%0 Book %T Arctic Ice: A Visual Archive: A unique collaboration among Cy Keener, Justine Holzman, Ignatius Rigor, and John Woods %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26948/arctic-ice-a-visual-archive-a-unique-collaboration-among-cy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26948/arctic-ice-a-visual-archive-a-unique-collaboration-among-cy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 17 %X From September 15, 2022, through February 15, 2023, Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences presented the exhibition Arctic Ice: A Visual Archive. It featured two new bodies of work - Iceberg Portraiture and Sea Ice Daily Drawings - integrating field data, remote satellite imagery, scientific analysis, and multimedia visual representation to document Arctic ice that is disappearing due to climate change. The work was the outcome of a four-year collaboration spanning art, design, and polar science between artist Cy Keener, landscape researcher Justine Holzman, climatologist Ignatius Rigor, and scientist John Woods. With this work, the collaborators goal is to make scientific data tangible, visceral, and experiential. Much of what researchers know about the oceans and about sea ice has been gained through environmental modeling devices, deployed at different times in different locations. When combined, this data becomes the substance of complex and ever-evolving scientific research. This exhibition provides a small window into the datasets that compose climate science. This publication is a documentation of the exhibition and features an essay by Ignatius Rigor and an interview with Cy Keener and Justine Holzman. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Entwisle, Barbara %E Stern, Paul C. %T Population, Land Use, and Environment: Research Directions %@ 978-0-309-09655-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11439/population-land-use-and-environment-research-directions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11439/population-land-use-and-environment-research-directions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Earth Sciences %P 344 %X Population, Land Use, and Environment: Research Directions offers recommendations for future research to improve understanding of how changes in human populations affect the natural environment by means of changes in land use, such as deforestation, urban development, and development of coastal zones. It also features a set of state-of-the-art papers by leading researchers that analyze population-land useenvironment relationships in urban and rural settings in developed and underdeveloped countries and that show how remote sensing and other observational methods are being applied to these issues. This book will serve as a resource for researchers, research funders, and students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Ecological Indicators for the Nation %@ 978-0-309-06845-1 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9720/ecological-indicators-for-the-nation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9720/ecological-indicators-for-the-nation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 198 %X Environmental indicators, such as global temperatures and pollutant concentrations, attract scientists' attention and often make the headlines. Equally important to policymaking are indicators of the ecological processes and conditions that yield food, fiber, building materials and ecological "services" such as water purification and recreation. This book identifies ecological indicators that can support U.S. policymaking and also be adapted to decisions at the regional and local levels. The committee describes indicators of land cover and productivity, species diversity, and other key ecological processes—explaining why each indicator is useful, what models support the indicator, what the measured values will mean, how the relevant data are gathered, how data collection might be improved, and what effects emerging technologies are likely to have on the measurements. The committee reviews how it arrived at its recommendations and explores how the indicators can contribute to policymaking. Also included are interesting details on paleoecology, satellite imagery, species diversity, and other aspects of ecological assessment. Federal, state, and local decision-makers, as well as environmental scientists and practitioners, will be especially interested in this new book. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olsen, Michael J. %E Raugust, John D. %E Roe, Gene V. %T Use of Advanced Geospatial Data, Tools, Technologies, and Information in Department of Transportation Projects %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22539/use-of-advanced-geospatial-data-tools-technologies-and-information-in-department-of-transportation-projects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22539/use-of-advanced-geospatial-data-tools-technologies-and-information-in-department-of-transportation-projects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 87 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 446: Use of Advanced Geospatial Data, Tools, Technologies, and Information in Department of Transportation Projects that explores the development, documentation, and introduction of advanced geospatial technologies within departments of transportation.The report also provides a discussion of strengths and weaknesses of leading technologies, and how they are being used today.Appendix D: Primary Geospatial Contacts is not included in the print version of the report. It is only available in electronic format. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Gould, James P. %E Lemer, Andrew C. %T Toward Infrastructure Improvement: An Agenda for Research %@ 978-0-309-05144-6 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4753/toward-infrastructure-improvement-an-agenda-for-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4753/toward-infrastructure-improvement-an-agenda-for-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 144 %X This book advises the federal government on a national infrastructure research agenda. It takes the position that the traditional disciplinary and institutional divisions among infrastructure modes and professions are largely historical artifacts that impose barriers to the development of new technology and encourages the government to embrace a more interdisciplinary approach. In order to be practical, the study focuses on infrastructure technologies that can be incorporated into or overlay current systems, allow for alternative future alternative future urban development, and are likely to have value cutting across the distinct functional modes of infrastructure. Finally, the report is organized according to seven broad cross-cutting areas that should promote interdisciplinary approaches to infrastructure problems: systems life-cycle management, analysis and decision tools, information management, condition assessment and monitoring technology, the science of materials performance and deterioration, construction equipment and procedures, and technology management. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Robertson, Andrew %E Olson, Steve %T Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts: Report of a Workshop by the National Academy of Engineering and United States Institute of Peace Roundtable on Technology, Science, and Peacebuilding %@ 978-0-309-28611-4 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18349/sensing-and-shaping-emerging-conflicts-report-of-a-workshop-by %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18349/sensing-and-shaping-emerging-conflicts-report-of-a-workshop-by %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 68 %X Technology has revolutionized many aspects of modern life, from how businesses operate, to how people get information, to how countries wage war. Certain technologies in particular, including not only cell phones and the Internet but also satellites, drones, and sensors of various kinds, are transforming the work of mitigating conflict and building peaceful societies. Rapid increases in the capabilities and availability of digital technologies have put powerful communications devices in the hands of most of the world's population. These technologies enable one-to-one and one-to-many flows of information, connecting people in conflict settings to individuals and groups outside those settings and, conversely, linking humanitarian organizations to people threatened by violence. Communications within groups have also intensified and diversified as the group members use new technologies to exchange text, images, video, and audio. Monitoring and analysis of the flow and content of this information can yield insights into how violence can be prevented or mitigated. In this way technologies and the resulting information can be used to detect and analyze, or sense, impending conflict or developments in ongoing conflict. On October 11, 2012, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) held a workshop in Washington, DC, to identify "major opportunities and impediments to providing better real-time information to actors directly involved in situations that could lead to deadly violence." The workshop brought together experts in technology, experts in peacebuilding, and people who have worked at the intersections of those two fields on the applications of technology in conflict settings, to consider uses of technology to sense emerging and ongoing conflicts and provide information and analyses that can be used to prevent violent and deadly conflict. Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the United States Institute of Peace: Roundtable on Technology, Science, and Peacebuilding summarizes the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology %D 1981 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18646/techniques-for-the-study-of-primate-population-ecology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18646/techniques-for-the-study-of-primate-population-ecology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 255 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %E Bremer, Andrew %E Linn, Anne %T Leveraging Advances in Remote Geospatial Technologies to Inform Precision Environmental Health Decisions: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26265/leveraging-advances-in-remote-geospatial-technologies-to-inform-precision-environmental-health-decisions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26265/leveraging-advances-in-remote-geospatial-technologies-to-inform-precision-environmental-health-decisions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 12 %X Leveraging Advances in Remote Geospatial Technologies to Inform Precision Environmental Health Decisions, a virtual workshop held on April 14-15, 2021, explored how advances in geospatial technologies can inform precision environmental health, the targeted public health interventions that reach the right populations at the right time. The workshop was organized by a planning committee of the Standing Committee on the Use of Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine program that examines and discusses issues regarding the use of new science, tools, and methodologies for environmental health research and decisions. The workshop included plenary and scientific presentations that focused on technical advances and applications of remote geospatial technologies in environmental health. The workshop was organized around three main sessions: leveraging geospatial technologies to advance environmental justice and health equity; personalizing exposure science to improve environmental health; and geospatial science for preparing for and responding to environmental disasters. The workshop's final session centered on breakout discussions on major cross-cutting themes including data availability; data integration; training and capacity building; and privacy and ethics. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %T Information Systems and Measurement for Assessing Program Effects: Implications for Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9041/information-systems-and-measurement-for-assessing-program-effects-implications-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9041/information-systems-and-measurement-for-assessing-program-effects-implications-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 17 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The New Year's Eve Flood on Oahu, Hawaii: December 31, 1987 - January 1, 1988 %@ 978-0-309-04433-2 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1748/the-new-years-eve-flood-on-oahu-hawaii-december-31 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1748/the-new-years-eve-flood-on-oahu-hawaii-december-31 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 88 %X The flood that greeted the new year in 1988 brought home the uncomfortable realization that many suburban areas of eastern Oahu are at risk from sudden and, in some cases, unpredictable flooding. Torrential rains fell over the southeastern portion of the island on New Year's Eve, precipitating major flooding in several suburban neighborhoods and resulting in $34 million in damages. Neither the current meteorological capabilities nor the present flood control structures for the Oahu area proved adequate to predict or control the deluge. This book documents and analyzes the meteorological conditions leading to the torrential rains, the causes and patterns of flooding, the performance of flood control structures in affected areas, the extent of damages, and the effectiveness of the local emergency response and recovery actions. Conclusions and recommendations are drawn from the analyses. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Oceanography and Naval Special Warfare: Opportunities and Challenges %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5916/oceanography-and-naval-special-warfare-opportunities-and-challenges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5916/oceanography-and-naval-special-warfare-opportunities-and-challenges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 100 %X Missions by Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) teams and other naval units involved in Naval Special Warfare encompass some of the most unique and arduous challenges facing naval personnel in combat situations. Real-time decision- making is crucial, and the need for adequate and accurate environmental data is paramount for minimizing uncertainty, reducing risk, and ensuring mission success. Based on discussions among more than 100 scientists, managers, and warfighters during the fifth in a series of symposia, this book summarizes the SEAL teams' mission and methods, the importance of environmental data in planning and executing naval special operations, and ways to expand the Navy's ability to support this elite group of warfighters. (Color photographs and satellite imagery) %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Challenges in Machine Generation of Analytic Products from Multi-Source Data: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46573-1 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24900/challenges-in-machine-generation-of-analytic-products-from-multi-source-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24900/challenges-in-machine-generation-of-analytic-products-from-multi-source-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Surveys and Statistics %P 70 %X The Intelligence Community Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on August 9-10, 2017 to examine challenges in machine generation of analytic products from multi-source data. Workshop speakers and participants discussed research challenges related to machine-based methods for generating analytic products and for automating the evaluation of these products, with special attention to learning from small data, using multi-source data, adversarial learning, and understanding the human-machine relationship. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Enhancing Urban Sustainability with Data, Modeling, and Simulation: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49411-3 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25480/enhancing-urban-sustainability-with-data-modeling-and-simulation-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25480/enhancing-urban-sustainability-with-data-modeling-and-simulation-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Surveys and Statistics %P 108 %X On January 30-31, 2019 the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, in collaboration with the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, convened a workshop in Washington, D.C. to explore the frontiers of mathematics and data science needs for sustainable urban communities. The workshop strengthened the emerging interdisciplinary network of practitioners, business leaders, government officials, nonprofit stakeholders, academics, and policy makers using data, modeling, and simulation for urban and community sustainability, and addressed common challenges that the community faces. Presentations highlighted urban sustainability research efforts and programs under way, including research into air quality, water management, waste disposal, and social equity and discussed promising urban sustainability research questions that improved use of big data, modeling, and simulation can help address. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T People and Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing and Social Science %@ 978-0-309-06408-8 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5963/people-and-pixels-linking-remote-sensing-and-social-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5963/people-and-pixels-linking-remote-sensing-and-social-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 256 %X Space-based sensors are giving us an ever-closer and more comprehensive look at the earth's surface; they also have the potential to tell us about human activity. This volume examines the possibilities for using remote sensing technology to improve understanding of social processes and human-environment interactions. Examples include deforestation and regrowth in Brazil, population-environment interactions in Thailand, ancient and modern rural development in Guatemala, and urbanization in the United States, as well as early warnings of famine and disease outbreaks. The book also provides information on current sources of remotely sensed data and metadata and discusses what is involved in establishing effective collaborative efforts between scientists working with remote sensing technology and those working on social and environmental issues. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Arrison, Thomas %E Carrero-Martinez, Franklin %E Saunders, Jennifer %E Kameyama, Emi %T Data-Informed Societies Achieving Sustainability: Tasks for the Global Scientific, Engineering, and Medical Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26513/data-informed-societies-achieving-sustainability-tasks-for-the-global-scientific-engineering-and-medical-communities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26513/data-informed-societies-achieving-sustainability-tasks-for-the-global-scientific-engineering-and-medical-communities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 13 %X The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by all United Nations Member States, offers a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future." The Agenda outlines 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which address a range of global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation, among others. Advances in technology and the proliferation of data are providing new opportunities for monitoring and tracking the progress of the SDGs. Yet, with these advances come significant challenges, such as a lack infrastructure, knowledge, and capacity to support big data. To further examine how the global scientific, engineering, and medical communities can better facilitate the effective use of data to advance sustainability in the context of the SDGs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Board on Research Data and Information and the Science and Technology for Sustainability Program convened a virtual public workshop on September 9-10, 2021. The workshop examined current efforts and initiatives to harness data and data-driven services to advance sustainability around the world. Workshop discussions also explored crosscutting issues, including strengthening the engagement of scientific, engineering, and medical communities on data-related issues, addressing disparities in the ability of societies to utilize data, and lessons learned from global experience with the COVID-19 pandemic. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Technologies for Improving Safety Data %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23155/technologies-for-improving-safety-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23155/technologies-for-improving-safety-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 102 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Syntheses 367: Technologies for Improving Safety Data explores new technologies for the acquisition, processing, and overall management of crash, roadway inventory, and traffic operations data. The report examines the current state-of-the-practice and state-of-the-art use of technologies for efficient and effective collection and maintenance of data for highway safety analysis. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Tools and Methods for Estimating Populations at Risk from Natural Disasters and Complex Humanitarian Crises %@ 978-0-309-10354-1 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11895/tools-and-methods-for-estimating-populations-at-risk-from-natural-disasters-and-complex-humanitarian-crises %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11895/tools-and-methods-for-estimating-populations-at-risk-from-natural-disasters-and-complex-humanitarian-crises %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Earth Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 264 %X Worldwide, millions of people are displaced annually because of natural or industrial disasters or social upheaval. Reliable data on the numbers, characteristics, and locations of these populations can bolster humanitarian relief efforts and recovery programs. Using sound methods for estimating population numbers and characteristics is important for both industrialized and developing nations. Ensuring that the data are geographically referenced for projection onto maps is essential. However, good data alone are insufficient. Adequate staff training and strong organizational and political desire to maintain and use the information are also required. Tools and Methods for Estimating Populations at Risk from Natural Disasters and Complex Humanitarian Crises, reviews the main methods and tools for making estimates of subnational populations and makes several recommendations to improve the collection and the use of population data for emergency response and development. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T A Geospatial Framework for the Coastal Zone: National Needs for Coastal Mapping and Charting %@ 978-0-309-09176-3 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10947/a-geospatial-framework-for-the-coastal-zone-national-needs-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10947/a-geospatial-framework-for-the-coastal-zone-national-needs-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 165 %X The coastal zone is of enormous importance to the well-being of the nation, as our lives and economy are inextricably linked to the features and activities that occur within this dynamic region. In order to understand and address the effects of natural and anthropogenic forces in the coastal zone, a holistic multidisciplinary framework is required to account for the interconnectivity of processes within the system. The foundation of this framework is accurate geospatial information—information that is depicted on maps and charts. A Geospatial Framework for the Coastal Zone National Needs identifies and suggests mechanisms for addressing national needs for spatial information in the coastal zone. It identifies high priority needs, evaluates the potential for meeting those needs based on the current level of effort, and suggests steps to increase collaboration and ensure that the nation's need for spatial information in the coastal zone is met in an efficient and timely manner. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Down to Earth: Geographic Information for Sustainable Development in Africa %@ 978-0-309-08478-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10455/down-to-earth-geographic-information-for-sustainable-development-in-africa %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10455/down-to-earth-geographic-information-for-sustainable-development-in-africa %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 169 %X In 1992, world leaders adopted Agenda 21, the work program of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. This landmark event provided a political foundation and action items to facilitate the global transition toward sustainable development. The international community marked the tenth anniversary of this conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, in August 2002. Down to Earth, a component of the U.S. State Department's "Geographic Information for Sustainable Development" project for the World Summit, focuses on sub-Saharan Africa with examples drawn from case-study regions where the U.S. Agency for International Development and other agencies have broad experience. Although African countries are the geographic focus of the study, the report has broader applicability. Down to Earth summarizes the importance and applicability of geographic data for sustainable development and draws on experiences in African countries to examine how future sources and applications of geographic data could provide reliable support to decision-makers as they work towards sustainable development. The committee emphasizes the potential of new technologies, such as satellite remote-sensing systems and geographic information systems, that have revolutionized data collection and analysis over the last decade. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-30121-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18711/opportunities-to-use-remote-sensing-in-understanding-permafrost-and-related-ecological-characteristics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18711/opportunities-to-use-remote-sensing-in-understanding-permafrost-and-related-ecological-characteristics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 84 %X Permafrost is a thermal condition -- its formation, persistence and disappearance are highly dependent on climate. General circulation models predict that, for a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, mean annual air temperatures may rise up to several degrees over much of the Arctic. In the discontinuous permafrost region, where ground temperatures are within 1-2 degrees of thawing, permafrost will likely ultimately disappear as a result of ground thermal changes associated with global climate warming. Where ground ice contents are high, permafrost degradation will have associated physical impacts. Permafrost thaw stands to have wide-ranging impacts, such as the draining and drying of the tundra, erosion of riverbanks and coastline, and destabilization of infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings, etc.), and including potential implications for ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Research Council to explore opportunities for using remote sensing to advance our understanding of permafrost status and trends and the impacts of permafrost change, especially on ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. The workshop brought together experts from the remote sensing community with permafrost and ecosystem scientists. The workshop discussions articulated gaps in current understanding and potential opportunities to harness remote sensing techniques to better understand permafrost, permafrost change, and implications for ecosystems in permafrost areas. This report addresses questions such as how remote sensing might be used in innovative ways, how it might enhance our ability to document long-term trends, and whether it is possible to integrate remote sensing products with the ground-based observations and assimilate them into advanced Arctic system models. Additionally, the report considers the expectations of the quality and spatial and temporal resolution possible through such approaches, and the prototype sensors that are available that could be used for detailed ground calibration of permafrost/high latitude carbon cycle studies.