%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Reproducibility and Replicability in Science %@ 978-0-309-48616-3 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Surveys and Statistics %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 256 %X One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Debad, Susan J. %T Learning from the Science of Cognition and Perception for Decision Making: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47634-8 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25118/learning-from-the-science-of-cognition-and-perception-for-decision-making %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25118/learning-from-the-science-of-cognition-and-perception-for-decision-making %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 78 %X Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The fourth workshop focused on the science of cognition and perception, and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arrison, Thomas %E Saunders, Jennifer %E Kameyama, Emi %T Developing a Toolkit for Fostering Open Science Practices: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09361-3 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 120 %X The National Academies Roundtable on Aligning Incentives for Open Science, established in 2019, has taken on an important role in addressing issues with open science. The roundtable convenes critical stakeholders to discuss the effectiveness of current incentives for adopting open science practices, current barriers of all types, and ways to move forward in order to align reward structures and institutional values. The Roundtable convened a virtual public workshop on fostering open science practices on November 5, 2020. The broad goal of the workshop was to identify paths to growing the nascent coalition of stakeholders committed to reenvisioning credit/reward systems (e.g., academic hiring, tenure and promotion, and grants)to fully incentivize open science practices. The workshop explored the information and resource needs of researchers, research institutions, government agencies, philanthropies, professional societies, and other stakeholders interested in further supporting and implementing open science practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul E. %T For Attribution: Developing Data Attribution and Citation Practices and Standards: Summary of an International Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26728-1 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13564/for-attribution-developing-data-attribution-and-citation-practices-and-standards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13564/for-attribution-developing-data-attribution-and-citation-practices-and-standards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 238 %X The growth of electronic publishing of literature has created new challenges, such as the need for mechanisms for citing online references in ways that can assure discoverability and retrieval for many years into the future. The growth in online datasets presents related, yet more complex challenges. It depends upon the ability to reliably identify, locate, access, interpret, and verify the version, integrity, and provenance of digital datasets. Data citation standards and good practices can form the basis for increased incentives, recognition, and rewards for scientific data activities that in many cases are currently lacking in many fields of research. The rapidly-expanding universe of online digital data holds the promise of allowing peer-examination and review of conclusions or analysis based on experimental or observational data, the integration of data into new forms of scholarly publishing, and the ability for subsequent users to make new and unforeseen uses and analyses of the same data-either in isolation, or in combination with, other datasets. The problem of citing online data is complicated by the lack of established practices for referring to portions or subsets of data. There are a number of initiatives in different organizations, countries, and disciplines already underway. An important set of technical and policy approaches have already been launched by the U.S. National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and other standards bodies regarding persistent identifiers and online linking. The workshop summarized in For Attribution -- Developing Data Attribution and Citation Practices and Standards: Summary of an International Workshop was organized by a steering committee under the National Research Council's (NRC's) Board on Research Data and Information, in collaboration with an international CODATA-ICSTI Task Group on Data Citation Standards and Practices. The purpose of the symposium was to examine a number of key issues related to data identification, attribution, citation, and linking to help coordinate activities in this area internationally, and to promote common practices and standards in the scientific community. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul F. %T The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26791-5 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18258/the-future-of-scientific-knowledge-discovery-in-open-networked-environments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18258/the-future-of-scientific-knowledge-discovery-in-open-networked-environments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Computers and Information Technology %P 200 %X Digital technologies and networks are now part of everyday work in the sciences, and have enhanced access to and use of scientific data, information, and literature significantly. They offer the promise of accelerating the discovery and communication of knowledge, both within the scientific community and in the broader society, as scientific data and information are made openly available online. The focus of this project was on computer-mediated or computational scientific knowledge discovery, taken broadly as any research processes enabled by digital computing technologies. Such technologies may include data mining, information retrieval and extraction, artificial intelligence, distributed grid computing, and others. These technological capabilities support computer-mediated knowledge discovery, which some believe is a new paradigm in the conduct of research. The emphasis was primarily on digitally networked data, rather than on the scientific, technical, and medical literature. The meeting also focused mostly on the advantages of knowledge discovery in open networked environments, although some of the disadvantages were raised as well. The workshop brought together a set of stakeholders in this area for intensive and structured discussions. The purpose was not to make a final declaration about the directions that should be taken, but to further the examination of trends in computational knowledge discovery in the open networked environments, based on the following questions and tasks: 1. Opportunities and Benefits: What are the opportunities over the next 5 to 10 years associated with the use of computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery across disciplines in the open online environment? What are the potential benefits to science and society of such techniques? 2. Techniques and Methods for Development and Study of Computer-mediated Scientific Knowledge Discovery: What are the techniques and methods used in government, academia, and industry to study and understand these processes, the validity and reliability of their results, and their impact inside and outside science? 3. Barriers: What are the major scientific, technological, institutional, sociological, and policy barriers to computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery in the open online environment within the scientific community? What needs to be known and studied about each of these barriers to help achieve the opportunities for interdisciplinary science and complex problem solving? 4. Range of Options: Based on the results obtained in response to items 1-3, define a range of options that can be used by the sponsors of the project, as well as other similar organizations, to obtain and promote a better understanding of the computer-mediated scientific knowledge discovery processes and mechanisms for openly available data and information online across the scientific domains. The objective of defining these options is to improve the activities of the sponsors (and other similar organizations) and the activities of researchers that they fund externally in this emerging research area. The Future of Scientific Knowledge Discovery in Open Networked Environments: Summary of a Workshop summarizes the responses to these questions and tasks at hand. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age %@ 978-0-309-13684-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12615/ensuring-the-integrity-accessibility-and-stewardship-of-research-data-in-the-digital-age %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12615/ensuring-the-integrity-accessibility-and-stewardship-of-research-data-in-the-digital-age %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 178 %X As digital technologies are expanding the power and reach of research, they are also raising complex issues. These include complications in ensuring the validity of research data; standards that do not keep pace with the high rate of innovation; restrictions on data sharing that reduce the ability of researchers to verify results and build on previous research; and huge increases in the amount of data being generated, creating severe challenges in preserving that data for long-term use. Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age examines the consequences of the changes affecting research data with respect to three issues - integrity, accessibility, and stewardship-and finds a need for a new approach to the design and the management of research projects. The report recommends that all researchers receive appropriate training in the management of research data, and calls on researchers to make all research data, methods, and other information underlying results publicly accessible in a timely manner. The book also sees the stewardship of research data as a critical long-term task for the research enterprise and its stakeholders. Individual researchers, research institutions, research sponsors, professional societies, and journals involved in scientific, engineering, and medical research will find this book an essential guide to the principles affecting research data in the digital age. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schwalbe, Michelle %T Statistical Challenges in Assessing and Fostering the Reproducibility of Scientific Results: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-39202-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21915/statistical-challenges-in-assessing-and-fostering-the-reproducibility-of-scientific-results %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21915/statistical-challenges-in-assessing-and-fostering-the-reproducibility-of-scientific-results %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 132 %X Questions about the reproducibility of scientific research have been raised in numerous settings and have gained visibility through several high-profile journal and popular press articles. Quantitative issues contributing to reproducibility challenges have been considered (including improper data measurement and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, and incomplete data, among others), but there is no clear consensus on how best to approach or to minimize these problems. A lack of reproducibility of scientific results has created some distrust in scientific findings among the general public, scientists, funding agencies, and industries. While studies fail for a variety of reasons, many factors contribute to the lack of perfect reproducibility, including insufficient training in experimental design, misaligned incentives for publication and the implications for university tenure, intentional manipulation, poor data management and analysis, and inadequate instances of statistical inference. The workshop summarized in this report was designed not to address the social and experimental challenges but instead to focus on the latter issues of improper data management and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, incomplete data, and difficulties applying sound statistic inference to the available data. Many efforts have emerged over recent years to draw attention to and improve reproducibility of scientific work. This report uniquely focuses on the statistical perspective of three issues: the extent of reproducibility, the causes of reproducibility failures, and the potential remedies for these failures. %0 Book %T Proceedings of the Workshop on Promoting Access to Scientific and Technical Data for the Public Interest: An Assessment of Policy Options %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9693/proceedings-of-the-workshop-on-promoting-access-to-scientific-and-technical-data-for-the-public-interest %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9693/proceedings-of-the-workshop-on-promoting-access-to-scientific-and-technical-data-for-the-public-interest %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 390 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alexander, Jeffrey %E Leonchuk, Lena %E Gallaher, Michael %E Jordan, Gretchen B. %T Evaluation of the Exploratory Advanced Research Program %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26616/evaluation-of-the-exploratory-advanced-research-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26616/evaluation-of-the-exploratory-advanced-research-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 72 %X Beginning in 2019, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requested that TRB be directly involved in managing evaluations of selected projects undertaken by the agency. The TRB Cooperative Research Program's CRP Special Release 2: Evaluation of the Exploratory Advanced Research Program presents an evaluation of the program, which works on a range of topics, including human-automation interaction, safety improvements through advanced data analysis, innovative materials for highway pavements and structures, methods to improve transportation system resilience, and technologies for alternative fuels development. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 89 %@ 978-0-309-11372-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12042/biographical-memoirs-volume-89 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12042/biographical-memoirs-volume-89 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 422 %X On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy's goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good. The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject's work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation's contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Fostering Research on the Economic and Social Impacts of Information Technology %@ 978-0-309-06032-5 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6269/fostering-research-on-the-economic-and-social-impacts-of-information-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 228 %X The tremendous growth in use of information technology (IT) has led to an increased interest in understanding its social and economic impacts. This book presents examples of crosscutting research that has been conducted to understand the impact of information technology on personal, community, and business activities. It explores ways in which the use of methodology from economics and social sciences contributes to important advances in understanding these impacts. The book discusses significant research issues and concerns and suggests approaches for fostering increased interdisciplinary research on the impacts of information technology and making the results of this research more accessible to the public and policymakers. This volume is expected to influence funding priorities and levels of support for interdisciplinary research of this kind. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Uhlir, Paul F. %T Designing the Microbial Research Commons: Proceedings of an International Symposium %@ 978-0-309-21979-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13245/designing-the-microbial-research-commons-proceedings-of-an-international-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13245/designing-the-microbial-research-commons-proceedings-of-an-international-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 228 %X Recent decades have witnessed an ever-increasing range and volume of digital data. All elements of the pillars of science--whether observation, experiment, or theory and modeling--are being transformed by the continuous cycle of generation, dissemination, and use of factual information. This is even more so in terms of the re-using and re-purposing of digital scientific data beyond the original intent of the data collectors, often with dramatic results. We all know about the potential benefits and impacts of digital data, but we are also aware of the barriers, the challenges in maximizing the access, and use of such data. There is thus a need to think about how a data infrastructure can enhance capabilities for finding, using, and integrating information to accelerate discovery and innovation. How can we best implement an accessible, interoperable digital environment so that the data can be repeatedly used by a wide variety of users in different settings and with different applications? With this objective: to use the microbial communities and microbial data, literature, and the research materials themselves as a test case, the Board on Research Data and Information held an International Symposium on Designing the Microbial Research Commons at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC on 8-9 October 2009. The symposium addressed topics such as models to lower the transaction costs and support access to and use of microbiological materials and digital resources from the perspective of publicly funded research, public-private interactions, and developing country concerns. The overall goal of the symposium was to stimulate more research and implementation of improved legal and institutional models for publicly funded research in microbiology. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Assessment of the National Science Foundation's Science and Technology Centers Program %@ 978-0-309-05324-2 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5401/an-assessment-of-the-national-science-foundations-science-and-technology-centers-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5401/an-assessment-of-the-national-science-foundations-science-and-technology-centers-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 97 %X The National Science Foundation requested that the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy of the NAS, the NAE, and the IOM form a panel to evaluate the accomplishments of the NSF Science and Technology Centers program (not individual centers) against its goals in research, education, and knowledge transfer. This report is the result of the work of the panel charged with that effort, and provides recommendations for moving forward. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Research-Management and Peer-Review Practices %@ 978-0-309-07127-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9882/strengthening-science-at-the-us-environmental-protection-agency-research-management %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9882/strengthening-science-at-the-us-environmental-protection-agency-research-management %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 178 %X In the three decades since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created, the agency's scientific and technical practices and credibility have been independently assessed many times in reports from the National Research Council (NRC), EPA Science Advisory Board, General Accounting Office, and many other organizations; in congressional oversight and judicial proceedings; and in countless criticisms and lawsuits from stakeholders with interests in particular EPA regulatory decisions. As a previous independent panel put it in the 1992 report Safeguarding the Future: Credible Science, Credible Decisions, EPA's policy and regulatory work receives a great deal of public attention, but the agency's scientific performance typically receives a similar degree of attention only when the scientific basis for a decision is questioned. Thus, strong scientific performance is important not only to enable EPA to make informed and effective decisions, but also to gain credibility and public support for the environmental protection efforts of EPA and the nation. This report is the fourth and final one in a series prepared by two independent expert committees convened by the NRC in response to a request from Congress and to subsequent, related requests from EPA. The Committee on Research Opportunities and Priorities for EPA—the companion committee in this study—was charged to provide an overview of significant emerging environmental issues, identify and prioritize research themes most relevant to understanding and resolving those issues, and consider the role of EPA's research program in the context of research being conducted or supported by other organizations. That committee published an interim report in 1996 and a final report, Building a Foundation for Sound Environmental Decisions, in 1997. The Committee on Research and Peer Review in EPA was charged to evaluate research management and scientific peer-review practices in the agency. The committee published an interim report in 1995 and this final report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Fostering Integrity in Research %@ 978-0-309-39125-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21896/fostering-integrity-in-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21896/fostering-integrity-in-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 326 %X The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support – or distort – practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge. The 1992 report Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process evaluated issues related to scientific responsibility and the conduct of research. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. However, as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. Responsible Science served as a valuable benchmark to set the context for this most recent analysis and to help guide the committee's thought process. Fostering Integrity in Research identifies best practices in research and recommends practical options for discouraging and addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices. %0 Book %T A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States (with CD) %@ 978-0-309-16030-8 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12994/a-data-based-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states-with-cd %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12994/a-data-based-assessment-of-research-doctorate-programs-in-the-united-states-with-cd %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 322 %X A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States provides an unparalleled dataset that can be used to assess the quality and effectiveness of doctoral programs based on measures important to faculty, students, administrators, funders, and other stakeholders. The data, collected for the 2005-2006 academic year from more than 5,000 doctoral programs at 212 universities, covers 62 fields. Included for each program are such characteristics as faculty publications, grants, and awards; student GRE scores, financial support, and employment outcomes; and program size, time to degree, and faculty composition. Measures of faculty and student diversity are also included. The book features analysis of selected findings across six broad fields: agricultural sciences, biological and health sciences, engineering, physical and mathematical sciences, social and behavioral sciences, and humanities, as well as a discussion of trends in doctoral education since the last assessment in 1995, and suggested uses of the data . It also includes a detailed explanation of the methodology used to collect data and calculate ranges of illustrative rankings. Included with the book is a comprehensive CD-ROM with a data table in Microsoft Excel. In addition to data on the characteristics of individual programs, the data table contains illustrative ranges of rankings for each program, as well as ranges of rankings for three dimensions of program quality: (1) research activity, (2) student support and outcomes, and (3) diversity of the academic environment. As an aid to users, the data table is offered with demonstrations of some Microsoft Excel features that may enhance the usability of the spreadsheet, such as hiding and unhiding columns, copying and pasting columns to a new worksheet, and filtering and sorting data. Also provided with the data table are a set of scenarios that show how typical users may want to extract data from the spreadsheet. PhDs.org, an independent website not affiliated with the National Research Council, incorporated data from the research-doctorate assessment into its Graduate School Guide. Users of the Guide can choose the weights assigned to the program characteristics measured by the National Research Council and others, and rank graduate programs according to their own priorities. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Program for Research in Military Nursing: Progress and Future Direction %@ 978-0-309-05490-4 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5257/the-program-for-research-in-military-nursing-progress-and-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5257/the-program-for-research-in-military-nursing-progress-and-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 128 %X High-quality nursing care is essential to obtaining favorable patient outcomes, no less so in military than in civilian settings. Military nursing research focuses on enhancing health care delivery systems and processes to improve clinical outcomes, to advance the practice of military nursing in support of mission readiness and deployment, and to improve the health status and quality of life of military personnel and their beneficiaries. This volume reviews the military nursing research program of the TriService Nursing Research Program in terms of its management, funding, allocation of resources, and identification of program goals. The book also contains the results of that study and the committee's recommendations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Computing and Communications in the Extreme: Research for Crisis Management and Other Applications %@ 978-0-309-05540-6 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5280/computing-and-communications-in-the-extreme-research-for-crisis-management %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5280/computing-and-communications-in-the-extreme-research-for-crisis-management %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 176 %X This book synthesizes the findings of three workshops on research issues in high-performance computing and communications (HPCC). It focuses on the role that computing and communications can play in supporting federal, state, and local emergency management officials who deal with natural and man-made hazards (e.g., toxic spills, terrorist bombings). The volume also identifies specific research challenges for HPCC in meeting unmet technology needs in crisis management and other nationally important application areas, such as manufacturing, health care, digital libraries, and electronic commerce and banking. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Analysis of Global Change Assessments: Lessons Learned %@ 978-0-309-10485-2 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11868/analysis-of-global-change-assessments-lessons-learned %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11868/analysis-of-global-change-assessments-lessons-learned %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 196 %X Global change assessments inform decision makers about the scientific underpinnings of a range of environmental issues, such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and loss of biodiversity. Dozens of assessments have been conducted to date by various U.S. and international groups, many of them influencing public policies, technology development, and research directions. This report analyzes strengths and weaknesses of eight past assessments to inform future efforts. Common elements of effective assessments include strong leadership, extensive engagement with interested and affected parties, a transparent science-policy interface, and well defined communication strategies. The report identifies 11 essential elements of effective assessments and recommends that future assessments include decision support tools that make use of information at the regional and local level where decisions are made. %0 Book %E Raven, Peter H. %E Williams, Tania %T Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World %@ 978-0-309-06555-9 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6142/nature-and-human-society-the-quest-for-a-sustainable-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6142/nature-and-human-society-the-quest-for-a-sustainable-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 644 %X From earliest times, human beings have noticed patterns in nature: night and day, tides and lunar cycles, the changing seasons, plant succession, and animal migration. While recognizing patterns conferred great survival advantage, we are now in danger from our own success in multiplying our numbers and altering those patterns for our own purposes. It is imperative that we engage again with the patterns of nature, but this time, with awareness of our impact as a species. How will burgeoning human populations affect the health of ecosystems? Is loss of species simply a regrettable byproduct of human expansion? Or is the planet passing into a new epoch in just a few human generations? Nature and Human Society presents a wide-ranging exploration of these and other fundamental questions about our relationship with the environment. This book features findings, insights, and informed speculations from key figures in the field: E.O. Wilson, Thomas Lovejoy, Peter H. Raven, Gretchen Daily, David Suzuki, Norman Myers, Paul Erlich, Michael Bean, and many others. This volume explores the accelerated extinction of species and what we stand to lose—medicines, energy sources, crop pollination and pest control, the ability of water and soil to renew itself through biological processes, aesthetic and recreational benefits—and how these losses may be felt locally and acutely. What are the specific threats to biodiversity? The book explores human population growth, the homogenization of biota as a result in tourism and trade, and other factors, including the social influences of law, religious belief, and public education. Do we have the tools to protect biodiversity? The book looks at molecular genetics, satellite data, tools borrowed from medicine, and other scientific techniques to firm up our grasp of important processes in biology and earth science, including the "new" science of conservation biology. Nature and Human Society helps us renew our understanding and appreciation for natural patterns, with surprising details about microorganisms, nematodes, and other overlooked forms of life: their numbers, pervasiveness, and importance to the health of the soil, water, and air and to a host of human endeavors. This book will be of value to anyone who believes that the world's gross natural product is as important as the world's gross national product.