%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-48535-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 258 %X Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report. %0 Book %T Reproductive Health Interventions: Report of a Meeting %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9087/reproductive-health-interventions-report-of-a-meeting %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9087/reproductive-health-interventions-report-of-a-meeting %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 36 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning %@ 978-0-309-07637-1 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10285/scientific-and-medical-aspects-of-human-reproductive-cloning %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10285/scientific-and-medical-aspects-of-human-reproductive-cloning %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 294 %X Human reproductive cloning is an assisted reproductive technology that would be carried out with the goal of creating a newborn genetically identical to another human being. It is currently the subject of much debate around the world, involving a variety of ethical, religious, societal, scientific, and medical issues. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning considers the scientific and medical sides of this issue, plus ethical issues that pertain to human-subjects research. Based on experience with reproductive cloning in animals, the report concludes that human reproductive cloning would be dangerous for the woman, fetus, and newborn, and is likely to fail. The study panel did not address the issue of whether human reproductive cloning, even if it were found to be medically safe, would be—or would not be—acceptable to individuals or society. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-49184-6 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25424/a-decision-framework-for-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 212 %X Coral reefs are critical to ocean and human life because they provide food, living area, storm protection, tourism income, and more. However, human-induced stressors, such as overfishing, sediment, pollution, and habitat destruction have threatened ocean ecosystems globally for decades. In the face of climate change, these ecosystems now face an array of unfamiliar challenges due to destructive rises in ocean temperature, acidity and sea level. These factors lead to an increased frequency of bleaching events, hindered growth, and a decreasing rate of calcification. Research on interventions to combat these relatively new stressors and a reevaluation of longstanding interventions is necessary to understand and protect coral reefs in this changing climate. Previous research on these methods prompts further questions regarding the decision making process for site-specific interventions. A Decision Framework for Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs builds upon a previous report that reviews the state of research on methods that have been used, tested, or proposed to increase the resilience of coral reefs. This new report aims to help coral managers evaluate the specific needs of their site and navigate the 23 different interventions described in the previous report. A case study of the Caribbean, a region with low coral population plagued by disease, serves as an example for coral intervention decision making. This report provides complex coral management decision making tools, identifies gaps in coral biology and conservation research, and provides examples to help individuals and communities tailor a decision strategy to a local area. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Tsui, Amy O. %E Wasserheit, Judith N. %E Haaga, John G. %T Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: Expanding Dimensions, Building Solutions %@ 978-0-309-05644-1 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5500/reproductive-health-in-developing-countries-expanding-dimensions-building-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5500/reproductive-health-in-developing-countries-expanding-dimensions-building-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 328 %X Sexually transmitted diseases, unintended pregnancies, infertility, and other reproductive problems are a growing concern around the world, especially in developing countries. Reproductive Health in Developing Countries describes the magnitude of these problems and what is known about the effectiveness of interventions in the following areas: Infection-free sex. Immediate priorities for combating sexually transmitted and reproductive tract diseases are identified. Intended pregnancies and births. The panel reports on the state of family planning and ways to provide services. Healthy pregnancy and delivery. The book explores the myths and substantive socio-economic problems that underlie maternal deaths. Healthy sexuality. Such issues as sexual violence and the practice of female genital mutilation are discussed in terms of the cultural contexts in which they occur. Addressing the design and delivery of reproductive health services, this volume presents lessons learned from past programs and offers principles for deciding how to spend limited available funds. Reproductive Health in Developing Countries will be of special interest to policymakers, health care professionals, and researchers working on reproductive issues in the developing world. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A Institute of Medicine %E Lloyd, Cynthia B. %T Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries %@ 978-0-309-09528-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11174/growing-up-global-the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 720 %X The challenges for young people making the transition to adulthood are greater today than ever before. Globalization, with its power to reach across national boundaries and into the smallest communities, carries with it the transformative power of new markets and new technology. At the same time, globalization brings with it new ideas and lifestyles that can conflict with traditional norms and values. And while the economic benefits are potentially enormous, the actual course of globalization has not been without its critics who charge that, to date, the gains have been very unevenly distributed, generating a new set of problems associated with rising inequality and social polarization. Regardless of how the globalization debate is resolved, it is clear that as broad global forces transform the world in which the next generation will live and work, the choices that today's young people make or others make on their behalf will facilitate or constrain their success as adults. Traditional expectations regarding future employment prospects and life experiences are no longer valid. Growing Up Global examines how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries, and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs, in particular, those affecting adolescent reproductive health. The report sets forth a framework that identifies criteria for successful transitions in the context of contemporary global changes for five key adult roles: adult worker, citizen and community participant, spouse, parent, and household manager. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Claiborne, Anne %E English, Rebecca %E Kahn, Jeffrey %T Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social, and Policy Considerations %@ 978-0-309-38870-2 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21871/mitochondrial-replacement-techniques-ethical-social-and-policy-considerations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21871/mitochondrial-replacement-techniques-ethical-social-and-policy-considerations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 200 %X Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) are designed to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases from mother to child. While MRTs, if effective, could satisfy a desire of women seeking to have a genetically related child without the risk of passing on mtDNA disease, the technique raises significant ethical and social issues. It would create offspring who have genetic material from two women, something never sanctioned in humans, and would create mitochondrial changes that could be heritable (in female offspring), and therefore passed on in perpetuity. The manipulation would be performed on eggs or embryos, would affect every cell of the resulting individual, and once carried out this genetic manipulation is not reversible. Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques considers the implications of manipulating mitochondrial content both in children born to women as a result of participating in these studies and in descendants of any female offspring. This study examines the ethical and social issues related to MRTs, outlines principles that would provide a framework and foundation for oversight of MRTs, and develops recommendations to inform the Food and Drug Administration's consideration of investigational new drug applications. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bell, Crystal %E Carrera, Lyle %E Applegate, Austen %E Alper, Joe %T Accelerating the Use of Findings from Patient-Centered Outcomes Research in Clinical Practice to Improve Health and Health Care: Proceedings of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-69513-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26753/accelerating-the-use-of-findings-from-patient-centered-outcomes-research-in-clinical-practice-to-improve-health-and-health-care %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26753/accelerating-the-use-of-findings-from-patient-centered-outcomes-research-in-clinical-practice-to-improve-health-and-health-care %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 174 %X Patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) studies consider the questions and outcomes that are meaningful to patients to compare the effectiveness of different prevention, diagnostic, and treatment options. PCOR also increases patient involvement in their care by providing them an opportunity to evaluate the quality, outcomes, and effectiveness of health care treatments and intervention, especially in areas where there is poor existing clinical evidence. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Healthcare Services hosted a series of public workshops to explore ways of accelerating the use of PCOR findings in clinical practice to improve health and health care. Workshop discussions touched on the role of community health workers in helping care providers see and understand the whole picture of patient lives, the need for community engagement to ensure research is conducted and applied to practice equitably, and ways of measuring the impact of efforts to disseminate and implement new practices based on PCOR. This report summarizes the discussions that took place at these workshops. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Berger, Adam C. %E Beachy, Sarah H. %E Olson, Steve %T Stem Cell Therapies: Opportunities for Ensuring the Quality and Safety of Clinical Offerings: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, and the International Society for Stem Cell Research %@ 978-0-309-30300-2 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18746/stem-cell-therapies-opportunities-for-ensuring-the-quality-and-safety %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18746/stem-cell-therapies-opportunities-for-ensuring-the-quality-and-safety %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 108 %X Stem cells offer tremendous promise for advancing health and medicine. Whether being used to replace damaged cells and organs or else by supporting the body's intrinsic repair mechanisms, stem cells hold the potential to treat such debilitating conditions as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury. Clinical trials of stem cell treatments are under way in countries around the world, but the evidence base to support the medical use of stem cells remains limited. Despite this paucity of clinical evidence, consumer demand for treatments using stem cells has risen, driven in part by a lack of available treatment options for debilitating diseases as well as direct-to-consumer advertising and public portrayals of stem cell-based treatments. Clinics that offer stem cell therapies for a wide range of diseases and conditions have been established throughout the world, both in newly industrialized countries such as China, India, and Mexico and in developed countries such as the United States and various European nations. Though these therapies are often promoted as being established and effective, they generally have not received stringent regulatory oversight and have not been tested with rigorous trials designed to determine their safety and likely benefits. In the absence of substantiated claims, the potential for harm to patients - as well as to the field of stem cell research in general - may outweigh the potential benefits. To explore these issues, the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, and the International Society for Stem Cell Research held a workshop in November 2013. Stem Cell Therapies summarizes the workshop. Researchers, clinicians, patients, policy makers, and others from North America, Europe, and Asia met to examine the global pattern of treatments and products being offered, the range of patient experiences, and options to maximize the well-being of patients, either by protecting them from treatments that are dangerous or ineffective or by steering them toward treatments that are effective. This report discusses the current environment in which patients are receiving unregulated stem cell offerings, focusing on the treatments being offered and their risks and benefits. The report considers the evidence base for clinical application of stem cell technologies and ways to assure the quality of stem cell offerings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ogawa, V. Ayano %E Tran, T. Anh %E Shah, Cecilia Mundaca %T Understanding the Economics of Microbial Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48302-5 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25224/understanding-the-economics-of-microbial-threats-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25224/understanding-the-economics-of-microbial-threats-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 168 %X Microbial threats, including endemic and emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, can cause not only substantial health consequences but also enormous disruption to economic activity worldwide. While scientific advances have undoubtedly strengthened our ability to respond to and mitigate the mortality of infectious disease threats, events over the past two decades have illustrated our continued vulnerability to economic consequences from these threats. To assess the current understanding of the interaction of infectious disease threats with economic activity and suggest potential new areas of research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a 1.5-day public workshop on understanding the economics of microbial threats. This workshop built on prior work of the Forum on Microbial Threats and aimed to help transform current knowledge into immediate action. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Giudice, Linda %E Santa, Eileen %E Pool, Robert %T Assessing the Medical Risks of Human Oocyte Donation for Stem Cell Research: Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-10355-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11832/assessing-the-medical-risks-of-human-oocyte-donation-for-stem-cell-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11832/assessing-the-medical-risks-of-human-oocyte-donation-for-stem-cell-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 112 %X It is widely understood that stem cell treatments have the potential to revolutionize medicine. Because of this potential, in 2004 California voters approved Proposition 71 to set up a 10-year, $3 billion program to fund research on stem cells. Under the direction of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, this program will pay to build facilities for stem cell research and will fund doctors and scientists to carry out research with the ultimate goal of helping to develop therapies based on stem cells. For this research to move forward, however, will require a steady supply of stem cells, particularly human embryonic stem cells. Those stem cells are collected from developing human embryos created from eggs—or oocytes—harvested from the ovaries of female donors. Thus much of the promise of stem cells depends on women choosing to donate oocytes to the research effort. The oocyte donation process is not without risk, however. Donors are given doses of hormones to trigger the production of more eggs than would normally be produced, and this hormone treatment can have various side effects. Once the eggs have matured in the ovary, they must be retrieved via a surgical procedure that is typically performed under anesthesia, and both the surgery and the anesthesia carry their own risks. Furthermore, given the very personal nature of egg donation, the experience may carry psychological risks for some women as well. With this in mind, in 2006 the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine contracted with the National Academies to organize a workshop that would bring together experts from various areas to speak about the potential risks of oocyte donation and to summarize what is known and what needs to be known about this topic. The Committee on Assessing the Medical Risks of Human Oocyte Donation for Stem Cell Research was formed to plan the workshop, which was held in San Francisco on September 28, 2006. This report is a summary and synthesis of that workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding %@ 978-0-309-37909-0 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13128/the-health-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people-building %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13128/the-health-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people-building %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 366 %X At a time when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals—often referred to under the umbrella acronym LGBT—are becoming more visible in society and more socially acknowledged, clinicians and researchers are faced with incomplete information about their health status. While LGBT populations often are combined as a single entity for research and advocacy purposes, each is a distinct population group with its own specific health needs. Furthermore, the experiences of LGBT individuals are not uniform and are shaped by factors of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and age, any of which can have an effect on health-related concerns and needs. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People assesses the state of science on the health status of LGBT populations, identifies research gaps and opportunities, and outlines a research agenda for the National Institute of Health. The report examines the health status of these populations in three life stages: childhood and adolescence, early/middle adulthood, and later adulthood. At each life stage, the committee studied mental health, physical health, risks and protective factors, health services, and contextual influences. To advance understanding of the health needs of all LGBT individuals, the report finds that researchers need more data about the demographics of these populations, improved methods for collecting and analyzing data, and an increased participation of sexual and gender minorities in research. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People is a valuable resource for policymakers, federal agencies including the National Institute of Health (NIH), LGBT advocacy groups, clinicians, and service providers. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Kipke, Michele D. %T Risks and Opportunities: Synthesis of Studies on Adolescence %@ 978-0-309-06791-1 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9721/risks-and-opportunities-synthesis-of-studies-on-adolescence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9721/risks-and-opportunities-synthesis-of-studies-on-adolescence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 96 %X This report constitutes one of the first activities of the Forum on Adolescence, a cross-cutting activity of the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council of the National Academies. Established under the auspices of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, the forum's overaching mission is to synthesize, analyze, and evaluate scientific research on critical national issues that relate to youth and their families, as well as to disseminate research and its policy and programmatic implications. The goals of the forum are to: (1) review and establish the science base on adolescent health and development and make efforts to foster this development; (2) identify new directions and support for research in this area, approaching research as a resource to be developed cumulatively over time; (3) showcase new research, programs, and policies that have demonstrated promise in improving the health and well-being of adolescents; (4) convene and foster collaborations among individuals who represent diverse viewpoints and backgrounds, with a view to enhancing the quality of leadership in this area; and (5) disseminate research on adolescence and its policy implications to a wide array of audiences, from the scientific community to the lay public. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Lloyd, Cynthia B. %E Behrman, Jere R. %E Stromquist, Nelly P. %E Cohen, Barney %T The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies %@ 978-0-309-09680-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11524/the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing-countries-selected-studies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11524/the-changing-transitions-to-adulthood-in-developing-countries-selected-studies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 506 %X Serving as a companion to Growing Up Global, this book from the National Research Council explores how the transition to adulthood is changing in developing countries in light of globalization and what the implications of these changes might be for those responsible for designing youth policies and programs. Presenting a detailed series of studies, this volume both complements its precursor and makes for a useful contribution in its own right. It should be of significant interest to scholars, leaders of civil society, and those charged with designing youth policies and programs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Bale, Judith R. %E Stoll, Barbara J. %E Lucas, Adetokunbo O. %T Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World %@ 978-0-309-08608-0 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10839/reducing-birth-defects-meeting-the-challenge-in-the-developing-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10839/reducing-birth-defects-meeting-the-challenge-in-the-developing-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 270 %X Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Woolf, Steven H. %E Aron, Laudan %T U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health %@ 978-0-309-26414-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13497/us-health-in-international-perspective-shorter-lives-poorer-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13497/us-health-in-international-perspective-shorter-lives-poorer-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %K Surveys and Statistics %P 420 %X The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Andrews, Lori B. %E Fullarton, Jane E. %E Holtzman, Neil A. %E Motulsky, Arno G. %T Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy %@ 978-0-309-08660-8 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2057/assessing-genetic-risks-implications-for-health-and-social-policy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2057/assessing-genetic-risks-implications-for-health-and-social-policy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 