@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers", abstract = "This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data", abstract = "Data are at the forefront of efforts to solve many of today's greatest problems, including climate change, misinformation and disinformation, the threat of future global pandemics, and the quest by people everywhere to lead better lives. But if researchers are going to use data to contribute to the solutions of problems, data need to be available for them to use. Over time, data have become increasingly voluminous, complex, and heterogeneous. Massive volumes of data are being generated by new devices and methods, and many of these data are not easy to analyze, interpret, or share. Groups that generate data may be reluctant to share them for a variety of professional, personal, financial, regulatory, and statutory reasons.These issues were addressed during the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data held in Washington, DC, on September 12\u201313, 2023. Organized by the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, the forum examined the constellation of issues surrounding researchers' access to data, best practices and lessons learned from exemplary research disciplines, and new ideas and techniques that could drive research forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the forum.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Elizabeth T. Cady and Joe Alper", title = "Promising Practices and Innovative Programs in the Responsible Conduct of Research: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-70517-2", abstract = "The responsible conduct of research (RCR) is foundational to good science and engineering. However, there are several serious detrimental effects of research not conducted ethically and responsibly. Thus, federal legislation mandates that all National Science Foundation (NSF) grant recipients provide adequate training for undergraduate students, graduate students, and postdoctoral researchers about the Responsible Conduct of Research, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) further specifies that topics such as conflict of interest, mentor\/mentee responsibilities and relationships, collaborative research, and safe laboratory practices should be included in all instruction in RCR.\nTo identify and disseminate information about exemplary RCR education practices and programs, the National Academy of Engineering convened a virtual workshop series October 6, 7, 20, and 21, 2021. This workshop provided a forum for interdisciplinary discussions of effective strategies for building an RCR culture in institutions along with potential improvements and further research in the area. It also highlighted selected exemplar RCR programs for administrators and faculty who are charged with RCR education and compliance at the institutional level. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27085/promising-practices-and-innovative-programs-in-the-responsible-conduct-of-research", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Fostering Responsible Computing Research: Foundations and Practices", isbn = "978-0-309-29527-7", abstract = "With computing technologies increasingly woven into our society and infrastructure, it is vital for the computing research community to be able to address the ethical and societal challenges that can arise from the development of these technologies, from the erosion of personal privacy to the spread of false information.\nFostering Responsible Computing Research: Foundations and Practices presents best practices that funding agencies, academic organizations, and individual researchers can use to formulate and conduct computing research in a responsible manner. This report explores ethical issues in computing research as well as ways to promote responsible practices through education and training.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26507/fostering-responsible-computing-research-foundations-and-practices", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ronald Daniels and Lida Beninson", title = "The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through", isbn = "978-0-309-47137-4", abstract = "Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry.\nAmong the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas.\nThe Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue", isbn = "978-0-309-28639-8", abstract = "Spurred on by new discoveries and rapid technological advances, the capacity for life science research is expanding across the globe\u2014and with it comes concerns about the unintended impacts of research on the physical and biological environment, human well-being, or the deliberate misuse of knowledge, tools, and techniques to cause harm. This report describes efforts to address dual use issues by developing institutes around the world that will help life sciences faculty learn to teach about the responsible conduct of science. Based on the successful National Academies Summer Institute for Undergraduate Biology Education and on previous NRC reports on effective methods for teaching about dual use issues, the report's authoring committee designed a general framework for the faculty institutes and chose the Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region to test a prototype faculty institute.\nIn September 2012, the first Institute was held in Aqaba, Jordan, bringing together 28 participants from Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, and Yemen to engage with effective, evidence-based teaching methods, develop curricular materials for use in their own classrooms, and become community leaders on dual use and related topics. Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue offers insights from the institute that will help in the design and implementation of future programs in the MENA region, and in other parts of the world.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18356/developing-capacities-for-teaching-responsible-science-in-the-mena-region", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins", isbn = "978-0-309-14535-0", abstract = "The effort to understand and combat infectious diseases has, during the centuries, produced many key advances in science and medicine\u2014including the development of vaccines, drugs, and other treatments. A subset of this research is conducted with agents that, like anthrax, not only pose a severe threat to the health of humans, plants, and animals but can also be used for ill-intended purposes. Such agents have been listed by the government as biological select agents and toxins. The 2001 anthrax letter attacks prompted the creation of new regulations aimed at increasing security for research with dangerous pathogens. The outcome of the anthrax letter investigation has raised concern about whether these measures are adequate.\n\nResponsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins evaluates both the physical security of select agent laboratories and personnel reliability measures designed to ensure the trustworthiness of those with access to biological select agents and toxins. The book offers a set of guiding principles and recommended changes to minimize security risk and facilitate the productivity of research. The book recommends fostering a culture of trust and responsibility in the laboratory, engaging the community in oversight of the Select Agent Program, and enhancing the operation of the Select Agent Program.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12774/responsible-research-with-biological-select-agents-and-toxins", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age", isbn = "978-0-309-07417-9", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Daniel D. Federman and Kathi E. Hanna and Laura Lyman Rodriguez", title = "Responsible Research: A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants", isbn = "978-0-309-08488-8", abstract = "When 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene transfer study at the University of Pennsylvania, the national spotlight focused on the procedures used to ensure research participants' safety and their capacity to safeguard the well-being of those who volunteer for research studies.\nResponsible Research outlines a three-pronged approach to ensure the protection of every participant through the establishment of effective Human Research Participant Protection Programs (HRPPPs). The approach includes:\n\n Improved research review processes,\n Recognition and integration of research participants' contributions to the system, and\n Vigilant maintenance of HRPPP performance.\n\nIssues addressed in the book include the need for in-depth, complimentary reviews of science, ethics, and conflict of interest reviews; desired qualifications for investigators and reviewers; the process of informed consent; federal and institutional oversight; and the role of accreditation. Recommendations for areas of key interest include suggestions for legislative approaches, compensation for research-related injury, and the refocusing of the mission of institutional review boards. \t Responsible Research will be important to anyone interested in the issues that are relevant to the practice of using human subjects as research participants, but especially so to policy makers, research administrators, investigators, and research sponsors\u2013but also including volunteers who may agree to serve as research participants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10508/responsible-research-a-systems-approach-to-protecting-research-participants", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Research in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential: An International Faculty Development Project on Education About the Responsible Conduct of Science", isbn = "978-0-309-22117-7", abstract = "In many countries, colleges and universities are where the majority of innovative research is done; in all cases, they are where future scientists receive both their initial training and their initial introduction to the norms of scientific conduct regardless of their eventual career paths. Thus, institutions of higher education are particularly relevant to the tasks of education on research with dual use potential, whether for faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, or technical staff.\nResearch in the Life Sciences with Dual Use Potential describes the outcomes of the planning meeting for a two-year project to develop a network of faculty who will be able to teach the challenges of research in the life sciences with dual use potential. Faculty will be able to incorporate such concepts into their teaching and research through exposure to the tenets of responsible conduct of research in active learning teaching methods. This report is intended to provide guidelines for that effort and to be applicable to any country wishing to adopt this educational model that combines principles of active learning and training with attention to norms of responsible science. The potential audiences include a broad array of current and future scientists and the policymakers who develop laws and regulations around issues of dual use.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13270/research-in-the-life-sciences-with-dual-use-potential-an", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", title = "On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research: Third Edition", isbn = "978-0-309-11970-2", abstract = "The scientific research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Scientists trust that the results reported by others are valid. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct.\n\nOn Being a Scientist was designed to supplement the informal lessons in ethics provided by research supervisors and mentors. The book describes the ethical foundations of scientific practices and some of the personal and professional issues that researchers encounter in their work. It applies to all forms of research\u2014whether in academic, industrial, or governmental settings-and to all scientific disciplines. \n\nThis third edition of On Being a Scientist reflects developments since the publication of the original edition in 1989 and a second edition in 1995. A continuing feature of this edition is the inclusion of a number of hypothetical scenarios offering guidance in thinking about and discussing these scenarios.\n\nOn Being a Scientist is aimed primarily at graduate students and beginning researchers, but its lessons apply to all scientists at all stages of their scientific careers.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12192/on-being-a-scientist-a-guide-to-responsible-conduct-in", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", title = "Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating an Environment That Promotes Responsible Conduct", isbn = "978-0-309-08479-6", abstract = "\"Most people say that it is the intellect which makes a great scientist. They are wrong: it is character.\"\u2014Albert Einstein\n\nIntegrity in Scientific Research attempts to define and describe those elements that encourage individuals involved with scientific research to act with integrity.\n\nRecognizing the inconsistency of human behavior, it stresses the important role that research institutions play in providing an integrity\u2014rich environment, citing the need for institutions to provide staff with training and education, policies and procedures, and tools and support systems. It identifies practices that characterize integrity in such areas as peer review and research on human subjects and weighs the strengths and limitations of self\u2014evaluation efforts by these institutions. In addition, it details an approach to promoting integrity during the education of researchers, including how to develop an effective curriculum. Providing a framework for research and educational institutions, this important book will be essential for anyone concerned about ethics in the scientific community.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10430/integrity-in-scientific-research-creating-an-environment-that-promotes-responsible", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Katie Bratlie and Joe Alper", title = "Workplace Safety in Hybrid Federal Laboratories: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Safety considerations constitute an essential component of laboratory-based research and development (R&D) operations. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, laboratory staff transitioned to remote work. As facilities adopted hybrid work models, this shift in the research landscape also reshaped the traditional mentoring process, potentially reducing direct interactions among principal investigators, immediate supervisory personnel responsible for ensuring subordinate personnel satisfy safety requirements, safety representatives, junior researchers, and facility users. Simultaneously, the increased flexibility offered by hybrid work arrangements could enhance work-life balance options, thus removing barriers for individuals pursuing R&D roles, ultimately fostering a more inclusive work environment. Overall, the impact of these changes on safety cultures and practices remains unknown, necessitating potential adjustments. On August 15-16, 2023, the Laboratory Assessments Board convened a virtual workshop to investigate the influence of hybrid work environments on safety proficiency, cultures, and practices, all while upholding the highest standards of effort, performance, and relevance. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27297/workplace-safety-in-hybrid-federal-laboratories-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jennifer Saunders and Marie Harton", title = "Overcoming Structural Barriers for Women in Entrepreneurship: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "While there has been growth in the number of women entrepreneurs in the United States in recent years, the percentage of women - particularly women of color - who decide to pursue an entrepreneurial career continues to be significantly lower than that of men. Entrepreneurship is a crucial enterprise responsible for driving innovation and economic growth, and increasing the representation of women, especially in STEM and medical (STEMM) industries, is critical to ensuring the nation's overall health, economic well-being, and global competitiveness.\nOn June 21-22, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and held a virtual workshop to explore the current structural barriers (i.e., policies, practices, or other norms that systematically perpetuate gender disparities) driving the underrepresentation of women entrepreneurs across STEMM industries and strategies to overcome these barriers. Participants included representatives from a variety of sectors, including higher education, government, nonprofits, and industry, as well as researchers, evaluators, inventors, mentors, consultants, and policy analysts, among others. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26433/overcoming-structural-barriers-for-women-in-entrepreneurship-proceedings-of-a", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Rachel Silvern", title = "Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence to Advance Earth System Science: Opportunities and Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-68853-6", abstract = "The Earth system - the atmospheric, hydrologic, geologic, and biologic cycles that circulate energy, water, nutrients, and other trace substances - is a large, complex, multiscale system in space and time that involves human and natural system interactions. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) offer opportunities to understand and predict this system. Researchers are actively exploring ways to use ML\/AI approaches to advance scientific discovery, speed computation, and link scientific communities.\nTo address the challenges and opportunities around using ML\/AI to advance Earth system science, the National Academies convened a workshop in February 2022 that brought together Earth system experts, ML\/AI researchers, social and behavioral scientists, ethicists, and decision makers to discuss approaches to improving understanding, analysis, modeling, and prediction. Participants also explored educational pathways, responsible and ethical use of these technologies, and opportunities to foster partnerships and knowledge exchange. This publication summarizes the workshop discussions and themes that emerged throughout the meeting.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26566/machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence-to-advance-earth-system-science", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", title = "On Being a Scientist: Vietnamese Version", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27084/on-being-a-scientist-vietnamese-version", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore lessons learned at animal research institutions in response to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert scientists conducting COVID-19 research, as well as institutional leadership responsible for oversight in areas such as, veterinary medical care, occupational health, risk assessment and biosafety, and public messaging and communications presented and participated in panel discussions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Sharing Clinical Trial Data: Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Risk", isbn = "978-0-309-31629-3", abstract = "Data sharing can accelerate new discoveries by avoiding duplicative trials, stimulating new ideas for research, and enabling the maximal scientific knowledge and benefits to be gained from the efforts of clinical trial participants and investigators. At the same time, sharing clinical trial data presents risks, burdens, and challenges. These include the need to protect the privacy and honor the consent of clinical trial participants; safeguard the legitimate economic interests of sponsors; and guard against invalid secondary analyses, which could undermine trust in clinical trials or otherwise harm public health.\nSharing Clinical Trial Data presents activities and strategies for the responsible sharing of clinical trial data. With the goal of increasing scientific knowledge to lead to better therapies for patients, this book identifies guiding principles and makes recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This report offers guidance on the types of clinical trial data available at different points in the process, the points in the process at which each type of data should be shared, methods for sharing data, what groups should have access to data, and future knowledge and infrastructure needs.\nResponsible sharing of clinical trial data will allow other investigators to replicate published findings and carry out additional analyses, strengthen the evidence base for regulatory and clinical decisions, and increase the scientific knowledge gained from investments by the funders of clinical trials. The recommendations of Sharing Clinical Trial Data will be useful both now and well into the future as improved sharing of data leads to a stronger evidence base for treatment. This book will be of interest to stakeholders across the spectrum of research\u2014from funders, to researchers, to journals, to physicians, and ultimately, to patients.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18998/sharing-clinical-trial-data-maximizing-benefits-minimizing-risk", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Poster Set for Illustrating the Impact of the Mathematical Sciences", isbn = "978-0-309-27616-0", abstract = "Today's mathematical research, both pure and applied, is paving the way for major scientific, engineering, and technological breakthroughs. Cutting-edge work in the mathematical sciences is responsible for advances in artificial intelligence, manufacturing, precision medicine, cybersecurity, and more. This set of posters shows how advances in the mathematical sciences anticipate and enable later technologies that profoundly impact our daily lives, including life-saving advances in medical imaging and treatment, predictive traffic-avoiding routing, communications advances enabling GPS and high-speed cellular communications, safer online commerce with cryptographic security protocols, development of novel materials based on advanced simulations, improved forecasting of extreme weather events, and much more.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26443/poster-set-for-illustrating-the-impact-of-the-mathematical-sciences", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies", isbn = "978-0-309-45888-7", abstract = "The potential misuse of advances in life sciences research is raising concerns about national security threats. Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies examines the U.S. strategy for reducing biosecurity risks in life sciences research and considers mechanisms that would allow researchers to manage the dissemination of the results of research while mitigating the potential for harm to national security.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24761/dual-use-research-of-concern-in-the-life-sciences-current", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }