%0 Book %T Chemical Communication in a Post-Genomic World %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10965/chemical-communication-in-a-post-genomic-world %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10965/chemical-communication-in-a-post-genomic-world %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 98 %X One major goal of post-genomic biology is to understand the function of genes. Many gene functions are comprehensible only within the context of chemical communication, and this symposium seeks to highlight emerging research on genomics and chemical communication and catalyze further development of this highly productive interface. Many of the most abundantly represented genes in the genomes characterized to date encode proteins mediating interactions among organisms, including odorant receptors and binding proteins, enzymes involved in biosynthesis of pheromones and toxins, and enzymes catalyzing the detoxification of defense compounds. Determining the molecular underpinnings of the component elements of chemical communication systems in all of their forms has the potential to explain a vast array of ecological, physiological, and evolutionary phenomena; by the same token, ecologists who elucidate the environmental challenges faced by the organisms are uniquely well-equipped to characterize natural ligands for receptors and substrates for enzymes. Thus, partnerships between genome biologists and chemical ecologists will likely be extremely synergistic. To date, these groups have rarely had opportunities to interact within a single forum. Such interactions are vital given the considerable practical benefits potentially stemming from these studies, including the development of biorational products for agricultural and forest pest management, for disease treatment, and for improving the quality of ecosystem health. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Matchett, Karin %E Mazza, Anne-Marie %E Kendall, Steven %T Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Inquiry, Communication, Controversy: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26775-5 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18255/perspectives-on-research-with-h5n1-avian-influenza-scientific-inquiry-communication %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18255/perspectives-on-research-with-h5n1-avian-influenza-scientific-inquiry-communication %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 132 %X When, in late 2011, it became public knowledge that two research groups had submitted for publication manuscripts that reported on their work on mammalian transmissibility of a lethal H5N1 avian influenza strain, the information caused an international debate about the appropriateness and communication of the researchers' work, the risks associated with the work, partial or complete censorship of scientific publications, and dual-use research of concern in general. Recognizing that the H5N1 research is only the most recent scientific activity subject to widespread attention due to safety and security concerns, on May 1, 2012, the National Research Council's Committee on Science, Technology and Law, in conjunction with the Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, convened a one-day public workshop for the purposes of 1) discussing the H5N1 controversy; 2) considering responses by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which had funded this research, the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), scientific publishers, and members of the international research community; and 3) providing a forum wherein the concerns and interests of the broader community of stakeholders, including policy makers, biosafety and biosecurity experts, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and the general public might be articulated. Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Enquiry, Communication, Controversy summarizes the proceedings of the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Goldsmith, Sara K. %T Risk Factors for Suicide: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07625-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10215/risk-factors-for-suicide-summary-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10215/risk-factors-for-suicide-summary-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 33 %X Thoughts of suicide can be abundant and frequent for some. These thoughts easily disrupt the lives of not only the suicidal person but the world around said person. It may, however, be possible to tell someone is suicidal before it's too late. Participants of committee on the Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adult and Adolescent Suicide of the Institute of Medicine's held two workshops, Risk Factors for Suicide, March 14, 2001 and Suicide Prevention and Intervention, May 14, 2001, to discuss the topic of suicide. The two workshops were designed to allow invited presenters to share with the committee and other workshop participants their particular expertise in suicide, and to discuss and examine the existing knowledge base. Risk Factors for Suicide: Summary of a Workshop summarizes the first workshop whose participants were selected to represent the areas of epidemiology and measurement, socio-cultural factors, biologic factors, developmental factors and trauma, and psychologic factors. They were asked to present current and relevant knowledge in each of their expertise areas. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Donaldson, Molla S. %E Dorflinger, Laneta %E Brown, Sarah S. %E Benet, Leslie Z. %T Clinical Applications of Mifepristone (RU486) and Other Antiprogestins: Assessing the Science and Recommending a Research Agenda %@ 978-0-309-04949-8 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2203/clinical-applications-of-mifepristone-ru486-and-other-antiprogestins-assessing-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2203/clinical-applications-of-mifepristone-ru486-and-other-antiprogestins-assessing-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 304 %X Mifepristone (RU486), the first clinically available antiprogestin, has generated great interest since its discovery in the early 1980s. Today, it is recognized that mifepristone, along with other antiprogestins, has a potentially significant therapeutic role in human health and disease, with likely applicability to a variety of pregnancy-related conditions (e.g., management of labor) and to contraception, endometriosis, and cancer, among others. But because mifepristone has been studied and used most widely as a means of nonsurgical abortion, political issues have thus far limited research on the drug and prevented its introduction into the U.S. market. This book provides an unbiased evaluation of current knowledge about both the fundamental nature of antiprogestins