@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Richard J. Bonnie and Robert L. Johnson and Betty M. Chemers and Julie A. Schuck", title = "Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach", isbn = "978-0-309-27890-4", abstract = "Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks.\nResearch indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century.\nIt was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14685/reforming-juvenile-justice-a-developmental-approach", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology", isbn = "978-0-309-05228-3", abstract = "Diseases of the kidney, bladder, and prostate exact an enormous human and economic toll on the population of the United States. This book examines prevention of these diseases through the development of reliable markers of susceptibility, exposure, and effect and the promise that new technologies in molecular biology and sophisticated understanding of metabolic pathways, along with classical approaches to the study of nephrotoxicants and carcinogens, can be developed and prevention of the diseases achieved. The specific recommendations included in this book complement those made in the previous three volumes on biomarkers, Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989), Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), and Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1991).", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4847/biologic-markers-in-urinary-toxicology", year = 1995, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Emily A. Callahan", title = "Exploring Strategies for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The Roundtable on Obesity Solutions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual public workshop, Exploring Strategies for Sustainable Systems-Wide Changes to Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity, on April 8, 2021. The workshop, the first in a series of three workshops to explore this broad topic, provided a foundational introductory session for the series that covered the intersection of biased mental models, stigma, weight bias, structural racism, and effective health communications with obesity solutions. Additional sessions discussed the intersection of structural racism and obesity in the context of housing and education and the intersection of biased mental models, stigma, weight bias, and obesity in the context of workplace and health care settings. This publication summarizes highlights of the presentations and discussions that occurred at the first workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26260/exploring-strategies-for-sustainable-systems-wide-changes-to-reduce-the-prevalence-of-obesity", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Erin Hammers Forstag", title = "Implications for Behavioral and Social Research of Preclinical Markers of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "On June 28-29, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop, \"Behavioral and Social Research and Clinical Practice Implications of Biomarkers and Other Preclinical Diagnostics of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and AD-Related Dementias\" (AD\/ADRD). The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging with the primary objective to engage in meaningful discussions about the implications of biomarkers and other preclinical diagnostics of AD and ADRD and to generate ideas for future research that might be of interest to the NIA. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26295/implications-for-behavioral-and-social-research-of-preclinical-markers-of-alzheimers-disease-and-related-dementias", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Environmental Neurotoxicology", isbn = "978-0-309-04531-5", abstract = "Scientists agree that exposure to toxic agents in the environment can cause neurological and psychiatric illnesses ranging from headaches and depression to syndromes resembling parkinsonism. It can even result in death at high exposure levels. The emergence of subclinical neurotoxicity--the concept that long-term impairments can escape clinical detection--makes the need for risk assessment even more critical.This volume paves the way toward definitive solutions, presenting the current consensus on risk assessment and environmental toxicants and offering specific recommendations.The book covers:The biologic basis of neurotoxicity.Progress in the application of biologic markers.Reviews of a wide range of in vitro and in vivo testing techniques.The use of surveillance and epidemiology to identify neurotoxic hazards that escape premarket screening.Research needs.This volume will be an important resource for policymakers, health specialists, researchers, and students.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1801/environmental-neurotoxicology", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology", isbn = "978-0-309-03979-6", abstract = "Does exposure to environmental toxicants inhibit our ability to have healthy children who develop normally? Biologic markers\u2014indicators that can tell us when environmental factors have caused a change at the cellular or biochemical level that might affect reproductive ability\u2014are a promising tool for research aimed at answering that important question. Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology examines the potential of these markers in environmental health studies; clarifies definitions, underlying concepts, and possible applications; and shows the benefits to be gained from their use in reproductive and neurodevelopmental research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/774/biologic-markers-in-reproductive-toxicology", year = 1989, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes", isbn = "978-0-309-07352-3", abstract = "The amount of hazardous waste in the United States has been estimated at 275 million metric tons in licensed sites alone. Is the health of Americans at risk from exposure to this toxic material? This volume, the first of several on environmental epidemiology, reviews the available evidence and makes recommendations for filling gaps in data and improving health assessments.