352 %X Raising hopes for disease treatment and prevention, but also the specter of discrimination and "designer genes," genetic testing is potentially one of the most socially explosive developments of our time. This book presents a current assessment of this rapidly evolving field, offering principles for actions and research and recommendations on key issues in genetic testing and screening. Advantages of early genetic knowledge are balanced with issues associated with such knowledge: availability of treatment, privacy and discrimination, personal decision-making, public health objectives, cost, and more. Among the important issues covered: Quality control in genetic testing. Appropriate roles for public agencies, private health practitioners, and laboratories. Value-neutral education and counseling for persons considering testing. Use of test results in insurance, employment, and other settings. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Pray, Leslie A. %T Examining a Developmental Approach to Childhood Obesity: The Fetal and Early Childhood Years: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-37695-2 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21782/examining-a-developmental-approach-to-childhood-obesity-the-fetal-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21782/examining-a-developmental-approach-to-childhood-obesity-the-fetal-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 170 %X Recent scientific evidence points to the origins of childhood obesity as an outcome of the dynamic interplay of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors throughout early development, with a compelling body of evidence suggesting that both maternal and paternal nutritional and other exposures affect a child's risk of later obesity. The burgeoning field of epigenetics has led researchers to speculate that many of the observed associations between early developmental exposures and later risk of childhood obesity are mediated, at least in part, through epigenetic mechanisms. To explore the body of evolving science that examines the nexus of biology, environment, and developmental stage on risk of childhood obesity, the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council convened a workshop in February 2015. The workshop focused on the prenatal period, infancy, and early childhood and addressed evidence from both animal and human studies. Workshop objectives were to (1) identify epigenetic-mediated relationships between exposure to risk factors during sensitive periods of development (gestation through age 3) and subsequent obesity-related outcomes; (2) explore the science around periods of plasticity and potential reversibility of obesity risk in the context of early childhood development; and (3) examine the translation of epigenetic science to guide early childhood obesity prevention and intervention to reduce obesity risk. This report summarizes the information presented and discussed at the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Buckley, Gillian J. %E Woteki, Catherine E. %T Stronger Food and Drug Regulatory Systems Abroad %@ 978-0-309-67043-2 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25651/stronger-food-and-drug-regulatory-systems-abroad %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25651/stronger-food-and-drug-regulatory-systems-abroad %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 240 %X Ensuring the safety of food and the quality and safety of medicines in a country is an important role of government, made more complicated by global manufacturing and international trade. By recent estimates, unsafe food kills over 400,000 people a year, a third of them children under 5, mostly in low- and middle-income countries; every year poor quality medicines cause about 70,000 excess deaths from childhood pneumonia and roughly 8,500 to 20,000 malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africa alone. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Global Policy and Strategy is charged with improving capacity of the agency's foreign counterpart offices and increasing understanding of the importance of regulatory systems for public health, development, and trade. At the request of the FDA, this study sets out a strategy to support good quality, wholesome food and safe, effective medical products around the world. Its goal is to build on the momentum for strengthening regulatory systems and to set a course for sustainability and continued progress. The 2012 report Ensuring Safe Food and Medical Products Through Stronger Regulatory Systems Abroad outlined strategies to secure international supply chains, emphasized capacity building and support for surveillance in low- and middle-income countries, and explored ways to facilitate work sharing among food and medical product regulatory agencies. This new study assess progress made and the current regulatory landscape. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Forstag, Erin Hammers %T Developing an Agenda for Population Aging and Social Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-71343-6 %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27415/developing-an-agenda-for-population-aging-and-social-research-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-lmics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27415/developing-an-agenda-for-population-aging-and-social-research-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-lmics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 142 %X In September 2023, the Committee on Population at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop, Developing an Agenda for Population Aging and Social Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The explicit goal of the workshop was to identify the most promising directions for behavioral and social research and data infrastructure investments for studying life-course health, aging, and Alzheimers disease and Alzheimers disease and related dementias in LMICs. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.