as well as their possible use in treating numerous diseases and conditions, and it contains recommendations for future research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Rapid Expert Consultation on SARS-CoV-2 Viral Shedding and Antibody Response for the COVID-19 Pandemic (April 8, 2020) %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25774/rapid-expert-consultation-on-sars-cov-2-viral-shedding-and-antibody-response-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-april-8-2020 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25774/rapid-expert-consultation-on-sars-cov-2-viral-shedding-and-antibody-response-for-the-covid-19-pandemic-april-8-2020 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 6 %X This rapid expert consultation responds to a request from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) concerning the duration of viral shedding by stage of infection, clinical signs and symptoms and patient attributes; the levels and duration of antibody response and related resistance to illness; and optimal duration of isolation of cases. For each of these questions, this document provides relevant scientific evidence and the state of current scientific knowledge; an overview of scientists currently working in the area and what new results are anticipated; and recommendations for investigations that should be initiated or extended to provide more complete information. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform OSTP on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other public health threats. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Snair, Justin %E Hermann, Jack %E Brown, Lisa %E Wollek, Scott %E Balogh, Erin %E Maxfield, Kimberly %T Potential Research Priorities to Inform Public Health and Medical Practice for Domestic Zika Virus: Workshop in Brief %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23404/potential-research-priorities-to-inform-public-health-and-medical-practice-for-domestic-zika-virus %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23404/potential-research-priorities-to-inform-public-health-and-medical-practice-for-domestic-zika-virus %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 8 %X Given the recent rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) throughout the Americas and the presence of its vector mosquito species within parts of the United States, RADM Nicole Lurie, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, determined an urgent need for additional research to better characterize ZIKV, especially those issues related to the means of transmission and infection during pregnancy. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 1-day public workshop on February 16, 2016, to discuss and explore key factors associated with ZIKV. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Joy, Janet E. %E Watson, Stanley J., Jr. %E Benson, John A., Jr. %T Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base %@ 978-0-309-07155-0 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6376/marijuana-and-medicine-assessing-the-science-base %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6376/marijuana-and-medicine-assessing-the-science-base %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 288 %X The medical use of marijuana is surrounded by a cloud of social, political, and religious controversy, which obscures the facts that should be considered in the debate. This book summarizes what we know about marijuana from evidence-based medicine—the harm it may do and the relief it may bring to patients. The book helps the reader understand not only what science has to say about medical marijuana but also the logic behind the scientific conclusions. Marijuana and Medicine addresses the science base and the therapeutic effects of marijuana use for medical conditions such as glaucoma and multiple sclerosis. It covers marijuana's mechanism of action, acute and chronic effects on health and behavior, potential adverse effects, efficacy of different delivery systems, analysis of the data about marijuana as a gateway drug, and the prospects for developing cannabinoid drugs. The book evaluates how well marijuana meets accepted standards for medicine and considers the conclusions of other blue-ribbon panels. Full of useful facts, this volume will be important to anyone interested in informed debate about the medical use of marijuana: advocates and opponents as well as policymakers, regulators, and health care providers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 10 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore lessons learned at animal research institutions in response to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert scientists conducting COVID-19 research, as well as institutional leadership responsible for oversight in areas such as, veterinary medical care, occupational health, risk assessment and biosafety, and public messaging and communications presented and participated in panel discussions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Thirteenth Round %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26746/report-of-the-committee-on-proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26746/report-of-the-committee-on-proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 22 %X This report evaluates submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton 2, a supercomputer designed and built by D.E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past 12 years, DERES has made an Anton or Anton 2 system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous committees of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. As in those prior rounds, the goal of the thirteenth Request for Proposals for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. These capabilities allow multi-microsecond simulation timescales. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for the special capabilities of the Anton. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy %@ 978-0-309-15173-3 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11970/toxicity-testing-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 216 %X Advances in molecular biology and toxicology are paving the way for major improvements in the evaluation of the hazards posed by the large number of chemicals found at low levels in the environment. The National Research Council was asked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to review the state of the science and create a far-reaching vision for the future of toxicity testing. The book finds that developing, improving, and validating new laboratory tools based on recent scientific advances could significantly improve our ability to understand the hazards and risks posed by chemicals. This new knowledge would lead to much more informed environmental regulations and dramatically reduce the need for animal testing because the new tests would be based on human cells and cell components. Substantial scientific efforts and resources will be required to leverage these new technologies to realize the vision, but the result will be a more efficient, informative and less costly system for assessing the hazards posed by industrial chemicals and pesticides. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Mack, Alison %E Joy, Janet %T Marijuana As Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy %@ 978-0-309-06531-3 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9586/marijuana-as-medicine-the-science-beyond-the-controversy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9586/marijuana-as-medicine-the-science-beyond-the-controversy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 214 %X Some people suffer from chronic, debilitating disorders for which no conventional treatment brings relief. Can marijuana ease their symptoms? Would it be breaking the law to turn to marijuana as a medication? There are few sources of objective, scientifically sound advice for people in this situation. Most books about marijuana and medicine attempt to promote the views of advocates or opponents. To fill the gap between these extremes, authors Alison Mack and Janet Joy have extracted critical findings from a recent Institute of Medicine study on this important issue, interpreting them for a general audience. Marijuana As Medicine? provides patients—as well as the people who care for them—with a foundation for making decisions about their own health care. This empowering volume examines several key points, including: Whether marijuana can relieve a variety of symptoms, including pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and appetite loss. The dangers of smoking marijuana, as well as the effects of its active chemical components on the immune system and on psychological health. The potential use of marijuana-based medications on symptoms of AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and several other specific disorders, in comparison with existing treatments. Marijuana As Medicine? introduces readers to the active compounds in marijuana. These include the principal ingredient in Marinol, a legal medication. The authors also discuss the prospects for developing other drugs derived from marijuana's active ingredients. In addition to providing an up-to-date review of the science behind the medical marijuana debate, Mack and Joy also answer common questions about the legal status of marijuana, explaining the conflict between state and federal law regarding its medical use. Intended primarily as an aid to patients and caregivers, this book objectively presents critical information so that it can be used to make responsible health care decisions. Marijuana As Medicine? will also be a valuable resource for policymakers, health care providers, patient counselors, medical faculty and students—in short, anyone who wants to learn more about this important issue. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment %@ 978-0-309-06419-4 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6029/hormonally-active-agents-in-the-environment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6029/hormonally-active-agents-in-the-environment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 452 %X Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occurs—in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environment—and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Biffl, Claire %E Nicholson, Anna %E Hagg, Tamara %E Liao, Julie %T Applying Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Research and Development to Future Epidemics: Proceedings of a Workshop %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27194/applying-lessons-learned-from-covid-19-research-and-development-to-future-epidemics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27194/applying-lessons-learned-from-covid-19-research-and-development-to-future-epidemics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 172 %X The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed unparalleled speed and cross-sector collaboration in the innovation of tools and technologies to address an emerging infectious disease outbreak. Continued innovation and collaboration in rapid development and implementation of new vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics is central to future outbreak preparedness. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats; Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation; and the Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Emergencies and Disasters held a workshop in December 2022 to explore how innovative approaches in research can enhance health systems preparedness and responses to emerging infectious diseases and dangerous pathogens. Workshop participants reflected on critical scientific infrastructure for stakeholder coordination and innovations that can facilitate rapid and effective preparedness and response to emerging infectious disease threats. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies %@ 978-0-309-68091-2 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 110 %X In December 2019, new cases of severe pneumonia were first detected in Wuhan, China, and the cause was determined to be a novel beta coronavirus related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged from a bat reservoir in 2002. Within six months, this new virus—SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has spread worldwide, infecting at least 10 million people with an estimated 500,000 deaths. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. To date, there is no approved effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, and it continues to spread in many countries. Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies lays out a framework to define and describe the data needs for a system to track and correlate viral genome sequences with clinical and epidemiological data. Such a system would help ensure the integration of data on viral evolution with detection, diagnostic, and countermeasure efforts. This report also explores data collection mechanisms to ensure a representative global sample set of all relevant extant sequences and considers challenges and opportunities for coordination across existing domestic, global, and regional data sources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment %@ 978-0-309-10258-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11688/health-risks-from-dioxin-and-related-compounds-evaluation-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11688/health-risks-from-dioxin-and-related-compounds-evaluation-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 268 %X Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency presented a comprehensive review of the scientific literature in its 2003 draft reassessment of the risks of dioxin, the agency did not sufficiently quantify the uncertainties and variabilities associated with the risks, nor did it adequately justify the assumptions used to estimate them, according to this new report from the National Academies&#39 National Research Council. The committee that wrote the report recommended that EPA re-estimate the risks using several different assumptions and better communicate the uncertainties in those estimates. The agency also should explain more clearly how it selects both the data upon which the reassessment is based and the methods used to analyze them. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Talmage, Daniel %E Ali, Dionna %T Directed Evolution for Development and Production of Bioactive Agents: A Meeting Summary %@ 978-0-309-28629-9 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18354/directed-evolution-for-development-and-production-of-bioactive-agents-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18354/directed-evolution-for-development-and-production-of-bioactive-agents-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 27 %X In 2012, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) approached the National Research Council and asked that a committee be formed to develop a list of workshop topics to explore the impact of emerging science and technology. One topic that came out of that list was directed evolution for development and production of bioactive agents. This workshop was held on February 21-22, 2013. Directed Evolution for Development and Production of Bioactive Agents explains the objectives of the workshop, which were to explore the potential use of directed evolution1 for military science and technology. Understanding the current research in this area, and the potential opportunities for U.S. adversaries to use this research, might allow the DIA to advise U.S. policy makers in an appropriate and timely manner. The workshop featured invited presentations and discussions that aimed to: -Inform the U.S. intelligence community of the current status of directed evolution technology and related research, and -Discuss possible approaches involving directed evolution that might be used by an adversary to develop toxic biological agents that could pose a threat to the United States or its allies, and how they could be identified. Members of the Committee on Science and Technology for Defense Warning planned the agenda for the workshop, selected the presenters, and helped moderate discussions in which meeting participants probed issues of national security related to directed evolution in an effort to gain an understanding of potential vulnerabilities. Experts were invited from the areas of directed evolution, biosynthesis, detection, and biological agents. %0 Book %T Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents: Volume 1 %@ 978-0-309-07759-0 %D 1982 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/740/possible-long-term-health-effects-of-short-term-exposure-to-chemical-agents %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/740/possible-long-term-health-effects-of-short-term-exposure-to-chemical-agents %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 290 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Knobler, Stacey L. %E Mack, Alison %E Mahmoud, Adel %E Lemon, Stanley M. %T The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-09504-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11150/the-threat-of-pandemic-influenza-are-we-ready-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11150/the-threat-of-pandemic-influenza-are-we-ready-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 430 %X Public health officials and organizations around the world remain on high alert because of increasing concerns about the prospect of an influenza pandemic, which many experts believe to be inevitable. Moreover, recent problems with the availability and strain-specificity of vaccine for annual flu epidemics in some countries and the rise of pandemic strains of avian flu in disparate geographic regions have alarmed experts about the world's ability to prevent or contain a human pandemic. The workshop summary, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? addresses these urgent concerns. The report describes what steps the United States and other countries have taken thus far to prepare for the next outbreak of "killer flu." It also looks at gaps in readiness, including hospitals' inability to absorb a surge of patients and many nations' incapacity to monitor and detect flu outbreaks. The report points to the need for international agreements to share flu vaccine and antiviral stockpiles to ensure that the 88 percent of nations that cannot manufacture or stockpile these products have access to them. It chronicles the toll of the H5N1 strain of avian flu currently circulating among poultry in many parts of Asia, which now accounts for the culling of millions of birds and the death of at least 50 persons. And it compares the costs of preparations with the costs of illness and death that could arise during an outbreak. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Environmental Neurotoxicology %@ 978-0-309-04531-5 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1801/environmental-neurotoxicology %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1801/environmental-neurotoxicology %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 166 %X Scientists agree that exposure to toxic agents in the environment can cause neurological and psychiatric illnesses ranging from headaches and depression to syndromes resembling parkinsonism. It can even result in death at high exposure levels. The emergence of subclinical neurotoxicity--the concept that long-term impairments can escape clinical detection--makes the need for risk assessment even more critical.This volume paves the way toward definitive solutions, presenting the current consensus on risk assessment and environmental toxicants and offering specific recommendations.The book covers:The biologic basis of neurotoxicity.Progress in the application of biologic markers.Reviews of a wide range of in vitro and in vivo testing techniques.The use of surveillance and epidemiology to identify neurotoxic hazards that escape premarket screening.Research needs.This volume will be an important resource for policymakers, health specialists, researchers, and students. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Brain and Cognition: Some New Technologies %@ 978-0-309-07841-2 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1870/brain-and-cognition-some-new-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1870/brain-and-cognition-some-new-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 90