\nThe book explores:\n\n Whether researchers can infer health hazards from available data.\n The results of substantial state and federal programs on hazardous waste dangers.\n\nThe book presents the results of studies of hazardous wastes in the air, water, soil, and food and examines the potential of biological markers in health risk assessment.\nThe data and recommendations in this volume will be of immediate use to toxicologists, environmental health professionals, epidemiologists, and other biologists.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1802/environmental-epidemiology-volume-1-public-health-and-hazardous-wastes", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology", isbn = "978-0-309-04389-2", abstract = "Are environmental pollutants threatening the human immune system? Researchers are rapidly approaching definitive answers to this question, with the aid of biologic markers\u2014sophisticated assessment tools that could revolutionize detection and prevention of certain diseases.\nThis volume, third in a series on biologic markers, focuses on the human immune system and its response to environmental toxicants. The authoring committee provides direction for continuing development of biologic markers, with strategies for applying markers to immunotoxicology in humans and recommended outlines for clinical and field studies.\nThis comprehensive, up-to-date volume will be invaluable to specialists in toxicology and immunology and to biologists and investigators involved in the development of biologic markers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1591/biologic-markers-in-immunotoxicology", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Reducing Stress Fracture in Physically Active Military Women", isbn = "978-0-309-06091-2", abstract = "The incidence of stress fractures of the lower extremities during U.S. military basic training is significantly higher among female military recruits than among male recruits. The prevalence of this injury has a marked impact on the health of service personnel and imposes a significant financial burden on the military by delaying completion of the training of new recruits. In addition to lengthening training time, increasing program costs, and delaying military readiness, stress fractures may share their etiology with the longer-term risk of osteoporosis.\nAs part of the Defense Women's Health Research Program, this book evaluates the impact of diet, genetic predisposition, and physical activity on bone mineral and calcium status in young servicewomen. It makes recommendations for reducing stress fractures and improving overall bone health through nutrition education and monitored physical training programs. The book also makes recommendations for future research to evaluate more fully the effects of fitness levels, physical activities, and other factors on stress fracture risk and bone health.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6295/reducing-stress-fracture-in-physically-active-military-women", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anna Nicholson and Aurelia Attal-Juncqua and Scott Wollek", title = "Exploring Disaster Human Services for Children and Youth: From Hurricane Katrina to the Paradise Wildfires: Proceedings of a Workshop Series", isbn = "978-0-309-48333-9", abstract = "To explore issues related to the effects of disasters on children and youth and lessons learned from experiences during previous disasters, the virtual workshop From Hurricane Katrina to Paradise Wildfires, Exploring Themes in Disaster Human Services was convened on July 22 and 23, 2020, by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The workshop was designed to focus on families engaged with federal, state or local supportive programs prior to disasters. Additional areas of focus were the coordination of disaster response efforts and the transition to reestablishing routine service delivery programs post-disaster by human services, social services, and public health agencies at the state, local, tribal, and territorial levels. The workshop was also intended to provide a platform for highlighting promising practices, ongoing challenges, and potential opportunities for coordinated delivery and restoration of social and human services programs. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26158/exploring-disaster-human-services-for-children-and-youth-from-hurricane", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and Jeffrey A. Roth", title = "Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 3: Social Influences", isbn = "978-0-309-05080-7", abstract = "This volume examines social influences on violent events and violent behavior, particularly concentrating on how the risks of violent criminal offending and victimization are influenced by communities, social situations, and individuals; the role of spouses and intimates; the differences in violence levels between males and females; and the roles of psychoactive substances in violent events.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4421/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-3-social-influences", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Russell Pate and Maria Oria and Laura Pillsbury", title = "Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth", isbn = "978-0-309-26284-2", abstract = "Physical fitness affects our ability to function and be active. At poor levels, it is associated with such health outcomes as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Physical fitness testing in American youth was established on a large scale in the 1950s with an early focus on performance-related fitness that gradually gave way to an emphasis on health-related fitness. Using appropriately selected measures to collected fitness data in youth will advance our understanding of how fitness among youth translates into better health. \n\nIn Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth, the IOM assesses the relationship between youth fitness test items and health outcomes, recommends the best fitness test items, provides guidance for interpreting fitness scores, and provides an agenda for needed research. \n\nThe report concludes that selected cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal