%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 84 %X This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 56 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Fletcher, David S. Ekern David R. %T Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26160/transportation-system-resilience-research-roadmap-and-white-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26160/transportation-system-resilience-research-roadmap-and-white-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 110 %X Although the need for a more effective set of short- and long-term transportation resilience strategies is increasingly obvious and urgent, many knowledge gaps and institutional barriers still exist.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 975: Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers highlights significant knowledge gaps within AASHTO and state departments of transportation, presents a 5-year research plan that addresses these gaps, and discusses critical resilience-related issues facing senior transportation leaders today.Supplementary materials to the report include a Road Map Ratings and Rankings Workbook (Appendix B) and a Resilience Research Roadmap and White Papers Presentation. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Analytics, Chandler Duncan, Michael Brown, Metro %E Stein, Economic Development Research Group Naomi %E McDonnell, David Rowe, Daniel Rotert, Burns & %E Inc., Michael David Hurst, Vanasse Hangen Brustlin %E Lomax, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Tim %E Hylton, High Street Consulting Peter %E McGee, LLC Hugh McGee Hugh %E Morris, LLC Anne Morris Anne %T White Papers for Right-Sizing Transportation Investments %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25920/white-papers-for-right-sizing-transportation-investments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25920/white-papers-for-right-sizing-transportation-investments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 108 %X While not all right-sizing projects involve a change in jurisdictional responsibility and ownership, jurisdictional transfer can be a key tool for implementing right-sizing plans and agreements.As a supplemental document to NCHRP Research Report 917: Right-Sizing Transportation Investments:A Guidebook for Planning and Programming, the TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 263: White Papers for Right-Sizing Transportation Investments offers practical examples of the current state of the practice. These examples are instructive for developing a roadmap of how agencies can and should approach the role of jurisdictional transfers within competing right-sizing scenarios. In addition, these examples provide assistance to state DOTs and other transportation agencies in implementing the comprehensive approach documented in the Guidebook, as they address critical issues in financing transportation infrastructure. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Daniels, Ronald %E Beninson, Lida %T The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through %@ 978-0-309-47137-4 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 192 %X Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry. Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age %@ 978-0-309-07417-9 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Education %P 69 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Tate, William H. %E Fredman, S. Robert %E Greenberg, Arthur H. %E McSweeney, Thomas I. %E Timcho, Thomas J. %E Keppler, Stephen A. %T Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22747/evaluation-of-the-use-of-electronic-shipping-papers-for-hazardous-materials-shipments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22747/evaluation-of-the-use-of-electronic-shipping-papers-for-hazardous-materials-shipments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 98 %X TRB’s Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP) Report 8: Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments examines the challenges of advancing the use of electronic shipping papers as an alternative to the current paper-based hazardous materials communication system. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Weinstein, Maxine %E Lane, Meredith A. %T Sociality, Hierarchy, Health: Comparative Biodemography: A Collection of Papers %@ 978-0-309-30661-4 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18822/sociality-hierarchy-health-comparative-biodemography-a-collection-of-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18822/sociality-hierarchy-health-comparative-biodemography-a-collection-of-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 400 %X Sociality, Hierarchy, Health: Comparative Biodemography is a collection of papers that examine cross-species comparisons of social environments with a focus on social behaviors along with social hierarchies and connections, to examine their effects on health, longevity, and life histories. This report covers a broad spectrum of nonhuman animals, exploring a variety of measures of position in social hierarchies and social networks, drawing links among these factors to health outcomes and trajectories, and comparing them to those in humans. Sociality, Hierarchy, Health revisits both the theoretical underpinnings of biodemography and the empirical findings that have emerged over the past two decades. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22887/womens-issues-in-transportation-summary-of-the-4th-international-conference-volume-2-technical-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22887/womens-issues-in-transportation-summary-of-the-4th-international-conference-volume-2-technical-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 287 %X Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers includes 27 full peer-reviewed papers that were presented at the October 2009 conference. The conference highlighted the latest research on changing demographics that affect transportation planning, programming, and policy making, as well as the latest research on crash and injury prevention for different segments of the female population. Special attention was given to pregnant and elderly transportation users, efforts to better address and increase women’s personal security when using various modes of transportation, and the impacts of extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes on women’s mobility and that of those for whom they are responsible.TRB’s Conference Proceedings 46: Women’s Issues in Transportation, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers includes an overview of the October 2009 conference and six commissioned resource papers, including the two keynote presentations. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Research on Women's Issues in Transportation - Volume 2: Technical Papers %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23299/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-2-technical-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23299/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-2-technical-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 210 %X TRB’s Conference Proceedings 35: Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation – Volume 2: Technical Papers contains peer-reviewed breakout and poster papers and several abstracts of papers presented at the November 18–20, 2004, conference in Chicago, Illinois. The conference was designed to identify and explore additional research and data needed to inform transportation policy decisions that address women’s mobility, safety, and security needs and to encourage research by young researchers. Volume 1, which will be released this winter, will include the conference summary, the four peer-reviewed overview papers presented by the topic leaders, and a list of conference participants. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Field, Marilyn J. %E Jette, Alan M. %E Martin, Linda %T Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look: Summary and Background Papers %@ 978-0-309-10090-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11579/workshop-on-disability-in-america-a-new-look-summary-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11579/workshop-on-disability-in-america-a-new-look-summary-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 292 %X Beginning in late 2004, the IOM began a project to take a new look at disability in America. It will review developments and progress since the publication of the 1991 and 1997 Institute reports. For technical contracting reasons, the new project was split into two phases. During the limited first phase, a committee appointed by IOM planned and convened a 1-day workshop to examine a subset of topics as background for the second phase of project. As was agreed upon with the sponsor of the workshop, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the topics were: methodological and policy issues related to the conceptualization, definition, measurement, and monitoring of disability and health over time; trends in the amount, types, and causes of disability; disability across the age spectrum and in the context of normal aging; and secondary health conditions. The phase-one workshop was held in Washington, D.C. on August 1, 2005. Its participants included researchers, clinicians, social service professionals, policy experts, and consumer representatives and advocates. The meeting agenda and list of participants are included in Appendix A. Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look- Summary and Background Papers summarizes the workshop presentations and discussions. The background papers prepared for the workshop are included in Appendixes B through O. Some papers were submitted and circulated in advance of the meeting, whereas others were first presented at the meeting. The analyses, definitions, and views presented in the papers are those of the paper authors and are not necessarily those of the IOM committee. Likewise, the discussion summary is limited to the views of the workshop participants. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22901/womens-issues-in-transportation-summary-of-the-4th-international-conference-volume-1-conference-overview-and-plenary-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22901/womens-issues-in-transportation-summary-of-the-4th-international-conference-volume-1-conference-overview-and-plenary-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 132 %X TRB’s Conference Proceedings 46: Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers includes an overview of the October 2009 conference and six commissioned resource papers, including the two keynote presentations. Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers includes 27 full peer-reviewed papers that were presented at the October 2009 conference. The conference highlighted the latest research on changing demographics that affect transportation planning, programming, and policy making, as well as the latest research on crash and injury prevention for different segments of the female population. Special attention was given to pregnant and elderly transportation users, efforts to better address and increase women’s personal security when using various modes of transportation, and the impacts of extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes on women’s mobility and that of those for whom they are responsible. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Benya, Frazier F. %E Fletcher, Cameron H. %E Hollander, Rachelle D. %T Practical Guidance on Science and Engineering Ethics Education for Instructors and Administrators: Papers and Summary from a Workshop December 12, 2012 %@ 978-0-309-29356-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18519/practical-guidance-on-science-and-engineering-ethics-education-for-instructors-and-administrators %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18519/practical-guidance-on-science-and-engineering-ethics-education-for-instructors-and-administrators %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Education %P 92 %X Over the last two decades, colleges and universities in the United States have significantly increased the formal ethics instruction they provide in science and engineering. Today, science and engineering programs socialize students into the values of scientists and engineers as well as their obligations in the conduct of scientific research and in the practice of engineering. Practical Guidance on Science and Engineering Ethics Education for Instructors and Administrators is the summary of a workshop convened in December 2012 to consider best practices for ethics education programs in science and engineering. The workshop focused on four key areas: goals and objectives for ethics instruction, instructional assessment, institutional and research cultures, and development of guidance checklists for instructors and administrators. Leading experts summarized and presented papers on current research knowledge in these areas. This report presents the edited papers and a summary of the discussions at the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academy of Engineering %T Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering: Papers from a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-09271-5 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11083/emerging-technologies-and-ethical-issues-in-engineering-papers-from-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11083/emerging-technologies-and-ethical-issues-in-engineering-papers-from-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 166 %X Engineers and ethicists participated in a workshop to discuss the responsible development of new technologies. Presenters examined four areas of engineering--sustainability, nanotechnology, neurotechnology, and energy--in terms of the ethical issues they present to engineers in particular and society as a whole. Approaches to ethical issues include: analyzing the factual, conceptual, application, and moral aspects of an issue; evaluating the risks and responsibilities of a particular course of action; and using theories of ethics or codes of ethics developed by engineering societies as a basis for decision making. Ethics can be built into the education of engineering students and professionals, either as an aspect of courses already being taught or as a component of engineering projects to be examined along with research findings. Engineering practice workshops can also be effective, particularly when they include discussions with experienced engineers. This volume includes papers on all of these topics by experts in many fields. The consensus among workshop participants is that material on ethics should be an ongoing part of engineering education and engineering practice. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Innovations in Travel Demand Modeling, Volume 2: Papers %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13678/innovations-in-travel-demand-modeling-volume-2-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13678/innovations-in-travel-demand-modeling-volume-2-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 200 %X TRB Conference Proceedings 42, Innovations in Travel Demand Modeling, Volume 2: Papers includes the papers that were presented at a May 21-23, 2006, conference that examined advances in travel demand modeling, explored the opportunities and the challenges associated with the implementation of advanced travel models, and reviewed the skills and training necessary to apply new modeling techniques. TRB Conference Proceedings 42, Innovations in Travel Demand Modeling, Volume 1: Session Summaries is available online. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Research on Women's Issues in Transportation, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23274/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-1-conference-overview-and-plenary-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23274/research-on-womens-issues-in-transportation-volume-1-conference-overview-and-plenary-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 65 %X TRB's Conference Proceedings 35, Research on Women's Issues in Transportation, Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers contains the conference summary, the four peer-reviewed overview papers presented by the topic leaders, and a list of conference participants from a November 18-20, 2004, conference held in Chicago, Illinois. The conference was designed to identify and explore additional research and data needed to inform transportation policy decisions that address women's mobility, safety, and security needs and to encourage research by young researchers. Volume 2 contains 22 full papers from the breakout and poster sessions and 9 abstracts of papers on subjects of particular interest to the committee that were selected for publication through the committee's peer review process. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Breiger, Ronald %E Carley, Kathleen %E Pattison, Philippa %T Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers %@ 978-0-309-08952-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10735/dynamic-social-network-modeling-and-analysis-workshop-summary-and-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10735/dynamic-social-network-modeling-and-analysis-workshop-summary-and-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 392 %X In the summer of 2002, the Office of Naval Research asked the Committee on Human Factors to hold a workshop on dynamic social network and analysis. The primary purpose of the workshop was to bring together scientists who represent a diversity of views and approaches to share their insights, commentary, and critiques on the developing body of social network analysis research and application. The secondary purpose was to provide sound models and applications for current problems of national importance, with a particular focus on national security. This workshop is one of several activities undertaken by the National Research Council that bears on the contributions of various scientific disciplines to understanding and defending against terrorism. The presentations were grouped in four sessions – Social Network Theory Perspectives, Dynamic Social Networks, Metrics and Models, and Networked Worlds – each of which concluded with a discussant-led roundtable discussion among the presenters and workshop attendees on the themes and issues raised in the session. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and %T An Assessment of the Center for Neutron Research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2021 %@ 978-0-309-29545-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26418/an-assessment-of-the-center-for-neutron-research-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26418/an-assessment-of-the-center-for-neutron-research-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 73 %X At the request of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has, since 1959, annually assembled panels of experts from academia, industry, medicine, and other scientific and engineering communities to assess the quality and effectiveness of the NIST measurements and standards laboratories. The NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR) is one of six major research organizational units consisting of five laboratories and one user facility at NIST. It is one of only three neutron scattering user facilities in the United States, with 30 instruments, supporting roughly one-third of the U.S. neutron scattering instruments and users. This report assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the NCNR, as well as the portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization and dissemination of program outputs. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Short-Term Strategies for Addressing the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women's Workforce Participation %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26303/short-term-strategies-for-addressing-the-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-womens-workforce-participation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26303/short-term-strategies-for-addressing-the-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-womens-workforce-participation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 16 %X The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated recession have significantly affected women’s workforce participation. These impacts have varied from job loss to additional caregiving responsibilities. Black and Hispanic women have been particularly affected, bringing into sharp relief historical gender and racial inequities in the labor market. In order to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting recession on women's employment, state and local decision makers can use available federal funds to mitigate those impacts while also laying the foundation for longer-term solutions. This rapid expert consultation identifies strategies that state and local decision makers can use to assist in short-term recovery efforts for women whose employment status and work experiences have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It includes strategies both for supporting caregiving responsibilities and career development. This rapid expert consultation was produced through the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN), an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This project is affiliated with the National Academies' Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. The white papers that informed the development of this rapid expert consultation were commissioned by the National Bureau of Economic Research with the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Addressing the Impact of COVID-19 on the Early Care and Education Sector %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26463/addressing-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-early-care-and-education-sector %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26463/addressing-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-early-care-and-education-sector %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 21 %X The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated challenges in the early care and education (ECE) sector, including: preexisting structural flaws; insufficient funding mechanisms; sector fragmentation; inadequate support for the workforce; and inequalities, such as the lack of access to high-quality care among low-income, rural populations, and communities of color. Addressing the impacts of the pandemic and the resulting economic recession on the ECE sector will require that state, local, and tribal decision makers use available COVID-19 relief funds to mitigate those impacts while also laying the foundation for longer-term solutions. This rapid expert consultation identifies mitigation strategies that could be implemented to achieve these goals. This rapid expert consultation was produced through the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN), an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. This project is affiliated with the National Academies' Standing Committee on Emerging Infectious Diseases and 21st Century Health Threats. The National Bureau of Economic Research with the support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation commissioned the white papers that informed the development of this rapid expert consultation.