TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan Lesgold A2 - Michael J. Feuer A2 - Allison M. Black TI - Transitions in Work and Learning: Implications for Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/5790 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5790/transitions-in-work-and-learning-implications-for-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The dramatic shift in the American labor market away from manufacturing and the growing gap in earnings between high school and college graduates have contributed to a sense of alarm about the capacity of the nation's schools to supply adequately skilled graduates to the work force. The role that schools can or should play in preparing people to enter the world of work is hotly debated. In an effort to nurture the important and ongoing national dialogue on these issues, the Board on Testing and Assessment asked researchers and policymakers to engage in an interdisciplinary review and discussion of available data and implications for assessment policy. Transitions in Work and Learning considers the role of assessment in facilitating improved labor market transitions and life-long learning of American workers. It addresses the apparent mismatch between skill requirements of high-performance workplaces and skills acquired by students in school, the validity of existing assessment technologies to determine skills and competencies of persons entering various occupations, and ethical and legal issues in the implementation of new testing and certification programs. The book also examines the role of assessment in determining needed skills; developing ongoing education and training; and providing information to employers, prospective workers, and schools. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Assessing the Social and Behavioral Science Base for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Intervention: Workshop Summary DO - 10.17226/9207 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9207/assessing-the-social-and-behavioral-science-base-for-hivaids-prevention-and-intervention PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Scientists and Human Rights in Somalia: Report of a Delegation DO - 10.17226/18664 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18664/scientists-and-human-rights-in-somalia-report-of-a-delegation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Deepali M. Patel A2 - Steve Olson TI - Information Sharing and Collaboration: Applications to Integrated Biosurveillance: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13295 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13295/information-sharing-and-collaboration-applications-to-integrated-biosurveillance-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequent anthrax mailings, the U.S. government prioritized a biosurveillance strategy aimed at detecting, monitoring, and characterizing national security health threats in human and animal populations, food, water, agriculture, and the environment. However, gaps and challenges in biosurveillance efforts and integration of biosurveillance activities remain. September 8-9, 2011, the IOM held a workshop to explore the information-sharing and collaboration processes needed for the nation's integrated biosurveillance strategy. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Classification of Dusts Relative to Electrical Equipment in Class II Hazardous Locations DO - 10.17226/10952 PY - 1982 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10952/classification-of-dusts-relative-to-electrical-equipment-in-class-ii-hazardous-locations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles DO - 10.17226/13897 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13897/a-guide-for-reducing-collisions-involving-bicycles PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 500, Vol. 18, Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles provides strategies that can be employed to reduce collisions involving bicycles.In 1998, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved its Strategic Highway Safety Plan, which was developed by the AASHTO Standing Committee for Highway Traffic Safety with the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation Safety Management. The plan includes strategies in 22 key emphasis areas that affect highway safety. The plan's goal is to reduce the annual number of highway deaths by 5,000 to 7,000. Each of the 22 emphasis areas includes strategies and an outline of what is needed to implement each strategy.Over the next few years the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) will be developing a series of guides, several of which are already available, to assist state and local agencies in reducing injuries and fatalities in targeted areas. The guides correspond to the emphasis areas outlined in the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Each guide includes a brief introduction, a general description of the problem, the strategies/countermeasures to address the problem, and a model implementation process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Sahr John Kpundeh TI - Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices SN - DO - 10.17226/2041 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2041/democratization-in-africa-african-views-african-voices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The global movement toward democracy, spurred in part by the ending of the cold war, has created opportunities for democratization not only in Europe and the former Soviet Union, but also in Africa. This book is based on workshops held in Benin, Ethiopia, and Namibia to better understand the dynamics of contemporary democratic movements in Africa. Key issues in the democratization process range from its institutional and political requirements to specific problems such as ethnic conflict, corruption, and role of donors in promoting democracy. By focusing on the opinion and views of African intellectuals, academics, writers, and political activists and observers, the book provides a unique perspective regarding the dynamics and problems of democratization in Africa. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Catherine E. Snow A2 - Susan B. Van Hemel TI - Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How SN - DO - 10.17226/12446 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12446/early-childhood-assessment-why-what-and-how PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education AB - The assessment of young children's development and learning has recently taken on new importance. Private and government organizations are developing programs to enhance the school readiness of all young children, especially children from economically disadvantaged homes and communities and children with special needs. Well-planned and effective assessment can inform teaching and program improvement, and contribute to better outcomes for children. This book affirms that assessments can make crucial contributions to the improvement of children's well-being, but only if they are well designed, implemented effectively, developed in the context of systematic planning, and are interpreted and used appropriately. Otherwise, assessment of children and programs can have negative consequences for both. The value of assessments therefore requires fundamental attention to their purpose and the design of the larger systems in which they are used. Early Childhood Assessment addresses these issues by identifying the important outcomes for children from birth to age 5 and the quality and purposes of different techniques and instruments for developmental assessments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Transportation Performance Management: Insight from Practitioners DO - 10.17226/14384 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14384/transportation-performance-management-insight-from-practitioners PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 660: Transportation Performance Management: Insight from Practitioners explores the concept of performance management and examines how other agencies bring performance management into the decision-making process. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Speaking of Health: Assessing Health Communication Strategies for Diverse Populations SN - DO - 10.17226/10018 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10018/speaking-of-health-assessing-health-communication-strategies-for-diverse-populations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - We are what we eat. That old expression seems particularly poignant every time we have our blood drawn for a routine physical to check our cholesterol levels. And, it's not just what we eat that affects our health. Whole ranges of behaviors ultimately make a difference in how we feel and how we maintain our health. Lifestyle choices have enormous impact on our health and well being. But, how do we communicate the language of good health so that it is uniformly received-and accepted-by people from different cultures and backgrounds? Take, for example, the case of a 66 year old Latina. She has been told by her doctor that she should have a mammogram. But her sense of fatalism tells her that it is better not to know if anything is wrong. To know that something is wrong will cause her distress and this may well lead to even more health problems. Before she leaves her doctor's office she has decided not to have a mammogram-that is until her doctor points out that having a mammogram is a way to take care of herself so that she can continue to take care of her family. In this way, the decision to have a mammogram feels like a positive step. Public health communicators and health professionals face dilemmas like this every day. Speaking of Health looks at the challenges of delivering important messages to different audiences. Using case studies in the areas of diabetes, mammography, and mass communication campaigns, it examines the ways in which messages must be adapted to the unique informational needs of their audiences if they are to have any real impact. Speaking of Health looks at basic theories of communication and behavior change and focuses on where they apply and where they don't. By suggesting creative strategies and guidelines for speaking to diverse audiences now and in the future, the Institute of Medicine seeks to take health communication into the 21st century. In an age where we are inundated by multiple messages every day, this book will be a critical tool for all who are interested in communicating with diverse communities about health issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Margaret Hilton TI - Research on Future Skill Demands: A Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12066 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12066/research-on-future-skill-demands-a-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education KW - Industry and Labor AB - Over the past five years, business and education groups have issued a series of reports indicating that the skill demands of work are rising, due to rapid technological change and increasing global competition. Researchers have begun to study changing workplace skill demands. Some economists have found that technological change is "skill-biased," increasing demand for highly skilled workers and contributing to the growing gap in wages between college-educated workers and those with less education. However, other studies of workplace skill demands have reached different conclusions. These differences result partly from differences in disciplinary perspective, research methods, and datasets. The findings of all of these strands of research on changing skill demands are limited by available methods and data sources. Because case study research focuses on individual work sites or occupations, its results may not be representative of larger industry or national trends. At a more basic level, there is some disagreement in the literature about how to define "skill". In part because of such disagreements, researchers have used a variety of measures of skill, making it difficult to compare findings from different studies or to accumulate knowledge of skill trends over time. In the context of this increasing discussion, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore the available research evidence related to two important guiding questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods and data sources for providing insights about current and future changes in skill demands? What support does the available evidence (given the strengths and weaknesses of the methods and data sources) provide for the proposition that the skills required for the 21st century workplace will be meaningfully different from earlier eras and will require corresponding changes in educational preparation? ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment of the Bureau of Reclamation's Security Program SN - DO - 10.17226/12463 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12463/assessment-of-the-bureau-of-reclamations-security-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The water impounded behind a dam can be used to generate power and to provide water for drinking, irrigation, commerce, industry, and recreation. However, if a dam fails, the water that would be unleashed has the energy and power to cause mass destruction downstream, killing and injuring people and destroying property, agriculture, industry, and local and regional economies. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) is responsible for managing and operating some of this nation's largest and most critical dams. The failure of one or more of these dams as the result of a malicious act would come with little warning and a limited time for evacuation. In the years since the 9/11 attacks, Reclamation has invested significant resources to establish and build a security program. Reclamation is now ready to evaluate the results of these efforts and determine how best to move forward to develop a security program that is robust and sustainable. This book assesses Reclamation's security program and determines its level of preparedness to deter, respond to, and recover from malicious acts to its physical infrastructure and to the people who use and manage it. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Dean R. Gerstein A2 - Lawrence W. Green TI - Preventing Drug Abuse: What Do We Know? SN - DO - 10.17226/1883 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1883/preventing-drug-abuse-what-do-we-know PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - As the nation's drug crisis has deepened, public and private agencies have invested huge sums of money in prevention efforts. Are the resulting programs effective? What do we need to know to make them more effective? This book provides a comprehensive overview on what we know about drug abuse prevention and its effectiveness, including: Results of a wide range of antidrug efforts. The role and effectiveness of mass media in preventing drug use. A profile of the drug problem, including a look at drug use by different population groups. A review of three major schools of prevention theory--risk factor reduction, developmental change, and social influence. An examination of promising prevention techniques from other areas of health and human services. This volume offers provocative findings on the connection between low self-esteem and drug use, the role of schools, the reality of changing drug use in the population, and more. Preventing Drug Abuse will be indispensable to anyone involved in the search for solutions, including policymakers, anti-drug program developers and administrators, and researchers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Europe 1992: The Implications of Market Integration for R & D-Intensive Firms SN - DO - 10.17226/1775 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1775/europe-1992-the-implications-of-market-integration-for-r-d PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The 12 member nations of the European Economic Community (EC) are engaged in a bold effort to create a Single European Market by the end of 1992. The changes brought about by European market integration will have a major impact on U.S. industry. Although proponents of the plan argue that it will benefit businesses by allowing economies of scale, more efficient marketing, and increased demands for goods and services from outside the Community, there is some concern that the Single European Market may serve to exclude or limit participation of non-European competition. The impact is likely to be particularly pronounced in industries with heavy involvement in research and development. This volume is based on a major two-day symposium which brought together officials of United States and other governments, industry representatives, and academic experts to examine EC policies on technical standards, intellectual property rights, access to the results of EC-supported basic research, and other issues affecting R&D intensive firms. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Hazards: Technology and Fairness SN - DO - 10.17226/650 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/650/hazards-technology-and-fairness PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - "In the burgeoning literature on technological hazards, this volume is one of the best," states Choice in a three-part approach, it addresses the moral, scientific, social, and commercial questions inherent in hazards management. Part I discusses how best to regulate hazards arising from chronic, low-level exposures and from low-probability events when science is unable to assign causes or estimate consequences of such hazards; Part II examines fairness in the distribution of risks and benefits of potentially hazardous technologies; and Part III presents practical lessons and cautions about managing hazardous technologies. Together, the three sections put hazard management into perspective, providing a broad spectrum of views and information. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Daniel K. Boyle TI - Better On-Street Bus Stops DO - 10.17226/22175 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22175/better-on-street-bus-stops PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 117: Better On-Street Bus Stops explores major issues and successful approaches to address on-street bus stops from both the transit agency’s perspective and customer's perspective. It documents the current state of the practice with regard to actions taken to address constraints and improvements to on-street bus stops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Dylan Rebstock A2 - Tina Winters A2 - Emma Fine TI - Measurement and Analysis of Public Opinion: An Analytic Framework SN - DO - 10.17226/26390 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26390/measurement-and-analysis-of-public-opinion-an-analytic-framework PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Intelligence analysts conduct these analyses every day, using decades of propriety tradecraft techniques and an arsenal of clandestine information gathering sources, but the resources available are not unlimited. Open source public opinion tools can provide timely and relatively inexpensive methods of understanding fast-moving conditions, acting as a force multiplier to help policymakers have a truly all-source understanding of complex events. By providing analysts with the best practices in survey methodology and nonsurvey methods for gathering data on public opinion, they will be armed with a clearer sense of important shifts in attitudes, elections, and unrest. In order to provide guidance to analysts on strategies for assessing public opinion, representatives from the intelligence community approached the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to request preparation of a framework on Measuring and Analyzing Public Opinion. This analytic framework includes three layers of information. Layer 1 comprises four authored papers that review literature from various disciplines containing overview information as well as how the topic/situation of interest can enable better analysis across different situational constraints. Layer 2 is a distilled layer of information in the form of an authored summary of the four Layer 1 papers, both summarizing and describing key points. Finally, Layer 3 provides an even further distillation of the key concepts, in a one-page visual graphic, that displays key drivers from the work in Layers 1 and 2 to help the intended audience apply knowledge to the situation of interest. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michael Pluimer A2 - Joel Sprague A2 - Richard Thomas A2 - Leslie McCarthy A2 - Andrea Welker A2 - Shad Sargand A2 - Ehab Shaheen A2 - Kevin White TI - Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content DO - 10.17226/24934 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24934/field-performance-of-corrugated-pipe-manufactured-with-recycled-polyethylene-content PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 870: Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content explores the use of corrugated high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe manufactured with recycled content and proposes guidelines for manufacturing these pipes to ensure they meet the service life requirements for the given application. This project expounded on the research published in NCHRP Report 696. The research consisted of manufacturing several large diameter corrugated HDPE pipes out of various blends of virgin and post-consumer recycled (PCR) materials commonly used in land drainage applications and evaluating these pipes in the field and laboratory to determine their service life in typical installed conditions. PCR materials were the focus of this project as they are more readily available and typically used in the corrugated HDPE pipe industry than post industrial recycled materials. However, the research is applicable to both types. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Wesley Skogan A2 - Kathleen Frydl TI - Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/10419 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Jeremy Travis A2 - Bruce Western A2 - Steve Redburn TI - The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences SN - DO - 10.17226/18613 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18613/the-growth-of-incarceration-in-the-united-states-exploring-causes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States recommends changes in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy to reduce the nation's reliance on incarceration. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. The study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies. ER -