%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts %@ 978-0-309-30586-0 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18811/reducing-coastal-risk-on-the-east-and-gulf-coasts %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18811/reducing-coastal-risk-on-the-east-and-gulf-coasts %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 208 %X Hurricane- and coastal-storm-related losses have increased substantially during the past century, largely due to increases in population and development in the most susceptible coastal areas. Climate change poses additional threats to coastal communities from sea level rise and possible increases in strength of the largest hurricanes. Several large cities in the United States have extensive assets at risk to coastal storms, along with countless smaller cities and developed areas. The devastation from Superstorm Sandy has heightened the nation's awareness of these vulnerabilities. What can we do to better prepare for and respond to the increasing risks of loss? Reducing Coastal Risk on the East and Gulf Coasts reviews the coastal risk-reduction strategies and levels of protection that have been used along the United States East and Gulf Coasts to reduce the impacts of coastal flooding associated with storm surges. This report evaluates their effectiveness in terms of economic return, protection of life safety, and minimization of environmental effects. According to this report, the vast majority of the funding for coastal risk-related issues is provided only after a disaster occurs. This report calls for the development of a national vision for coastal risk management that includes a long-term view, regional solutions, and recognition of the full array of economic, social, environmental, and life-safety benefits that come from risk reduction efforts. To support this vision, Reducing Coastal Risk states that a national coastal risk assessment is needed to identify those areas with the greatest risks that are high priorities for risk reduction efforts. The report discusses the implications of expanding the extent and levels of coastal storm surge protection in terms of operation and maintenance costs and the availability of resources. Reducing Coastal Risk recommends that benefit-cost analysis, constrained by acceptable risk criteria and other important environmental and social factors, be used as a framework for evaluating national investments in coastal risk reduction. The recommendations of this report will assist engineers, planners and policy makers at national, regional, state, and local levels to move from a nation that is primarily reactive to coastal disasters to one that invests wisely in coastal risk reduction and builds resilience among coastal communities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution %@ 978-0-309-06948-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9812/clean-coastal-waters-understanding-and-reducing-the-effects-of-nutrient %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9812/clean-coastal-waters-understanding-and-reducing-the-effects-of-nutrient %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 428 %X Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Ocean Studies Board: 2019-2020 Annual Report %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26856/ocean-studies-board-2019-2020-annual-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26856/ocean-studies-board-2019-2020-annual-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 24 %X The Ocean Studies Board (OSB) is a unit of the Division on Earth and Life Studies of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. OSB explores the science, policies, and infrastructure needed to understand, manage, and conserve coastal and marine environments and resources. This annual report highlights the published and ongoing activities of OSB from 2019 to 2020. %0 Book %T Beach Nourishment and Protection %@ 978-0-309-05290-0 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4984/beach-nourishment-and-protection %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4984/beach-nourishment-and-protection %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 352 %X Many coastal communities have built structures at their beaches and added quantities of sand in contoured designs to combat erosion. Are such beach nourishment projects technically and economically sound? Or are they nothing more than building sand castles, as critics claim? Beach Nourishment and Protection provides a sound technical basis for decision-making, with recommendations regarding the utility of beach nourishment, the appropriate role of federal agencies, responsibility for cost, design methodology, and other issues. This volume: Examines the economic and social role of beaches, the history of beach nourishment projects, and management strategies for shore protection. Discusses the role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other federal agencies, with a close-up look at the federal flood insurance program. Explores the state of the art in project design and prediction of outcomes, including the controversy over the use of traditional and nontraditional shore protection devices. Addresses what is known about the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Identifies what outcomes should be targeted for continued monitoring by project officials. Beach Nourishment and Protection provides insight into the technical, economic, environmental, and policy implications of beach nourishment and protection, with examples and suggested research directions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2015 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23643/the-gulf-research-program-annual-report-2015 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23643/the-gulf-research-program-annual-report-2015 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 32 %X Each year, the Gulf Research Program produces an annual report to summarize how funds were used. These reports review accomplishments, highlight activities, and, over time, will assess metrics to determine how the program is progressing in accomplishing its goals. The 2015 annual report is the second report in this series. The Gulf Research Program is an independent, science-based program founded in 2013. Through grants, fellowships, and other activities, it seeks to enhance oil system safety and the protection of human health and the environment in the Gulf of Mexico region and other areas along the U.S. outer continental shelf with offshore oil and gas operations. This report captures key developments and successes in 2015, as the Gulf Research Program began to implement its strategic vision and conducted its first funding competitions, investing more than $6.5 million in institutions and people in the Gulf region and beyond. It also introduces four initiatives that characterize the program’s main areas of interest. These initiatives will guide the development of a portfolio of grants, fellowships, and other activities with cumulative and lasting impact. %0 Book %T Challenges in Ocean Policy %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10074/challenges-in-ocean-policy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10074/challenges-in-ocean-policy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 6 %X Challenges in Ocean Policy summarizes the main messages of recent reports from the Ocean Studies Board, calling attention to two significant ocean issues — nutrient pollution and sustainable fisheries — that are likely to require high-level attention and policy decisions during the coming four years. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study %@ 978-0-309-37209-1 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21724/review-of-the-everglades-aquifer-storage-and-recovery-regional-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21724/review-of-the-everglades-aquifer-storage-and-recovery-regional-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 68 %X The Florida Everglades is a large and diverse aquatic ecosystem that has been greatly altered over the past century by an extensive water control infrastructure designed to increase agricultural and urban economic productivity. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), launched in 2000, is a joint effort led by the state and federal government to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. Increasing water storage is a critical component of the restoration, and the CERP included projects that would drill over 330 aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells to store up to 1.65 billion gallons per day in porous and permeable units in the aquifer system during wet periods for recovery during seasonal or longer-term dry periods. To address uncertainties regarding regional effects of large-scale ASR implementation in the Everglades, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the South Florida Water Management District conducted an 11-year ASR Regional Study, with focus on the hydrogeology of the Floridan aquifer system, water quality changes during aquifer storage, possible ecological risks posed by recovered water, and the regional capacity for ASR implementation. At the request of the USACE, Review of the Everglades Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study reviews the ASR Regional Study Technical Data Report and assesses progress in reducing uncertainties related to full-scale CERP ASR implementation. This report considers the validity of the data collection and interpretation methods; integration of studies; evaluation of scaling from pilot-to regional-scale application of ASR; and the adequacy and reliability of the study as a basis for future applications of ASR. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Final Report from the NRC Committee on the Review of the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration (LACPR) Program %@ 978-0-309-14103-1 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12708/final-report-from-the-nrc-committee-on-the-review-of-the-louisiana-coastal-protection-and-restoration-lacpr-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12708/final-report-from-the-nrc-committee-on-the-review-of-the-louisiana-coastal-protection-and-restoration-lacpr-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 65 %X The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration (LACPR) draft final technical report in March, 2009. In response to federal legislation, the Corps had to analyze hurricane protection, and design and present a full range of measures to protect against a storm equivalent to a category 5 hurricane. The request included measures for flood control, coastal restoration, and hurricane protection, and stipulated close coordination with the State of Louisiana and its appropriate agencies. This is the second and final report from the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on the Review of the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration (LACPR) Program. The committee was charged to review two draft reports from the LACPR team and to assess the hurricane risk reduction framework, alternatives for flood control, storm protection, coastal restoration, and risk analysis. This report presents this committee's review and advice for improvements of the LACPR March 2009 draft final technical report. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Understanding the Long-Term Evolution of the Coupled Natural-Human Coastal System: The Future of the U.S. Gulf Coast %@ 978-0-309-47584-6 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25108/understanding-the-long-term-evolution-of-the-coupled-natural-human-coastal-system %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25108/understanding-the-long-term-evolution-of-the-coupled-natural-human-coastal-system %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 156 %X The U.S. Gulf Coast provides a valuable setting to study deeply connected natural and human interactions and feedbacks that have led to a complex, interconnected coastal system. The physical landscape in the region has changed significantly due to broad-scale, long-term processes such as coastal subsidence and river sediment deposition as well as short-term episodic events such as hurricanes. Modifications from human activities, including building levees and canals and constructing buildings and roads, have left their own imprint on the natural landscape. This coupled natural-human coastal system and the individual aspects within it (physical, ecological, and human) are under increased pressure from accelerating environmental stressors such as sea level rise, intensifying hurricanes, and continued population increase with its accompanying coastal development. Promoting the resilience and maintaining the habitability of the Gulf Coast into the future will need improved understanding of the coupled natural-human coastal system, as well as effective sharing of this understanding in support of decision-making and policies. Understanding the Long-term Evolution of the Coupled Natural-Human Coastal System presents a research agenda meant to enable a better understanding of the multiple and interconnected factors that influence long-term processes along the Gulf Coast. This report identifies scientific and technical gaps in understanding the interactions and feedbacks between human and natural processes, defines essential components of a research and development program in response to the identified gaps, and develops priorities for critical areas of research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T First Report from the NRC Committee on the Review of the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration (LACPR) Program %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12215/first-report-from-the-nrc-committee-on-the-review-of-the-louisiana-coastal-protection-and-restoration-lacpr-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12215/first-report-from-the-nrc-committee-on-the-review-of-the-louisiana-coastal-protection-and-restoration-lacpr-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 31 %0 Book %T Business Case and Communications Strategies for State DOT Resilience Efforts %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27426/business-case-and-communications-strategies-for-state-dot-resilience-efforts %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27426/business-case-and-communications-strategies-for-state-dot-resilience-efforts %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 134 %X As transportation agencies face an increasing frequency and magnitude of risks, strategies and tools are essential for demonstrating, communicating, and gaining support for integrating resilience into transportation decisions and investments. NCHRP Web Only Document 385: Business Case and Communications Strategies for State DOT Resilience Efforts, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides state departments of transportation (DOTs) and other transportation organizations resources to help explain the value of investing in resilience. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Fletcher, David S. Ekern David R. %T Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26160/transportation-system-resilience-research-roadmap-and-white-papers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26160/transportation-system-resilience-research-roadmap-and-white-papers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 110 %X Although the need for a more effective set of short- and long-term transportation resilience strategies is increasingly obvious and urgent, many knowledge gaps and institutional barriers still exist.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 975: Transportation System Resilience: Research Roadmap and White Papers highlights significant knowledge gaps within AASHTO and state departments of transportation, presents a 5-year research plan that addresses these gaps, and discusses critical resilience-related issues facing senior transportation leaders today.Supplementary materials to the report include a Road Map Ratings and Rankings Workbook (Appendix B) and a Resilience Research Roadmap and White Papers Presentation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Science of Regional and Global Change: Putting Knowledge to Work %@ 978-0-309-07327-1 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10048/the-science-of-regional-and-global-change-putting-knowledge-to %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10048/the-science-of-regional-and-global-change-putting-knowledge-to %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 32 %X This report is intended to promote a dialogue between the scientific community and the government officials who will lead our nation in the coming years on global change research. The first section of the report is a brief description of the challenges and proposed responses needed from the highest levels of the government and the second provides more detailed discussion and is directed to agency-level issues and responses. The last section is a detailed bibliography that lists many of the specific reports on which the views outlined here are ultimately based. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of USGCRP Plan for a New Science Initiative on the Global Water Cycle %@ 978-0-309-08406-2 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10339/review-of-usgcrp-plan-for-a-new-science-initiative-on-the-global-water-cycle %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10339/review-of-usgcrp-plan-for-a-new-science-initiative-on-the-global-water-cycle %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 46 %X In 2001, the U.S. Global Change Research Program produced the report A Plan for a New Science Initiative on the Global Water Cycle. This report was designed to represent a research strategy and scientific plan for investigating the global water cycle, and its interactions with climate and for developing an enhanced understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the availability and biogeochemistry of water resources. The USGCRP managers are currently considering how to move forward with implementation of this ambitious, broad, and potentially very fruitful plan on an interagency basis, and it requested that the National Research Council (NRC) advise them in this regard. This report, Review of USGCRP Plan for a New Science Initiative on the Global Water Cycle, provides comments on the water cycle science plan as related to its recommended scientific initiatives and goals, and it provides comments on the usefulness of the water cycle science plan to the USGCRP agencies in developing a coordinated global water cycle implementation plan. %0 Book %T Meeting Research and Education Needs in Coastal Engineering %@ 978-0-309-06381-4 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9613/meeting-research-and-education-needs-in-coastal-engineering %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9613/meeting-research-and-education-needs-in-coastal-engineering %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 74 %X After discussions with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Office of Naval Research, the National Research Council (NRC) convened a committee under the auspices of the Marine Board to examine present and anticipated national needs in coastal engineering research and education and assess the adequacy and effectiveness of existing institutions in meeting those needs. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Effective Monitoring to Evaluate Ecological Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico %@ 978-0-309-44037-0 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23476/effective-monitoring-to-evaluate-ecological-restoration-in-the-gulf-of-mexico %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23476/effective-monitoring-to-evaluate-ecological-restoration-in-the-gulf-of-mexico %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 219 %X Gulf Coast communities and natural resources suffered extensive direct and indirect damage as a result of the largest accidental oil spill in US history, referred to as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Notably, natural resources affected by this major spill include wetlands, coastal beaches and barrier islands, coastal and marine wildlife, seagrass beds, oyster reefs, commercial fisheries, deep benthos, and coral reefs, among other habitats and species. Losses include an estimated 20% reduction in commercial fishery landings across the Gulf of Mexico and damage to as much as 1,100 linear miles of coastal salt marsh wetlands. This historic spill is being followed by a restoration effort unparalleled in complexity and magnitude in U.S. history. Legal settlements in the wake of DWH led to the establishment of a set of programs tasked with administering and supporting DWH-related restoration in the Gulf of Mexico. In order to ensure that restoration goals are met and money is well spent, restoration monitoring and evaluation should be an integral part of those programs. However, evaluations of past restoration efforts have shown that monitoring is often inadequate or even absent. Effective Monitoring to Evaluate Ecological Restoration in the Gulf of Mexico identifies best practices for monitoring and evaluating restoration activities to improve the performance of restoration programs and increase the effectiveness and longevity of restoration projects. This report provides general guidance for restoration monitoring, assessment, and synthesis that can be applied to most ecological restoration supported by these major programs given their similarities in restoration goals. It also offers specific guidance for a subset of habitats and taxa to be restored in the Gulf including oyster reefs, tidal wetlands, and seagrass habitats, as well as a variety of birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals.