWatch and the Public Health System: Interim Report %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12599/effectiveness-of-national-biosurveillance-systems-biowatch-and-the-public-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12599/effectiveness-of-national-biosurveillance-systems-biowatch-and-the-public-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %P 30 %X For many years, concerns about bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases have drawn attention to the need for strong surveillance systems. Experts are working to develop new and better ways to detect these biological threats as quickly as possible. One effort in this area is the Department of Homeland Security's BioWatch program. To evaluate the effectiveness of the BioWatch program, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC) convened the Committee on Effectiveness of National Biosurveillance Systems: BioWatch and the Public Health System. This interim report contains no findings and recommendations, but outlines the committee's initial progress. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Aligning the Governance Structure of the NNSA Laboratories to Meet 21st Century National Security Challenges %@ 978-0-309-32337-6 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19326/aligning-the-governance-structure-of-the-nnsa-laboratories-to-meet-21st-century-national-security-challenges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19326/aligning-the-governance-structure-of-the-nnsa-laboratories-to-meet-21st-century-national-security-challenges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 96 %X Aligning the Governance Structure of the NNSA Laboratories to Meet 21st Century National Security Challenges is an independent assessment regarding the transition of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) laboratories - Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratories - to multiagency, federally funded research and development centers with direct sustainment and sponsorship by multiple national security agencies. This report makes recommendations for the governance of NNSA laboratories to better align with the evolving national security landscape and the laboratories' increasing engagement with the other national security agencies, while simultaneously encouraging the best technical solutions to national problems from the entire range of national security establishments. According to this report, the Department of Energy should remain the sole sponsor of the NNSA laboratories as federally funded research and development centers. The NNSA laboratories will remain a critically important resource to meet U.S. national security needs for many decades to come. The recommendations of Aligning the Governance Structure of the NNSA Laboratories to Meet 21st Century National Security Challenges will improve the governance of the laboratories and strengthen their strategic relationship with the non-DOE national security agencies.