TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ken Mall A2 - June Sekera A2 - the Transportation Learning Center and Transit Resource Center TI - Maintenance Technician Staffing Levels for Modern Public Transit Fleets DO - 10.17226/21925 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21925/maintenance-technician-staffing-levels-for-modern-public-transit-fleets PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 184: Maintenance Technician Staffing Levels for Modern Public Transit Fleets identifies existing tools and practices used to determine optimum maintenance technician staffing levels. The report also provides an analysis of variables that influence maintenance technician staffing needs.In addition, the report documents an MS Excel-based Maintenance Staffing Calculator produced along with the report. The tool is designed to help managers of transit agencies of any size to:(1) break down staff by location or sub-fleet;(2) adjust raw employee numbers to full-time equivalents and available productive hours using information on current technician staffing, other employees contributing to maintenance, breaks, vacations, and shift information;(3) calculate preventive maintenance, core maintenance, and unscheduled maintenance task hours required by sub-fleet;(4) calculate heavy maintenance and repair hours required;(5) model effects on staffing of changes to fleet composition or usage;(6) model effects on staffing of changes to maintenance times or intervals, accounting for overtime required; and(7) compare results to a group of peer agencies.TCRP Report 184 resources available online include the following:* The Maintenance Staffing Calculator User Guide* The Maintenance Staffing Calculator* An completed example case showing how the Calculator works* A PowerPoint presentation providing a summary of the work done under TCRP Project E-10Maintenance Staffing Calculator Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Kenneth W. Kizer A2 - Rebecca A. English A2 - Meredith Hackmann TI - Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System SN - DO - 10.17226/26364 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26364/realizing-the-promise-of-equity-in-the-organ-transplantation-system PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Each year, the individuals and organizations in the U.S. organ donation, procurement, allocation, and distribution system work together to provide transplants to many thousands of people, but thousands more die before getting a transplant due to the ongoing shortage of deceased donor organs and inequitable access to transplant waiting lists. Realizing the Promise of Equity in the Organ Transplantation System, a new consensus study report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on A Fairer and More Equitable, Cost-Effective, and Transparent System of Donor Organ Procurement, Allocation, and Distribution, provides expert recommendations to improve fairness, equity, transparency, and cost-effectiveness in the donor organ system. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guidebook for Developing and Sharing Transit Bus Maintenance Practices DO - 10.17226/13562 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13562/a-guidebook-for-developing-and-sharing-transit-bus-maintenance-practices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 109: A Guidebook for Developing and Sharing Transit Bus Maintenance Practices provides guidance on how to develop effective transit bus maintenance practices tailored to the local operating environment. The report provides seven sample practices developed using the guidance.An on-line Web Board, referenced in TCRP Report 109, no longer exists; however, the ListServ capability of the original Web Board has been taken over by the Transit Maintenance Analysis and Resource Center (TMAARC). TMAARC is managed and funded by the Florida Department of Transportation and administered by the University of South Florida's Center for Urban Transportation Research. ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Information Systems Resource Center for Local Governments DO - 10.17226/20632 PY - 1976 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20632/an-information-systems-resource-center-for-local-governments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Computers and Information Technology ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo A2 - Alex Helman TI - Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups SN - DO - 10.17226/26479 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26479/improving-representation-in-clinical-trials-and-research-building-research-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The United States has long made substantial investments in clinical research with the goal of improving the health and well-being of our nation. There is no doubt that these investments have contributed significantly to treating and preventing disease and extending human life. Nevertheless, clinical research faces a critical shortcoming. Currently, large swaths of the U.S. population, and those that often face the greatest health challenges, are less able to benefit from these discoveries because they are not adequately represented in clinical research studies. While progress has been made with representation of white women in clinical trials and clinical research, there has been little progress in the last three decades to increase participation of racial and ethnic minority population groups. This underrepresentation is compounding health disparities, with serious consequences for underrepresented groups and for the nation. At the request of Congress, Improving Representation in Clinical Trials and Research: Building Research Equity for Women and Underrepresented Groups identifies policies, procedures, programs, or projects aimed at increasing the inclusion of these groups in clinical research and the specific strategies used by those conducting clinical trials and clinical and translational research to improve diversity and inclusion. This report models the potential economic benefits of full inclusion of men, women, and racial and ethnic groups in clinical research and highlights new programs and interventions in medical centers and other clinical settings designed to increase participation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Proctor Reid A2 - Steve Olson TI - Protecting National Park Soundscapes SN - DO - 10.17226/18336 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18336/protecting-national-park-soundscapes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - America's national parks provide a wealth of experiences to millions of people every year. What visitors see—landscapes, wildlife, cultural activities—often lingers in memory for life. And what they hear adds a dimension that sight alone cannot provide. Natural sounds can dramatically enhance visitors' experience of many aspects of park environments. In some settings, such as the expanses of Yellowstone National Park, they can even be the best way to enjoy wildlife, because animals can be heard at much greater distances than they can be seen. Sounds can also be a natural complement to natural scenes, whether the rush of water over a rocky streambed or a ranger's explanation of a park's history. In other settings, such as the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, sounds are the main reason for visiting a park. The acoustical environment is also important to the well-being of the parks themselves. Many species of wildlife depend on their hearing to find prey or avoid predators. If they cannot hear, their survival is jeopardized—and the parks where they live may in turn lose part of their natural heritage. For all these reasons it is important to be aware of noise (defined as unwanted sound, and in this case usually generated by humans or machinery), which can degrade the acoustical environment, or soundscape, of parks. Just as smog smudges the visual horizon, noise obscures the listening horizon for both visitors and wildlife. This is especially true in places, such as remote wilderness areas, where extremely low sound levels are common. The National Park Service (NPS) has determined that park facilities, operations, and maintenance activities produce a substantial portion of noise in national parks and thus recognizes the need to provide park managers with guidance for protecting the natural soundscape from such noise. Therefore, the focus of the workshop was to define what park managers can do to control noise from facilities, operations, and maintenance, and not on issues such as the effects of noise on wildlife, noise metrics, and related topics. To aid in this effort, NPS joined with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and with the US Department of Transportation's John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center to hold a workshop to examine the challenges and opportunities facing the nation's array of parks. Entitled "Protecting National Park Soundscapes: Best Available Technologies and Practices for Reducing Park- Generated Noise," the workshop took place October 3-4, 2012, at NPS's Natural Resource Program Center in Fort Collins, Colorado. Protecting National Park Soundscapes is a summary of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Gooloo S. Wunderlich A2 - Peter O. Kohler TI - Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care SN - DO - 10.17226/9611 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9611/improving-the-quality-of-long-term-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Among the issues confronting America is long-term care for frail, older persons and others with chronic conditions and functional limitations that limit their ability to care for themselves. Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care takes a comprehensive look at the quality of care and quality of life in long-term care, including nursing homes, home health agencies, residential care facilities, family members and a variety of others. This book describes the current state of long-term care, identifying problem areas and offering recommendations for federal and state policymakers. Who uses long-term care? How have the characteristics of this population changed over time? What paths do people follow in long term care? The committee provides the latest information on these and other key questions. This book explores strengths and limitations of available data and research literature especially for settings other than nursing homes, on methods to measure, oversee, and improve the quality of long-term care. The committee makes recommendations on setting and enforcing standards of care, strengthening the caregiving workforce, reimbursement issues, and expanding the knowledge base to guide organizational and individual caregivers in improving the quality of care. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lawrence Geiter TI - Ending Neglect: The Elimination of Tuberculosis in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/9837 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9837/ending-neglect-the-elimination-of-tuberculosis-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Tuberculosis emerged as an epidemic in the 1600s, began to decline as sanitation improved in the 19th century, and retreated further when effective therapy was developed in the 1950s. TB was virtually forgotten until a recent resurgence in the U.S. and around the world—ominously, in forms resistant to commonly used medicines. What must the nation do to eliminate TB? The distinguished committee from the Institute of Medicine offers recommendations in the key areas of epidemiology and prevention, diagnosis and treatment, funding and organization of public initiatives, and the U.S. role worldwide. The panel also focuses on how to mobilize policy makers and the public to effective action. The book provides important background on the pathology of tuberculosis, its history and status in the U.S., and the public and private response. The committee explains how the U.S. can act with both self-interest and humanitarianism in addressing the worldwide incidence of TB. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Brian D. Smedley A2 - Adrienne Y. Stith A2 - Alan R. Nelson TI - Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care SN - DO - 10.17226/10260 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10260/unequal-treatment-confronting-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-health-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider–patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Surviving Supply Chain Integration: Strategies for Small Manufacturers SN - DO - 10.17226/6369 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6369/surviving-supply-chain-integration-strategies-for-small-manufacturers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Industry and Labor AB - The managed flow of goods and information from raw material to final sale also known as a "supply chain" affects everything—from the U.S. gross domestic product to where you can buy your jeans. The nature of a company's supply chain has a significant effect on its success or failure—as in the success of Dell Computer's make-to-order system and the failure of General Motor's vertical integration during the 1998 United Auto Workers strike. Supply Chain Integration looks at this crucial component of business at a time when product design, manufacture, and delivery are changing radically and globally. This book explores the benefits of continuously improving the relationship between the firm, its suppliers, and its customers to ensure the highest added value. This book identifies the state-of-the-art developments that contribute to the success of vertical tiers of suppliers and relates these developments to the capabilities that small and medium-sized manufacturers must have to be viable participants in this system. Strategies for attaining these capabilities through manufacturing extension centers and other technical assistance providers at the national, state, and local level are suggested. This book identifies action steps for small and medium-sized manufacturers—the "seed corn" of business start-up and development—to improve supply chain management. The book examines supply chain models from consultant firms, universities, manufacturers, and associations. Topics include the roles of suppliers and other supply chain participants, the rise of outsourcing, the importance of information management, the natural tension between buyer and seller, sources of assistance to small and medium-sized firms, and a host of other issues. Supply Chain Integration will be of interest to industry policymakers, economists, researchers, business leaders, and forward-thinking executives. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Ecosystems: Teacher's Guide DO - 10.17226/20934 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20934/ecosystems-teachers-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Electronic Commerce for the Procurement of Construction and Architect-Engineer Services: Implementing the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act SN - DO - 10.17226/5904 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5904/electronic-commerce-for-the-procurement-of-construction-and-architect-engineer-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Industry and Labor ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - State of School Science: A Review of the Teaching of Mathematics, Science and Social Studies in American Schools, and Recommendations for Improvements. DO - 10.17226/18672 PY - 1979 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18672/state-of-school-science-a-review-of-the-teaching-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Kenneth I. Berns A2 - Enriqueta C. Bond A2 - Frederick J. Manning TI - Resource Sharing in Biomedical Research SN - DO - 10.17226/5429 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5429/resource-sharing-in-biomedical-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The United States is entering an era when, more than ever, the sharing of resources and information might be critical to scientific progress. Every dollar saved by avoiding duplication of efforts and by producing economies of scale will become increasingly important as federal funding enters an era of fiscal restraint. This book focuses on six diverse case studies that share materials or equipment with the scientific community at large: the American Type Culture Collection, the multinational coordinated Arabidopsis thaliana Genome Research Project, the Jackson Laboratory, the Washington Regional Primate Research Center, the Macromolecular Crystallography Resource at the Cornell High-Energy Synchrotron Source, and the Human Genome Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The book also identifies common strengths and problems faced in the six cases, and presents a series of recommendations aimed at facilitating resource sharing in biomedical research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Marilyn J. Field A2 - Richard E. Behrman TI - When Children Die: Improving Palliative and End-of-Life Care for Children and Their Families: Summary DO - 10.17226/10845 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10845/when-children-die-improving-palliative-and-end-of-life-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This document is a brief summary of the Institute of Medicine report entitled When Children Die: Improving Palliative and End-of-Life Care for Children. Better care is possible now, but current methods of organizing and financing palliative, end-of-life, and bereavement care complicate the provision and coordination of services to help children and families and sometimes require families to choose between curative or life-prolonging care and palliative services, in particular, hospice care. Inadequate data and scientific knowledge impede efforts to deliver effective care, educate professionals to provide such care, and design supportive public policies. Integrating effective palliative care from the time a child's life-threatening medical problem is diagnosed will improve care for children who survive as well as children who die-and will help the families of all these children. The report recognizes that while much can be done now to support children and families, much more needs to be learned. The analysis and recommendations reflect current knowledge and judgments, but new research and insights will undoubtedly suggest modifications and shifts in emphasis in future years. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for Providers of Victim and Support Services SN - DO - 10.17226/18798 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18798/confronting-commercial-sexual-exploitation-and-sex-trafficking-of-minors-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States are frequently overlooked, misunderstood, and unaddressed domestic problems. In the past decade, they have received increasing attention from advocates, the media, academics, and policy makers. However, much of this attention has focused internationally. This international focus has overshadowed the reality that commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors also occur every day within the United States. Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors not only are illegal activities, but also result in immediate and long-term physical, mental, and emotional harm to victims and survivors. A nation that is unaware of these problems or disengaged from solving them unwittingly contributes to the ongoing abuse of minors and all but ensures that these crimes will remain marginalized and misunderstood. The 2013 Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council report Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States increases awareness and understanding of the crucial problem of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. By examining emerging strategies for preventing and identifying these crimes, for assisting and supporting victims and survivors, and for addressing exploiters and traffickers, that report offers a path forward through recommendations designed to increase awareness and understanding and to support efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to these crimes. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for Providers of Victim and Support Services offers a more concise and focused perspective on the problem and emerging solutions for providers of victim and support services for children and adolescents. These service providers include policy makers, leaders, practitioners, organizations, and programs at the local, state, and federal levels. This guide will be a valuable resource for them, and for child welfare and child protective services, other agencies and programs within the state and federal governments (e.g., the U.S. Department of Justice's Office for Victims of Crime), and nongovernmental organizations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Managing Technology Transfer: A Strategy for the Federal Highway Administration -- Special Report 256 DO - 10.17226/11380 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11380/managing-technology-transfer-a-strategy-for-the-federal-highway-administration PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 256 - Managing Technology Transfer: A Strategy for the Federal Highway Administration addresses how the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration selects research products for technology transfer and transfers those products to the highway industry, in particular the state and local agencies that own, operate, and maintain the nation’s highways. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - BICSE Letter Report on Evaluating the Effects of TIMSS DO - 10.17226/9903 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9903/bicse-letter-report-on-evaluating-the-effects-of-timss PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences A2 - Anne F. Thurston A2 - Karen Turner-Gottschang A2 - Linda A. Reed TI - China Bound, Revised: A Guide to Academic Life and Work in the PRC SN - DO - 10.17226/2111 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2111/china-bound-revised-a-guide-to-academic-life-and-work PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Being prepared in China, says one researcher, can mean "the difference between a headache and a productive day." Acclaimed by readers, this friendly and practical volume—now updated with important new information—offers all the details academic visitors need to make long-term stays in China productive, comfortable, and fun. Academic opportunities have been revived in the years since the Tiananmen Square event, and the book opens with an overview of what we have learned from our academic exchanges with China, the opportunities now available, and resources for more information. To help visitors prepare for daily life, the book covers everything from how to obtain the correct travel documents to what kinds of snack foods are available in China, from securing accommodations to having the proper gift for your Chinese dinner host. Frank discussions on the research and academic environments in China will help students, investigators, and teachers from their initial assignment to a danwei, or work unit, to leaving the country with research materials intact. The book offers practical guidelines on working with Chinese academic institutions and research assistants, arranging work-related travel, managing working relationships, resolving language issues, and—perhaps most important—understanding Chinese attitudes and customs toward study, research, and work life. New material in this edition includes an expanded section on science and social science field work, with a discussion of computers: which ones work best in China, how to arrange to bring your computer in, where to find parts and supplies, how to obtain repairs, and more. Living costs, health issues, and addresses and fax numbers for important services are updated. Guidance is offered on currency, transportation, communications, bringing children into China, and other issues. Based on the first-hand reports of hundreds of academic visitors to China and original research by the authors, this book will be useful to anyone planning to live and work in China: students, researchers, and teachers and their visiting family members, as well as business professionals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Roger McElrath TI - Monitoring International Labor Standards: Summary of Domestic Forums SN - DO - 10.17226/10659 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10659/monitoring-international-labor-standards-summary-of-domestic-forums PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - Over the past half century, the international flow of goods, services, and capital has grown rapidly. Globalization creates new economic, cultural, and social opportunities, but also poses the challenge of ensuring that workers throughout the world share in these opportunities. Responding to this challenge, the U.S. government carries out a variety of policies and programs aimed at encouraging greater recognition of worker rights around the globe. The U.S. Department of State monitors worker rights abroad and reports on the status of those rights as part of its annual report to Congress in the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Building on this history of monitoring and encouraging worker rights around the world, the Trade Act of 2002 includes on the list of overall trade negotiating objectives of the United States, promote respect for worker rights. Monitoring International Labor Standards provides expert, science-based advice on monitoring compliance with international labor standards. This report identifies relevant, valid, reliable, and useful sources of country-level data on labor standards; assesses the quality of existing and potential data and indicators that can be used to systematically monitor labor practices and the effectiveness of enforcement in order to determine compliance with national labor legislation and international standards; identifies innovative measures to determine compliance with international labor standards on a country-by-country basis and to measure progress on improved labor legislation and enforcement; explores the relationship between labor standards compliance and national policies relating to human capital issues; and recommends sustainable reporting procedures to monitor countries' progress toward implementation of international labor standards. ER -