fitness, and body composition measures should be in fitness surveys and in schools. Collecting fitness data nationally and in schools helps with setting and achieving fitness goals and priorities for public health at an individual and national level. \n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13483/fitness-measures-and-health-outcomes-in-youth", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Community Oriented Primary Care: New Directions for Health Services Delivery", isbn = "978-0-309-07467-4", abstract = "", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1917/community-oriented-primary-care-new-directions-for-health-services-delivery", year = 1983, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Nancy A. Crowell and Ann W. Burgess", title = "Understanding Violence Against Women", isbn = "978-0-309-05425-6", abstract = "Violence against women is one factor in the growing wave of alarm about violence in American society. High-profile cases such as the O.J. Simpson trial call attention to the thousands of lesser-known but no less tragic situations in which women's lives are shattered by beatings or sexual assault.\nThe search for solutions has highlighted not only what we know about violence against women but also what we do not know. How can we achieve the best understanding of this problem and its complex ramifications? What research efforts will yield the greatest benefit? What are the questions that must be answered?\nUnderstanding Violence Against Women presents a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and identifies four areas with the greatest potential return from a research investment by increasing the understanding of and responding to domestic violence and rape:\n\n What interventions are designed to do, whom they are reaching, and how to reach the many victims who do not seek help.\n Factors that put people at risk of violence and that precipitate violence, including characteristics of offenders.\n The scope of domestic violence and sexual assault in America and its conequences to individuals, families, and society, including costs.\n How to structure the study of violence against women to yield more useful knowledge.\n\nDespite the news coverage and talk shows, the real fundamental nature of violence against women remains unexplored and often misunderstood. Understanding Violence Against Women provides direction for increasing knowledge that can help ameliorate this national problem.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5127/understanding-violence-against-women", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Emily A. Callahan", title = "Addressing Structural Racism, Bias, and Health Communication as Foundational Drivers of Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop Series", isbn = "978-0-309-27599-6", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Obesity Solutions convened a three-part workshop series that explored how structural racism, weight bias and stigma, and health communication intersect with obesity, gaps in the evidence base, and challenges and opportunities for long-term, systems-wide strategies needed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of obesity.\nThrough diverse examples across different levels and sectors of society, the workshops explored how to leverage the connections between these three drivers and innovative data-driven and policy approaches to inform actionable priorities for individuals, organizations, and policymakers to make lasting systems change.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26437/addressing-structural-racism-bias-and-health-communication-as-foundational-drivers-of-obesity", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Mary Fraker and Anne-Marie Mazza", title = "Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-16216-6", abstract = "Today, scores of companies, primarily in the United States and Europe, are offering whole genome scanning services directly to the public. The proliferation of these companies and the services they offer demonstrate a public appetite for this information and where the future of genetics may be headed; they also demonstrate the need for serious discussion about the regulatory environment, patient privacy, and other policy implications of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. \n\nRapid advances in genetic research already have begun to transform clinical practice and our understanding of disease progression. Existing research has revealed a genetic basis or component for numerous diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, and several forms of cancer. The availability of the human genome sequence and the HapMap, plummeting costs of high-throughput screening, and increasingly sophisticated computational analyses have led to an explosion of discoveries of linkages between patterns of genetic variation and disease susceptibility. While this research is by no means a straight path toward better public health, improved knowledge of the genetic linkages has the potential to change fundamentally the way health professionals and public health practitioners approach the prevention and treatment of disease. Realizing this potential will require greater sophistication in the interpretation of genetic tests, new training for physicians and other diagnosticians, and new approaches to communicating findings to the public. As this rapidly growing field matures, all of these questions require attention from a variety of perspectives. \n\nTo discuss some of the foregoing issues, several units of the National Academies held a workshop on August 31 and September 1, 2009, to bring together a still-developing community of professionals from a variety of relevant disciplines, to educate the public and policy-makers about this emerging field, and to identify issues for future study. The meeting featured several invited presentations and discussions on the many technical, legal, policy, and ethical questions that such DTC testing raises, including: (1) overview of the current state of knowledge and the future research trajectory; (2) shared genes and emerging issues in privacy; (3) the regulatory framework; and (4) education of the public and the medical community.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13021/direct-to-consumer-genetic-testing-summary-of-a-workshop", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Rosemary Chalk and Patricia A. King", title = "Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs", isbn = "978-0-309-05496-6", abstract = "Reports of mistreated children, domestic violence, and abuse of elderly persons continue to strain the capacity of police, courts, social services agencies, and medical centers. At the same time, myriad treatment and prevention programs are providing services to victims and offenders. Although limited research knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of these programs, such information is often scattered, inaccessible, and difficult to obtain.\nViolence in Families takes the first hard look at the successes and failures of family violence interventions. It offers recommendations to guide services, programs, policy, and research on victim support and assistance, treatments and penalties for offenders, and law enforcement. Included is an analysis of more than 100 evaluation studies on the outcomes of different kinds of programs and services.\nViolence in Families provides the most comprehensive review on the topic to date. It explores the scope and complexity of family violence, including identification of the multiple types of victims and offenders, who require different approaches to intervention. The book outlines new strategies that offer promising approaches for service providers and researchers and for improving the evaluation of prevention and treatment services. Violence in Families discusses issues that underlie all types of family violence, such as the tension between family support and the protection of children, risk factors that contribute to violent behavior in families, and the balance between family privacy and community interventions.\nThe core of the book is a research-based review of interventions used in three institutional sectors\u2014social services, health, and law enforcement settings\u2014and how to measure their effectiveness in combating maltreatment of children, domestic violence, and abuse of the elderly. Among the questions explored by the committee: Does the child protective services system work? Does the threat of arrest deter batterers? The volume discusses the strength of the evidence and highlights emerging links among interventions in different institutional settings.\nThorough, readable, and well organized, Violence in Families synthesizes what is known and outlines what needs to be discovered. This volume will be of great interest to policymakers, social services providers, health care professionals, police and court officials, victim advocates, researchers, and concerned individuals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5285/violence-in-families-assessing-prevention-and-treatment-programs", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System", isbn = "978-0-309-67100-2", abstract = "Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions.\nA substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults.\nSocial Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to flourish.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25663/social-isolation-and-loneliness-in-older-adults-opportunities-for-the", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Robert Pool, Ph.D.", title = "Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law: The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information: Summary of a Forum", isbn = "978-0-309-07418-6", abstract = "On August 16, 2000, the Board on Life Sciences held a forum on \"Environmental\nContamination, Biotechnology, and the Law: The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information.\" The purpose of the forum was to explore the legal implications of current and developing biotechnology approaches to evaluating potential human health and environmental effects caused by exposure to environmental contaminants and to cleaning up contaminated areas. The forum brought together scientists from academe, government, and industry and members of the legal community, including lawyers and judges, to discuss the interface between the use of those approaches and the legal system.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10104/environmental-contamination-biotechnology-and-the-law-the-impact-of-emerging", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Alison Mack and Erin Balogh and Christine M. Micheel", title = "Perspectives on Biomarker and Surrogate Endpoint Evaluation: Discussion Forum Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-16324-8", abstract = "In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended a framework for the evaluation of biomarkers in the chronic disease setting. Published in the book Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease, the framework is intended to bring consistency and transparency to the previously disparate process of biomarker evaluation. \n\nFollowing the book's release, the IOM convened a 2-day discussion forum in Washington, DC, in order to provide an opportunity for stakeholders to learn about, react to, and discuss the book. Presentations reviewed the authoring committee's work process, recommendations, and provided perspectives on the book from the point of view of participants. Thomas Fleming, professor of biostatistics and statistics at the University of Washington, gave a keynote presentation on the critical issues in the validation of surrogate endpoints, a specific use of a biomarker. \n\nThe present volume recounts the discussion forum proceedings, focusing in turn on each represented sector. A summary of Dr. Fleming's presentation then sets the committee's recommendations within the context of biomarker utilization. Lastly, this summary examines the main themes raised by stakeholders, and the challenges and opportunities presented to stakeholders by the book's recommendations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13038/perspectives-on-biomarker-and-surrogate-endpoint-evaluation-discussion-forum-summary", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }